Crawler kaʻa kauō USSR. Mōʻaukala o nā kaʻa kauō i loko o ka USSR

Ma ka USSR kaʻa kauō uku hoʻolohe. Mahi mea i loko o ka manaʻo pono o ka mechanization, a i mau mea kanu ua ma ka aina. Ike o ka pono, e mahuahua productivity i loko o ke kula, V. I. Lenin kakauinoa i kekahi kānāwai i loko o 1920 "Ma ka hookahi aina kaʻa kauō." Kela manawa, i ka 1922, ka mea, hoomaka ae la liʻiliʻi-unahiʻole, i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka wahi lulu Ke Ana Hoʻohālike "Kolomenets" a me "Zaporozhets." Ka mua Soviet kaʻa kauō ua technically nele a me ka wiwi, akā, ma hope o nā Ua Hopuʻelima-makahiki i hele mai i loko o ka hana o ka hana kūikawā hana.

"Lūkini" hanau mua

Rusia i mau Ua kaulana no kona inventors, akā,ʻaʻole i hiki iā ia i loko o ka hana pono a pau manaʻo. Ma ka XVIII kenekulia agronomist I. M. Komov hoala i ke kahe o ka mechanization o ka mahiai. Ma ka waena o ka XIX kenekulia V. P. Gurev, laila Da Zagryazhsky hoʻomohala mahu nā kaʻa kauō no ka'ō'ō palau ana ia. I ka 1888 F. A. Blinov i, a ho'āʻo i ka mua mahu kaʻa kauō crawler. Eia naʻe, hele nui cumbersome i ka noonoo o kanaka. Naʻe, kauoha aku i ka makahiki o ka hānau ua manaoia e e Lūkini kaʻa kauō 1896 la, i ka wa o ka honua ka mua mahu Track-type kaʻa kauō Ua akea nō ia ma ka Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

Ma ka paepae puka o ka XX kenekulia akamai Ya. V. Mamin (haumāna Blinov) beskompressorny invented ke kiʻekiʻe-mīkini'opihia engine i holo ma luna o kaumaha wahie. Ua mea e like ole'ē aʻe mea pono no ka hoʻohana i ka huila e pili ana pūʻolo kaa. I ka 1911, ka mea i kekahi akoakoa mai la ka mua wahi lulu kaʻa kauō me ka 18-kilowatt Hawaii o na'ā e loaʻa patriotic inoa "Lūkini". Ma hope o modernization ka mea ikea o ka oi loa aku kou mana engine - 33 kW. Lākou uuku-unahiʻole, i? Iecaianoaaiiuo i ua hoʻokumu i ka Balakovo kanu - mai i ka 1914 i na e pili ana i ka haneri huahelu.

Kaawale mai Balakovo, dute-i kaʻa kauō hua mai ma Bryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, Kharkov, Barvinkove, Kichkasse a me ka helu o nā noho. Akā, ua uuku ia i ka huina? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā mea a pau nā kaʻa kauō i loko o ka wahi lulu hana iʻaneʻane ole ia ma luna o ke kahua ma ka mahiai. I ka 1913, o ka huina nui o kēiaʻano hana ua oaeuiinoe ia e 165 kope. Akā, 'Imi ke kūʻaiʻana haole lako a pan: ma 1917 ma ka Russian aupuni a pau i ka 1500 i laweia mai nā kaʻa kauō.

Mōʻaukala o nā kaʻa kauō i loko o ka USSR

Ma ka Initiative o Lenin ka ulu a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o mechanized aina hana i haawiia mai kūikawā noonoo. I ka rula o ka hoʻokahi kaʻa kauō mahiʻai hoʻohuʻu ole wale i ke kala o ka "hao lio", e like me ka mea i kapaʻia ke kaʻa kauō, akā, i ka lākou o ana no ka hoʻolālā o ka noiʻi a me ka ikea ai iauaeoia, e hoʻolālā i ka lako hou i ka hoʻokoe māhele a me ka hoʻoponopono 'ana, me ka weheʻana o nā papa haku, kumu a me nā kaʻa kauō.

Ka mua kaʻa kauō i loko o ka USSR puka Kolomna hola i ka 1922. papahana mea kuhikuhi i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka aina kula kaʻa kauō E. D. Lvov. Huila kaa i kapaia "Kolomenets-1" a symbolized i ka hoʻomaka o ke au hou i loko o ke kula. Lenin, ma muli naʻe o ka mea maʻi, kino hoalohaloha ia i ka poʻe akamai ana.

I ka hookahi makahiki ma Kichkasse hana "Red holo nei" i kaʻa kauō "Zaporozhets." Ke kumu hoʻohālike i flawed. Kēpau ua hoʻokahi wale hope huila. Ka mea haʻahaʻa-mana elua-mapuna engine e 8,8 kW uaki o "hao lio" i 3.4 km / h. Ke hoolilo i wale kekahi alo. Mana ma luna o ka makau - 4,4 kW. Akā, i kēia kaa ua nui kōkua ai i nā ka hana o nā kama'āina.

Au e i noho a puni ke kaʻao inventor Mamin. He hemolele i kona mālama '-hoʻokahuli aupuni' ole. I ka makahiki 1924, i ka Soviet Union inā kaʻa kauō Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o ka 'ohana "Dwarf":

• Tricycle "dwarf-1" me ka EYI, a me ka mämä holo o ka 3-4 km / h.
• Four-huila "Little 2" me ka nana e hoole.

I'āpono nā haole ka hoao ana

Oiai ke kaʻa kauō USSR "kūkulu Muscle", a me ka poʻe akamai Soviet E ke Kumu i ka hou au, ua hoʻoholo ihola i ke aupuni, e kūkulu i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka 'enehana haole palapalaʻae male. I ka 1923 ma ka Kharkov kanu puoho ae la i loko o ka moʻo o ka Track "Kommunar", o ka hope o ka German kükohu "Z-50 Ganomag". Ka mea, i ka hapanui hoʻohana i loko o ke kaua no ka transporting mea kaua na apana a 1945 (a me ka hope).

I ka makahiki 1924, i ka Leningrad kanu "Red Putilovets" (hope Kirov) Ua E ke Kumu o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nike, a structurally na mea " 'Amelika" poe "Fordson". Old Soviet kaʻa kauō o keia hoailona hoao iho la e ia he maikai. Lakou i alai ai i ka oi 'ano a me ka "Zaporozhets", a me "Kolomenets". Kerosene engine carburetor (14.7 kW) hoʻomohala i ka mämä holo o ka 10,8 km / h, i ka mana ma luna o ka makau - 6,6 kW. gearbox - ekolu-māmā. Ua hua mai la i kumu hoʻohālike a hiki i 1932. I mea, ia ua ka mua nui-unahiʻole, i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka lako a pan.

? Ieoaeunoai kaʻa kauō mea kanu

Ua lilo ka nohoaliʻi ia no ka like aina hoʻomāhuahua ai nā kaʻa kauō pono e kūkulu hana kūikawā nā hale hana, hiehie 'epekema,' enekinia, a me ka? Anoa manufacturing? Iae. Ke initiator o ka papahana ua F. E. Dzerzhinsky. E like me ka manaʻo, me ka hou hana oaony iai? Oaiaaou me ke kālā no lako a pan, a e paka massively nike a me ka ike loea Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o ka huila e pili ana me ka pūʻolo traction.

Ua hoʻokumuʻia ka mea mua nui-unahiʻole, i? iecaianoaaiiuo o nā kaʻa kauō i loko o ka USSR i loko o Stalingrad. I ka wā e hiki mai, me ka mana o Kharkov a me Leningrad mea kanu i ua me ka nui loa hoʻonui. Nui hana iʻikeʻia i loko o Chelyabinsk, Minsk, Barnaul a me na kulanakauhale e ae o ka USSR.

Stalingrad kaʻa kauō hola

Stalingrad lilo i kekahi kūlanakauhale, i kahi mai kūikawā kukulu ia ka mua nui kaʻa kauō hola. Manawa i kona KUMUMANAʻO NUI kulana (ma ke kuʻina o ka lako hou i ka Baku aila, Ural metala a me Donbass lanahu) a me ke alo o ka poe koa o ke akamai hana, eo ia i ka Competition ma Kharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, Taganrog. I ka makahiki 1925 ka mea hoohana i ka hoʻonā 'ana ma o ka hana ana o ke kālā no hana, a ma ka 1930, hele aku i ke anaina kanaka laina ia ke kaʻao Soviet hao huila nā kaʻa kauō STZ-1. I ka wā e hiki mai, eia ka mea, produces he ākea huahelu o ka huila e pili ana me ka pūʻolo Ke Ana Hoʻohālike.

Ma ka Soviet wā nā:

• STZ-1 (huila, 1930).
• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• STZ-3 (enuhe, 1937).
• SKHTZ Nati (Track, 1937).
• DT-54 (enuhe, 1949).
• DT-75 (enuhe, 1963).
• DT-175 (Track, 1986).

I ka 2005, ka Volgograd kaʻa kauō (mua FCZ) haʻi bankrupt. Kona hope lilo VgTZ.

DT-54

Crawler kaʻa kauō USSR i loko o ka hapalua like XX kenekulia, lilo iho la he ākea, i ka helu o nā Ke Ana Hoʻohālike ua oi i ka huila mea. A nani laʻana o ka mahiʻai hana , mau manao mea e e mai i loko o nā makahiki 1949-1979 kaʻa kauō DT-54. Mākou paka ia ma Stalingrad, Kharkov a me Altay nā hale hana huina o 957.900 huahelu. He "māka hōkū" ma na mea he nui Film ( "Ivan Brovkin ma ka aina puupaa," "Eia kekahi ma Penkovo", "Kalina Krasnaya" a me na mea e ae), hoʻokumu like me ka paipai manaʻo no nā ōlaʻi i o ka Luna Hooponopono.

Pake papa D-54 ma-laina, eha-paukūʻolokaʻa, eha-hahauʻana, wai-ho'ēmi, kaa rigidly ma ke kino. Speed (mana) engine 1300 rev / min (54 ho'āo ai. C.). A elima-mämä holo ekolu-ala EYI me ka papa kuhikuhiE lālau pili driveline. E hana ana i ka mämä holo: 3,59-7,9 km / h, traction: 1000-2850 kg.

Kharkov kaʻa kauō Plant

? Ieoaeunoai HTZ ia. Sergo Ordzhonikidze hoomaka ma ka 1930 i ka 15 kilomika ma ka hikina o Kharkov. Total no ka hana ana o ke kanaka nunui i 15 mahina. Ke kaʻa kauō mua haʻalele i ka mea hoʻoili 1 October 1931 - ka mea, no haʻi ia mea, mai ka palapala kanu SKHTZ Stalingrad 15/30. Akā, i ka papa kuhikuhiE Pahuhopu ua e hana i kekahi wahi lulu kaʻa kauōʻano "enuhe" 50 horsepower. Aia mea no hoi kekahi kime o ka poʻe akamai Pi Andrusenko e hoʻomōhala ana i olelo mai ai ia kakolina diesel engine, i hiki ke kau ma luna o nā mea a pau crawler kaʻa kauō USSR. I ka 1937 o ka mea kanu a hemo i ka moʻo o modernized enuhe kükohu ma muli o SKHTZ Nati. I ka papa kuhikuhiE HOU ua oi ka hoʻokele waiwai, a pela aku efficient kakolina diesel engine.

Mai ka hoʻomaka o ke kaua i evacuated ka hola i Barnaul, kahi āna i hana i ke kumu o ka Hawaiian kaʻa kauō Plant. Ma hope iho o ka liberation o Kharkov i ka makahiki 1944, i laila,? Iecaianoaaiiuo ma ka ia paena - ka kaʻao Soviet kaʻa kauō Ke Ana Hoʻohālike SKHTZ Nati hou aku la i loko o ka moʻo. XIX. Ke Ana Hoʻohālike HZT Soviet manawa:

• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• SKHZT Nati ITA (Track, 1937).
• HTZ-7 (huila, 1949).
• HTZ-DT-54 (enuhe, 1949).
• DT-14 (enuhe, 1955).
• T-75 (enuhe, 1960).
• T-74 (enuhe, 1962).
• T-125 (enuhe, 1962).

Ua lawe mai i ka'ano'ē? aeiino? 70 makahiki i loko o ka HTZ, ka? iecaianoaaiiie uaʻaʻole hoʻi i kāpiliʻia. Kākauʻana Ua kauʻia ma luna o ke kala "trehtonnikov" T-150K (huila) a T-150 (ʻenuhe). Ke kiʻekiʻe-mana T-150K ma ka hookolokolo ana i loko o ka United States (1979) i hoike mai i ka oi hana i waena o global na¯, ka hooiaio ana i ke kaʻa kauō mai ke Soviet Union, ua i emi iki mahope o ke haole. I Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o ka hopena o '80s i? Ac? HTZ-HTZ-180 a me 200: ka mea, he 20% oi efficient ma mua o ka 150 Series, a me 50% hou hoʻomāhuahua ai.

T-150

Nā kaʻa kauō USSR, ua kaulana no ko lakou pono. O ia ka leo o ka paʻa kiʻekiʻe-ka māmā holo kaʻa kauō T-150 (T-150K) Ua hoʻolimalima i ke kaulana maikai. He mea he nui huahelu o ka palapala noi: halihali, alanui e kukulu, mahiʻai poepoe. Ua Ua nō hoʻohana 'e lawe aku ukana ma ka paʻakikī aku-alanui, i loko o nā kula ('ō'ō palau ana ia, kaha onionio, mahi, a no laila, ma luna o. D.), Ma ka hanaʻeliʻana. Hiki o transporting eeia lawe nona iho o 10-20 tons. T-150 (C) ua hōʻike hewa papahana turbonaduvnoy 6-paukūʻolokaʻa kakolina diesel engine me ka V-hoʻokino hoʻonohonohoʻia me ka wai a ka huʻihuʻiʻana.

Hoakaka T-150K:

• Laula / lōʻihi / kiʻekiʻe, ka m -. 2,4 / 5,6 / 3,2.
• Moʻokūʻikena, ka m -. 1.7 / 1.8.
• Mass, ka m -. 7.5 / 8.1.
• Hila, Hp - 150.
• I kā mākou wikiwiki, km / h - 31.

Minsk kaʻa kauō Hana Hou

Ma muli MTZ May 29, 1946, a ua manaoia e ia paha ka loaʻana i kēia wahi manawa, hoopaa iho la i ka mana no ka Soviet manawa. I ka pau ana o ka 2013, ua oi aku mamua o 21.000 kanaka. I ka mea kanu i hoopaa mai ai 8-10% o ko ke ao nei makeke no nā kaʻa kauō a me nā mea o KUMUMANAʻO NUI nui no Belarus. Ua produces he ākea huahelu o kaa ma lalo o ka "Belarus" ua hoʻokuleana '. Ma ka manawa o ka Soviet'opi i hua mai la i aneane 3 miliona huahelu nō.

• KD-35 (enuhe, 1950).
• HI-12 (enuhe, 1951).
• MTZ-1 a me MTZ-2 (huila, 1954).
• TDT-40 (enuhe, 1956).
• MTZ-5 (huila, 1956).
• MTZ-7 (huila, 1957).

Nui-unahiʻole, i? Aeiino? Oeoey o ka Minsk mea kanu, hoomaka ae la i ka 1960. Ma ia laua me ka mea hoʻonoho o hou lako a akamai i ka hana ma o ka hoike o ka holomua Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o nā kaʻa kauō MTZ-50, a oi loa aku kou mana MTZ-52 me nā mea a pau-huila holo. Ma ka hopena ua hele, ka mea, pakahi, i ka 1961 a me ka 1964. Mai ka makahiki 1967, e hua mai pūʻolo hooponopono hou ana o ka T-54B i loko o kekahi wale nō. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka hana kaʻa kauō USSR, laila, no laila, hiki ke noʻonoʻo i ka hooponopono hou ana o ka pulupulu MTZ-50X me pālua alo huila, a me kiʻekiʻe lepo,ʻae, i i hua mai i ka makahiki 1969, e like me ka pali MTZ-82K.

I kekahi mua i ke aliʻi o MTZ-80 (1974) - ka loa nunui i loko o ke ao nei, a me ka hana hooponopono hou ana o MTZ-82R, MTZ-82H. Mai ka hapalua like 80s MTZ E ke Kumuʻano hana ma luna o nā haneri keu horsepower: MTP-102 (100 Hp), MTP-142 (150 Hp.), A haʻahaʻa-mana ieie-kaʻa kauō:, 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 noho ho'āo ai. i kekahi.

KD-35

Crawler kaʻa kauō poe mahiai ka olelo hoopomaikai, oluolu i ka hana a me ka kapili. Hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia ma ka mahiai i loko o ka Soviet Union, a Warsaw Pact'āina. Manao - hana me ka'ō'ō palau, a me na mea lapaʻau. Mai makahiki 1950, i ke kanu produces ka hooponopono hou ana o KDP 35, ai ka uuku laula, kāmaʻa, lehulehu Track a māhuahua lepoʻae.

Lawa ka ikaika engine D-35, niioaaonoaaiii, i 37 nā lika. ke., ka gearbox he 5 kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao (hoʻokahi hoʻi-kumamalima mua). Pake i ka hoʻokele waiwai: ka awelika hokii o ke kakolina diesel wahie no 1 aa ua 13 nā lika. Wahie pahu lawa no ka 10 hola o ka hana - ia ua lawa, e mahi i ka 6 aa o ka aina. C i hoʻolako pono me ka 1959 kŘkohu makahiki hōʻano hou powertrain D-40 (45 ho'āo ai. C.) A hookomo hou mai wikiwiki (1600 rev / min). I hoʻoikaika i ka pono o ke kaʻa.

Chelyabinsk kaʻa kauō Plant mua o ka kaua

Kamailio e pili ana i ke kaʻa kauō USSR hiki ole kāpae'ōlelo i ka mōʻaukala o ka Chelyabinsk mea kanu, ua i he nui na makana no ke kahe ana o ka maluhia ke akamai, a me ka manawa o ka Apana o ke Kaua Honua i ka smithy o ka poʻina nalu a me "ka hoʻoponopono-propelled". Famous CTZ kukulu i loko o ka mahinaʻai aku, mai alanui hamama hoʻohana 'ana i kaʻohiʻana i,'ō'ōahi, a crowbars. I ka olelo hooholo, e kūkulu i ia i loko o May 1929 ma ka 14 Ahaolelo Lahui o Soviets o ka USSR. Ma ia Iune 1929 i ka Leningrad GIPROMEZ hoomaka hana ma luna o ka mea kanu papahana. CTZ manao i lawe mai i ka mooolelo o ka hana o ka American ulia kaʻa a me ka kaʻa kauō poe,ʻano nuiʻenuhe.

Mai o Pepeluali i ka malama o Novemaba 1930, a ua kukulu ke kahu moku kanu ia i loko o hana. Ka mea, ua i ka hiku o November 1930. CTZ hoʻokumuʻo lā ua manaoia e e August 10, 1930, ka wā ua he kau o na kumu mua o ka foundry. June 1, 1933 ka mua crawler kaʻa kauō Chelyabinsk poe hana i hele ai i ka mākaukau laina - ". Stalinets-60" oi ma mua o 61.000 nā kaʻa kauō i hua mai la i ka 1936. Ano, e ka ma hope kaʻa kauō USSR, a ma na 30s ho C-60 ua i oi ma ka ano analogues Stalingrad a me Kharkov mea kanuʻaneʻane pāpālua.

I ka 1937, ka poʻe mastering ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke kakolina diesel kiko'ī C-60, pereshѐl mea kanu e paka hou wahie-efficient nā kaʻa kauō C-65. A makahiki ma hope, i i hookoia keia kaʻa kauō ka kiʻekiʻe loa ia nā kumu kāki o ka "Luna Nui Prix" ma ka exhibition ma Paris, a ia ia no ka filming o ka cult Soviet Auana "kaʻa kauō." I ka 1940, ua kauoha ka Chelyabinsk kaʻa kauō Plant, e hele i ke kaua? Iecaianoaaiiie - poʻina nalu, pakiko-propelled huahelu, kiko'ī, e hoʻokuʻu wahi.

Ke kia-kaua mōʻaukala

I loko nō o ka pilikia o ka wartime, ke kaʻa kauō i ole poina e pili ana i kou punahele pāʻoihana. Ua ka manaʻo: no ke aha la i hana i ka hana o ka Americans? No, ma ka United States manawa o ke Kaua II i i hooki i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā kaʻa kauō. Ka Ikepili hōʻike ana i ka pono o ke kaʻa kauō Ke Ana Hoʻohālike 'Amelika o ka D-7. I ka makahiki 1944, ua hoʻomaka 'ana i ka ulu ana o nā moʻolelo a me ka mea i manao ai.

Ma hope o 2 makahiki, a me ka? Aeiino? O ka mea kanu, January 5, 1946 ka mua kaʻa kauō S-80 i hookuu ia. I ka 1948, i ka poʻe pau i ke ka kūkuluʻana i loko o ka lā hoʻokuʻu aʻela 20-25 huahelu o ka pūʻolo kaa. I ka 1955 o ka manao? Anoa Ua hoomaka ka hana ma luna o ka hou, oi ikaika nā kaʻa kauō a me 100 a me ka mau, e hoomahuahua i ka longevity o ke kaʻa kauō S-80.

Ke Ana ho'ohālike:

• C-60 (enuhe, 1933).
• C-65 (enuhe, 1937).
• C-80 (enuhe, 1946).
• C-100 (enuhe, 1956).
• DET-250 (enuhe, 1957).
• T-100M (enuhe, 1963).
• T-130 (enuhe, 1969).
• T-800 (enuhe, 1983).
• T-170 (enuhe, 1988).
• DET-250M2 (Track, 1989);.
• T-10 (enuhe, makahiki 1990).

DET-250

Ma ka hopena o 50s ka mea iʻano hana i ka manao a me ka hana no ka hoao ana Eia kekahi laʻana ua hoano e kaʻa kauō mana o 250 horsepower. Mai kaʻanuʻu mua o nā kākau o ka hou kükohu haʻalele i ka hula a me ka pono-ikeia mau aoao. No ka mea manawa mua i loko o ka Soviet kaʻa kauō hana ka mea hana i ka hermetic a me kaʻoluʻolu kāpena me ka ea hoʻoikaika kino. Kaumaha mīkini O Keaukaha hiki ke hoʻohana me kekahi lima. I ka hopena o ka nui kaʻa kauō DET-250. Aha o ka USSR National hoʻokele waiwai Komite i hookoia ka hola no ka Gold kâlâ keʻokeʻo i kēia kumu hoʻohālike a me ka palapala puka o ka 1st degere.

nā Manufacturers

O ka holo ana, no ka papa 'aʻole e loaʻa nā mea a pau kaʻa kauō mea kanu. no hoi i na nā kaʻa kauō o ka USSR a me Rusia, a ua loaʻa ma luna o ka Hawaiian (Barnaul), Kirov (St. Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Uzbek (Tashkent) TK, Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Lipetsk, Moscow, Cheboksary, Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Iaaeiaa (oneiaey) a me na kulanakauhale e ae.