Bhakti ma India

Bhakti like me ka haipule neʻe ola mai ka wā kahiko, akā, i ka huli ana o ka XIV-XV kenekulia. oe, e hai i ka oi mahuahua i loko o kona hiʻona, i ka helehelena o ka Wiliau Hōkū o loea hai, kekahi o ka hou hiʻona i loko o ke ao ana. He oiaio, Hoʻomana Mohameka, Sufism i ka nui, ua haawi mai kekahi impetus i ka hou ana o ka lawelawe manao, o ka oi aku haipule. Akā, pâʻani 'o ia i kekahi kūlana a me ka hooulu ana o nā kūlanakauhale, mahuahua hoʻokiwikā heluna kanaka, me ka nui loa hauma¯na i ke kahua o ka Muslim Huipuia, uka, ahu iho o ka feudal haku i hoʻomōhala i hoʻokiwikā ola. hoolaʻi City, artisans, kalepa, a me paupers, apparently pono ka ideology, kuuia mai ka rituals ikaika a me ka Hoʻomana Hindu, a me Hoʻomana Mohameka, a kakau i nā Hoʻohana o ka heluna kanaka. Kēia e pono ke kumu no kekahi unrest i loko o nā kūlanakauhale, i ka muli o ka helu o Muslim, Hindu loa, a me ka loa, hui i loko o kona dogmatic oihana mua o Hoʻomana Hindu a me Hoʻomana Mohameka, a pinepine alakaʻi i ke kipi ku ei na alii ahaolelo, a me na mullahs. Kēia e pono i ka lewa ma ke ano i loko o kekahi mau wahi o India hai o bhakti.

Ramananda (hopena o XIV -, Ka hoʻomaka o ka XV kenekulia) i haʻi mai i ka pono no ka simplification o ka cult, a me ka mea hoʻonāwaliwali maoli nō o ka caste rula. Kona hai ana i ka hana, hoomaka ma ke kūkulu hema, a laila aku ma Varanasi. He i hana i kekahi kula nui o nā ukali, akā, i kekahi o kona mau haumana, he Muslim Kabnr (XV c.), Ulu ka ao ana a me ka hoʻokumu i kona hoolaha aku. Repetition a me ka hoʻoleʻa aku i ka inoa o ke Akua, o kekahi o kona inoa o Kabir - ka loa pololei, a me ka wale ala, e ike i ke Akua, a merge me ia. Hoʻokō 'ana i ka rula o ka caste a me Hindu a me Muslim rituals aʻole mea. Continuer o na aʻo Kabnra Nanak (1469-1539) ao mai la ia ma Punjab. Kona ukali Sikhs (haumāna) ua rallied ke kaiāulu, a i ole wale i ko lakou poo, (guru), akā, i ko lakou mau palapala hemolele ( "Adi Granth"), kākau pela invented no keia Hawaiʻi (gurmukhn), aʻo kona kapikala (Amritsar).

Sikhism, ao mai la ia i ke Akua i kekahi,ʻaʻohe inoa a me ke ano. Ke ao nei He He mau paio ma waena o ka malamalama a me ka pouli hoʻomaka. Keia paio ua lawe wahi i loko o ke kanaka uhane. Sikhism ike i ka Hindu manaʻo o ke karma (uku no ka hala hana) a me Samsara (reincarnation), akā, i haalele ai i ka caste'ōnaehana, a haʻi maila i wale i ka like o nā mea a pau i mua o ke Akua, akā, i ka nohona like ma luna o ka honua. Ka Sikh Ua kauoha e hoʻomaka, pāʻoihana ola, mālama no ka ohana lala a me ka maikaʻiʻana o ke kaiāulu holoʻokoʻa, e hoomalu aku i ko lakou manaoio mua kaiāulu i loko o na mea kaua. Ke aupuni ano o Sikhism, a mahuahua nui ka wā, ma hope o ka umi o ka Nanak Guru Govind (1675- 1708) hoopau ia ka Institute guru hāʻawi ma ka mana i ke kaiāulu (Khalsa) nui i haawi ai i nā mea a pau Sikhs inoa Singh ( "liona") a iho me ka holoʻokoʻa kaiāulu Ua kaua wawae eha.

Otherʻaoʻao bhakti ole i ka ia nui. Ma Gujarat, ma ka XV kenekulia. ua ikeia hai Narasimha Mehta, Kashmir - Lalla. I Bengal a Orissa ao mai Chaithanya (1486-1535). He kamailio e pili ana i ke aloha a me ka wa i ke Akua, i ka like o nā mea a pau i loko o ke alo o ka ona, i hiki i ka kaiāulu o nā mea a pau - Hindus a me Nā Poʻe Isalama, Brahmins a me untouchables. Ma Maharashtra, ke kula ua hoʻomohala ma bhakti Pandharpur. No ka mea, o Dzhianeshvara a me Namdev (XIII-XIV kenekulia.), Pākū Nath a me Tukaram (XV-XVI kenekulia.), Ramdas (XVII kenekulia.). Ma ka wahi o Mathura kaulana i hoʻomaha ai ashram (hoailona) Valla- bhachari, i pili i kekahi o na Mamua o ka poetry ma Hindi -Sur Das (XV-XVI kenekulia.). Follower o bhakti ua he haku mele nui, a Hindi Tulsi Das (1532-1624), e hele i ka 'ōlelo o ka mea kahiko poem "Ramayana". Ka Mithila i kekahi poʻokela haku mele Vidyapati Thakur (XV c.), O na kanawai hea ua noʻonoʻo me ka Classic mithilskoy a me Bengali moʻokalaleo. Ma Rajasthan, ka mea, ua kaulana haumana Kabir, Dadu hai (1544-1603). Mea i hoʻokumu i o ka poetry radzhastha- i manaoia Krishna poetess Mirabai (XVI kenekulia.). A me ka kŘpa a'ano'ē paialewa bhakti ola no ka oi makeʻe kulana. Ka hope ua poe ma na hana o ka haku mele Tulsi Das, i ole e ku i ka caste luna kiʻekiʻe no laila, maopopo leʻa, e like nui no hoi na hai o bhakti.

Ke hoʻololi kemikala o ka Hindu a me Muslim hoike iho,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ka hana o bhakti haku mele. He ua no hoi ia ma na mea akamai - kuhikuhipuʻuone, pena ('āhihi), mele, ka hula. Big kūlana ma ka XIV-XVI kenekulia. i loko o kēia kaʻina hana i hoʻokaniʻia e nā sultanates kŘpa a uuku, breakaway Delhi (moku'āina Benga- Leah, Jaunpur, Gujarat, Malwa), ma ke kūlana o ka malihini hehee ai ua uuku ma mua i loko o ke kapikala o North India, a ma kahi i ku ai pili i ka luna o ka Hindus ka rula ana waiwai. I ka XVI- XVII kenekulia., A hiki i ka Mughals, a me ka pā hale i padishahs ua Hindu moʻomeheu i loaa ka ikaika kūlana.