Family laau o Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo: examples,' ōlelo pūʻulu, o ka oi aku

Indo-Europa lala o nā 'ōlelo a pau o kekahi o ka mea nui i loko o ka Eulńsia ' ōlelo mau ohana. Ua Ua palahalaha ae ma ka hope 5 kenekulia ma Kona Akau a me Amerika Hema, Australia a me na hapa o Africa. Indo-Europa ōlelo i ka Makahiki o Discovery noho ?? eoi? O East Turkistan, i ua aia ma ka hikina, a hiki i ke komohana o Hawaii, mai Inia ma ke kūkulu hema i ke kūkulu'ākau o Scandinavia. Nā lālā o ka 'ohana kikowaena ma kahi o 140' ōlelo a pau. A make i oleloia ka mea, ma kahi o 2 ieeeea kanaka (2007 olelo). English lawe i ke alakai wahi i waena o lākou, i ka helu o nā moku halihali mokulele.

Ke kumukuai o ka Indo-ʻEulopa ōlelo i loko o ka mau-mōʻaukala linguistics

Ma ka hooulu ana a me nā mea nui a Mānoa mōʻaukala linvistiki i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i mea o Indo-Europa,' ōlelo. Ka mea i kā lākou mauʻohana i kekahi o nā kānakaʻepekema mua ka poe i hōʻike 'ia me ka nui o ke kino ka hohonu. E like me ka rula, ma ka 'epekema nāʻohana paa kona manao, hoʻomālama' ana paha kahiko o ka'āina ma ka hoao ana i loaa i loko o ke ao i ka Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo.

Nā Papahana O Ka hoʻohālike o ka 'ōlelo a pau

'Ōlelo hiki ke hoohalikeia me ka mau aoao. Ke typology o kekahi o ka loa, he pono ole o ia. Kēia like 'ano o ka'ōleloʻike manaʻo, e like me ka ka loaʻaʻana ma luna o ka muli o ka paʻa kānāwai e ola ma kekahi mau pae. Naʻe, i kēia iaoia hiki ole e genetically. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka hoʻohana 'ana ka mea hiki ole ke aʻo' ōlelo a pau i loko o hua'ōlelo o ko lākou mau kumu. Ka papa kūlana no me nā haʻawina e pāʻani i ka manaʻo o ka kinship, e like me ke ano o kona hooponopono.

Aaiaoe Mea Maluna o Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo

He he mea like o liluwelo maluna a i anao? Aou kekahi pūʻuluʻAno. Mahalo iā ia, ua hiki ke hoonohonoho i kekahiʻano o nā 'ōlelo a pau, no ka mea, aia nō ma kahi o eono tausani. E kuhikuhi i kumu hoohalike, ua hiki ke emi a pau o kēia 'ia paha i ka kŘpa a he uuku o ka' ōlelo mau ohana. Ke kūpono aaiaoe Mea Maluna hualoaʻa i invaluable ole wale no linguistics, akā, no hoi no ka nui o nā nā hoʻopaʻi 'ana. Ka mea, ua nui ka oi aku no ka ethnography like me ka muli a me ka hooulu ana o kekahi mau 'ōlelo i pili loa aku i ka ethnogenesis (ka muli a me ka hooulu ana o ka lāhui i nā pūʻulu).

Family laau o Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo paipai i ka hoʻokāʻoi' ma manawa i ka oko ao ma waena o lākou. Ua hiki e hoike ia ma ke ano i ka mamao therebetween, piʻi pū, a ua anaia mai ka manawa e like me ka lōʻihi o ka laau lālā a me nā pua.

Na lala o ka Indo-Europa ohana

Family laau o Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo he nui kona mau lālā. Ma ka mea, e ku mai me ka pūʻulu nui, a oia hoi o hoʻokahi wale nō 'ōlelo. Eia ka mea, ua. He Hoikehonua, Greek, Indo-'Ilana 'ōlelo, Italic (me he Roma), Roman, Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, Baltic, Alapania, Armenian, Anatolian (Heta-Lubian) a me Tocharian. Kēia nā, ma ka hou, i ka helu ana i mea ole, a i ike ia mākou, mai ka meager kumu,ʻano nui ma luna o ka mau gloss, palapalaia maluna penei, a wahi inoa antroponimii ka Byzantine a me ka Greek kākau. Keia Thracian, Phrygian, messapsky, Illyrian, drevnemakedonsky, Venetic 'ōlelo. Ka mea hiki ole me ka oiaio, e wahi i kekahi a me kekahi pae (lala). Paha ka mea, e e anao? Aou i kuokoa pūʻulu (lala), helu mahina no ka moʻokūʻauhau laau o Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo. e maheleia epekema ma kēia pukana.

O ke ala, he'ē aʻe ma mua o ka poʻe i helu 'ia ma luna, a me nā Indo-Europa,' ōlelo. Lākou hoʻopaʻi, uaʻokoʻa. e pau loa ia i mea ole kekahi o lakou, o kekahi poe ua haʻalele ma hope mau ia aku ko läkou i loko o ka huaÿölelo Pelekane o ka kūpapakū a me ka toponomastike. Ae ho'āʻo ana e loaa kekahi Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo i kēia mau ilihune meheu. Ka loa kaulana aeiino? Oeoey o keia ano keia ano nā ka Cimmerian'ōlelo. He allegedly haʻalele ko läkou 'i loko o ka Baltic a me Slavic. No hoi o ka leo o ka Pelagie, i oleloia mai e mālama '-Greek heluna o kahiko Greece.

Pidgin

Iloko o ke anoe ana o ka mea likeʻole Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo a i hanaia ma ka hope kenekulia, ma ka Romanesque a Kelemānia i hana ma muli o kēia ōlaʻi i o ka hou - Pidgin. Ka mea, i wehewehe aku e radically abbreviated puke wehewehe'ōlelo (1.5 la. Words a emi) a me ka Nohie grammar. A laila, creolized kekahi o ia mau mea, a me nā kiʻekiʻe-papa kila i ka loiloi, a grammatically. Mau mea Bislama, Tok Pisin, Krio ma Sierra Leone, Kapikoowāea Guinea a me ka Gambia; seshelva i loko o ka Seychelles; Mauritius, a Haitian Réunionnaise listen'ōlelo.

Me lakou i mea hoike, he manawa pōkole ano o ka 'ohana mau Indo-Europa, o ka' ōlelo a pau. I ka mua o ia - Tajik.

Tajik

Ka mea, e pili ana i ka Indo-Europa ohana, a hiki i ka Indo-'Ilana lala, a me ka'Ilana pūʻulu. He mea He moku'āina ma Tajikistan, he ākea ma Central Asia. Together me ka 'ōlelo Dari moʻokalaleo idioms Tajiks ka Afghanistan, e pili ana i ka hikina ciia New Persian olelo hoʻomaumau. Kēia 'ōlelo hiki ke noʻonoʻo me ka Lolina o ka Peresia (hikina ńkau). Aka e hiki ka naauao ma waena o ka poʻe i hoʻohana i ka Tajik'ōlelo, a me Persian-e olelo ana i nā kupa o Iran.

Ossetian

Ka mea, e pili ana i ka Indo-ʻEulopa ōlelo i ka Indo-'Ilana lala o ka'Ilana pūʻulu a me ka hikina subgroup. Ossetian ōlelo mea, he pono ole ia ma South a me North Ossetia. I ka huina helu o nā 'ōlelo nei a puni 450-500 tausani. Man. Aia he ko läkou 'o kahiko hui' ana me Slavic, Kauai a me Finno-Ugric. Ossetian 'ōlelo, he mau olelo: Iron a me Digor.

Ke'opi o ke alelo waihona ipu

No hope ma mua o ka ha o Ka Wā Kaukani BC. e ka. ua i ka'opi o ka hookahi Indo-Europa kumu. Kēia hanana alakai i ka muli o na mea he nui hou poʻe. Figuratively olelo ana, o ka hua i hoomaka ai e ulu moʻokūʻauhau laau o Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo. Aia mea i kanalua i ka Heta-Luwian'ōlelo hookaawale mua. Manawa e auaaeaiea Tocharian lala o ka loa controversial no ka mea, o ka wī o aeaiiuo.

Ho'āʻo 'o ia e hui pu iho la i ka lala okoa no

Ma o Indo-Europa 'ōlelo' ohana kikowaena lehulehu lālā. I na hoao, e hui pu iho la ia me kekahi i kekahi i ua i. No ka laʻana, ua wänana i ka Slavic a me Baltic 'ōlelo maopopo pili. Ua Ua ea ae ka hana me ka pili ana i ka Italic a me Celtic. Ma kahi loihi ka loa ike ua manaoia e ia i ka hui ana o'Ilana a me Indo-Aryan 'ōlelo, a me Nuristani a me Dard ma ka Indo-'Ilana lala. Ma kekahi hihia, a hiki e hoʻokele i ka hoihoi ano Proto Indo-'Ilana ia hoʻi nā papakuhikuhi.

Ua ua ike ia ka Slavs no a hiki i ka 'ōlelo' ohana Indo-ʻEulopa. Akā nō i kaʻoi loa hooponoponoia ia mea, ina i ole, e līkaia no kā lākou mau 'ōlelo ma ke kaʻawale lala. ʻO ia pili i ka Baltic kanaka. Balto-Slavic ke kuʻikahi, ke kumu o ka hailonaʻana o ka hakakā i loko o kēia 'ona o ka' ōlelo 'ohana Indo-Europa, me. Na kanaka hiki ole ke unequivocally wahi i ka kekahi lālā.

Like no ka mea'ē aʻe hypotheses, ka mea, a pau oukou i hoopailua mai i loko o kēia 'epekema. Kekahi mau hiʻona e lilo i kumu no ka mahele ana i ka wai puna nui ka 'ōlelo' ohana Indo-Europa, me. People mea i lawe i kekahi o kona 'ōlelo' lehulehu. Nolaila, e classify ia mea,ʻaʻole pēlā mea. Redprinyaty Ua i ho'āʻo likeʻole e hana i kekahi manaʻo aukahi kahua. No ka laʻana, e like me ka hopena o ka Indo-Europa leokanipū velar i nā 'ōlelo a pau o keia pae i maheleia i Centum a me satem. Mau ahahui i kapaʻia ma luna o ka manaʻo o nā hua'ōlelo "hoʻokahi haneri". Ma satemnyh 'ōlelo i ka loiloi mua kani ana o ka hua'ōlelo Pie ua lewa i loko o ka palapala o ka "sh", "pela aku", a no laila, ma luna o. N. E like me kentumnyh, i ka mea, ua wehewehe aku ma ka "m", "e" a no laila, ma luna o. N.

mua comparativists

Ka muli o ka pono me nā mōʻaukala linguistics pili ana i ka hoʻomaka o ka 19th kenekulia, a ua pili i ka inoa o Manuela Bopp. I kana hana, oia mua ho'āʻo i ka 'epekema pilina o Indo-Europa,' ōlelo.

First comparativists aupuni 'ē aku, he kēia kanaka Kelemānia. It F. Bopp, J. Zeiss, J. Grimm a me na mea e ae. Ka mea mua, unuhi ae hoʻolohe i ka mea i Sanskrit (he kahiko Indian 'ōlelo) ka mea i like loa ke Kelemānia. Ka mea, hoao iho la e kekahi'Ilana, Indian a me Europa, 'ōlelo i ka na kumu. A laila, i ka noiʻi koa hui ia i loko o "Indo-Germanic" ohana. Ma hope o ka manawa ia i loaʻa ia no ka ho'āla houʻana i Proto mea o ka nui nui me ka Slavic a me Baltic. No laila, he hou manawa - ka "Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo."

Ka makaʻu o Avgusta Shleyhera

August Schleicher (Hawaii photo ma luna hōʻike ia) i loko o ka waena o ka 19th kenekulia, ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i ka piʻi like comparativists mua. He hōʻike kēlā me kēia subgroup o ka Indo-Europa ohana, ma ka nui, kona pristine kulana. Ke nä känaka 'epekema? Aaeaaaaony i ka hoʻohana' ana i nā loina o ka proto-'ōlelo? Aeiino?, He pono ole. I ka pono o kona iho? Aeiino?, Ka mea, ua i kanalua. Schleicher i palapala iho la i ka kikokikona ma ka Proto-Indo-Europa 'ōlelo, recreated ia. Kēia ma na olelo lapuwale "ka hipa, a me ka lio."

Mau linguistics i hanaʻia e like me ka hopena o nā haʻawina likeʻole e pili 'ōlelo, e like me aaioee epekema ho'āʻo lākouʻo Solomona a me ka? Aeiino? O ke kahi prayazykovogo moku'āina. August Schleicher ua aie me ke kiʻikuhi kaʻina o lākou? Acaeoey like me ka ohana laau. Indo-Europa pae o ka 'ōlelo a akaka i ka mea ia manawa i loko o ka kēia palapala: ka barela - he mau'ōlelo kupuna, he pae o nā' ōlelo 'na lala. Family laau ua he maopopo kiʻi o ka mamao a me ka pili launa. A eia hoi, ka mea i hōʻike i ke alo o ka pili mau Proto (Baltic-Slavic - nā kūpuna Baltic a me Slavic, Kelemānia a me Slavic - nā kūpuna Baltic, Germanic a me Slavic, a pela aku ...).

Hoikehonua, noiʻi Quentin Atkinson

More nei, he wahine kime o biologists a me linguists ike i ka pae ana o Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo originated mai Anatolia (Tureke).

Ka mea, ua iho la ka mea, i loko o ko lakou manao, o ka aina hanau o keia pae. Research alakaʻiʻia Quentin Atkinson, he biologist ke aupuni 'ma University o Auckland New Zealand ka. Epekema i hoʻohana e kālailai i nā kiʻina hanaʻokoʻa o Indo-ʻEulopa 'ōlelo, a i ua hoʻohanaʻia e noiʻi i ka evolution o? Ueo. Ka mea, ua kālailai i ka pua paha o ka hua'ōlelo 103 'ōlelo. Eia hou kekahi, hookolokolo aku la ia lakou iʻikepili ma luna o lākou mōʻaukala kūpono 'ana a me ka Leeuwerikplein hoi o ka makana. Ma keia kumu, ka noiʻi i kēia hopena.

noonoo o cognates

kēia mau kānakaʻepekema Pehea i aʻo i kekahi pūʻulu o Indo-Europa 'ōlelo' ohana? Ka mea, noonoo iho la cognates. 'O kēia ka ia kumu olelo, a i ka like kani a me na kumu i loko o elua a oi' ōlelo a pau. Ka mea, ua IeAUPIIe, IAa IO olelo i ka poe i emiʻana i ka loli i loko o ka papa o ka evolution (e hoike ana i ka ohana pilina, ka inoa o ke kino māhele a me pronouns). Epekema hoohalikeia ka helu ana o cognates i loko o nā 'ōlelo a pau. Ma keia kumu, ka mea hoʻoholo i ka nui o ko lākou pili. Pela, Ua hoohalikeia i nā'ōewe cognates, a me mutations - oko cognates.

Ka hoʻohana o ka mōʻaukala a me kaʻikepili Geographicʻikepili

Nā kānakaʻepekema laila, io i ka mōʻaukala ikepili ma ka manawa o ka mea e hoʻopiʻi ana i materialized divergence 'ōlelo. No ka laʻana, ka mea, ua oaeuiinoe ia i loko o ka makahiki 270 mai Roma hoomaka ae la e hookaawale Romance 'ōlelo a pau. Ka mea, ua i keia manawa, Emperor Aurelian hoʻoholo ihola e hookaawale ia lana mai ka aina mai o Dacia Roma colonists. Eia hou, i ka noiʻi hoʻohanaʻikepili ma luna o ka papa Leeuwerikplein hoi o ka makana o kekahi mau 'ōlelo.

hopena o ke ao

Ma hope o hoʻohuiʻia i ka ike i loaa mai i hoʻokumu evolutionary laau ma muli o ka i kēia mau hypotheses: barrow a me ka Anatolian. Noiʻi hoʻohālike au i ka mau kūpono laau, loaʻa ia "Anatolian" ma ka hua'ōlelo o nā 'ikepili helu o ka loa paha.

Loa kekahi henua nā hoapili ua he naoh i nā hualoaʻa loaa ma ka pae o Atkinson. ua kuhikuhi mai nui nā haumana i kekahi e like me ka liluwelo evolution o ka 'ōlelo mea unacceptable, no ka mea, i kekahi mau maomeka. Eia naʻe, ua loaʻa nā kānakaʻepekema mea, hoomaikai aku la lakou i ka hoʻohana 'ana i ia mau' ana i kūpono. Naʻe, i ka pae i nema aku no i ka mea i ana i ole kulana kupono i ke kolu o ka kuhiakau, Balkan.

It E e kaulana ia i ka lā, i ke kumu nui kuhiakau o ke kumu o Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo nō ka Anatolian, a me ka ho okumu ana. E like me ka mea mua, ka mea hanohano i waena o moʻolelo a me linguists, ke kupuna hale o ia - ka Black Sea steppes. Other hypotheses, Anatolian a me Balkan paipai i Indo-Europa, 'ōlelo hohola mai Anatolia (ma ka hihia mua) ole o ka Balkan Peninsula (i loko o ka lua).