I ka moolelo o ka For the ma Rusia. First kiʻi paʻi a me Panel

Ka makemake e paʻa minute o ke ola, 'ia me ke kanaka a ke ao nei a puni ia, ua mau loa ko oukou ola. 'O kēia kekahi o nā pōhaku i ke kalakalaiʻana, a me ke olonā i kilokilo. Ma ka pena o Artists pakahi aku la ia mahalo i ka miomio a me au mamuli, ke hiki, e hoʻopio i ka mea i loko o ka maikaʻi kuanaʻike, malamalama, kekahi i keʻano waihoʻoluʻu, aka. No ka mea, ua hana pinepine i mahina o ka hana. He keia makemake, a me ka makemake e ho'ēmi i manawa, a lilo iho la ia i ka impetus no ka hanaia ana o keia no palapala, e like me ka paʻi kiʻi.

Ke Hekikai o For the

Ma ke IV kenekulia BC, Aristotle, he haumana kaulana o ka wa kahiko Greece, kaulana i ka 'ike nui, e hoike i ka malamalama i wae' ma o ka uuku puka i loko o ka hoʻopau o ka puka aniani, hou na aka ma luna o ka pā pōhaku 'oe ke' ike o ka panorama mawaho o ka puka makani.

Eia, ma ka hoonoho o kānakaʻepekema, mai ¶ʻO'Araba aina hoʻomaka e e haawiia i ka hopuna'ōlelo pahupaʻiwikiō obscura, literally ke ano, "pouli wahi kaawale no koe." Ua hoao ia e kekahi mea i loko o ka palapala o ka pahu me ka puka i loko o ka mua, ma ka mea o ka a ua lilo i mea hiki e e anaanai iho nō lifes a me Landskap. Hope holomua pahu, ka hoʻolako 'neʻe maila halves a me ka maka aniani, e ka mea e hiki ai i ka fokusatsiyu kiʻi.

Mahalo i ka mea hou hiʻona, ke kiʻi lilo nui clearer, a ua kapaia ka mea ma ka "mālamalama keena", ia mea, camera lucina. poe noonoo oleʻenehana Oia i ae mai, e aʻo pehea e nana Arkhangelsk ma ka waenakonu o ka XVII kenekulia. Me kā lākou kōkua, ke ana o ke kulanakauhale, ua haalele iho, ia mea pololei.

Kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o? Acaeoey o For the

Ma ka XIX kenekulia ma Joseph Niepce i invented ma ke ala o ka For the, a kapa aku la ia photogravure. Lālau aʻela ia i kēia hana i wahi i ka aahu Map, a hoomau iho la oia a hiki i 8 hola. Kona Mānoa, he wahi like penei:

• i mea hiki ke hooheheeia papa i i kapa komo iā ia me ka bituminous lacquer.

• ka una honua ma lalo o ka pololei waiū i huali malamalama, no ka mea, o ka mea a varnish ua i mea hoʻoheheʻe. Akā, i kēia kaʻina i Ua haoʻa, a kaukaʻi ma ka ikaika o ka malamalama ma kela a me keia o na kahua.

• A laila, ua malamaia lakou nei, o ka una honua i ka'ūheheʻe.

• Ma hope oʻakika etched.

E like me ka hopena, ai ka manipulations a pau kokua ia, kii kumu hoʻohālike ma ka papa. O kekahi nui ke kahua i loko o ka ulu ana o For the ua i ka daguerreotype. I ka inoa o konaʻaoʻao, e kiʻi i ka inoa o kona inventor Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, ka mea i hiki ke kiʻi i ke kiʻi ma luna o ka pā papa, ia me ka iodine ka ohu.

ʻO kēia papa hana i calotypy invented e Genri Talbotom. I ka pomaikai o ka papa hana i ka hana, e hana i kope o ka mea hookahi kiʻi, a, ma ka huli, ua paʻi ma luna o ka pepa impregnated me ka kālā ka paʻakai.

Ka mua mau makamaka, a me ke akamai o ka For the ma Rusia

I ka moolelo o Lūkini For the Ua hele ma no ka oi ma mua o ka hapalua kenekulia. A me ka piha o kekahi mau hanana a me nā hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo i kēia moʻolelo. Mahalo i na kanaka o ko kakou aina, ua hamama a hiki i ke akamai o ka For the, ua hiki ke ike Rusia ma ka prism o ka manawa, e like me ka mea i na makahiki aku nei.

I ka moolelo o ka For the ma Rusia hoʻomaka me ka makahiki 1839. Ua i laila he lâlâ o ka Russian Academy o Sciences J. Hamel hele aku la i Beritania, malaila i halawai ai me ke ano calotypy, hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ia i loko o au mamuli. A laila, hoʻouna akula ia i piha hōʻikeʻano. A me ka mea mua kiʻi ia ma ke ala calotypy i loaa, i ka mea, noho iho ia i loko o ka Academy o Sciences i loko o ka nui o 12 apana. Ma nā kiʻi ma laila mea he inoa o ka inventor o ka iaoia, Talbot.

Ma hope o ia, ma France Hamel mea kama'āina me Daguerre, ma lalo o kona alakaʻi oia kino i kekahi pana pua aku makou. Halau o Sciences, ma September 1841, i ka palapala i loaa mai Hamel, ma ka a, e like me ia, i mua i me ka Photo ano. I loko o Paris ma luna o ka paʻi kiʻi - he wahine huahelu.

Ma hope o ia, ke nō o ka For the ma Rusia hoomaka e loaa momentum ua hikiwawe loa ka ulu '. I ka XIX a me XX kenekulia mea paʻi o Rusia, i lilo ai ma ka mau kuleana e komo 'ana i loko o Hawaii photo nā hōʻike a me nā showrooms o ka lahui ka papa, i loaa' ihiʻihi Ka hoʻolilo 'ia a me ka waiwai pio:, i wale nô ma ka lakou mau kaiaulu.

hana Talbot

I ka moolelo o ka For the ma Rusia? Ac? Hoomaikai aku i na kanaka hākilo hoihoi i loko o ka hou nō palapala. No laila, ua Yuliy Fedorovich Fritsshe, ka mea kaulana Lūkini botanist a me ka chemist. Ua E ke Kumu Talbot mua iaoia mea e loaa i ka hopena maikaʻi ma luna o ka photosensitive pepa hahai ma ka pai ana i ka mea ma luna o ka pepa ia me ka paʻakai kala, a hoikeia'ku auanei i ka Map.

Fritzsche i ka mea mua kiʻi paʻi calotypy-kanu lau, a laila, hele akula i akadama o Sciences ma St. Petersburg ma May 1839, a me ka hoike. I ka mea, i mai la ia mea calotypy iaoia pono no ka imprinting planar ikamu. No ka laʻana, ka mea iaoiaeii mea pono no ka lawe ana o na kii o ka palapala mea kanu me ka mea e pono ai e neʻe no botany.

Na makana J. Fritzsche

Manawa Fritzsche moʻolelo o ka For the ma Rusia i no i koe aku: la oia i kona makemake nui e puku paʻakai giposulfat, i ka hoʻohana 'ana i hoʻomōhala i ke kiʻi Talbot, no ka ammonia ma mua me ka nui loa hōʻano hou calotypy, ka hoʻomaikaʻi kiʻi e like ai. O Iulio Fedorovich ua i ka mea mua i loko o ka'āina a me kekahi o ka mea mua i loko o ke ao nei, ka mea i alakaʻi noiʻi ma For the, a kiʻi nō.

Alexey Grekov a "oe kāpena"

I ka moolelo o ka For the ma Rusia hoomau, a me na kēia he hoʻonui i kona ulu i i e Alexey Grekov. Moscow inventor a me ka mea kahakaha, iho la ua ka mua Lūkini haku o ka For the, a E ke Kumu calotypy a me daguerreotypes. A ina oe e noi aku i ka ninau o mea e noho ana i ka mea mua Panel i loko o Rusia, ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o Grekov, "oe lumi", hiki ke noʻonoʻo me ia.

Ka mua pahupaʻiwikiō,ʻo ia i hana i ka 1840, e leie aku oe e e kiʻekiʻe-quality, me ka maikai oi kiʻi i nā kiʻi i hiki ole e ia na mea he nui e ho'āʻo ana e loaʻa ai i ka mea paʻi. Helene invented i noho me ka kūikawā cushions i kākoʻo paʻi kiʻi pū i ke poo, hiki ia ia,ʻaʻole e luhi iloko o lōʻihi noho ana, a me ka malama i ka paa kūlana. A ia ia no ke kanaka i loko o ka noho i he lōʻihi manawa: 23 minuke ma ka aahu Map, a ma overcast lā - nā mea a pau 45.

Grekov haku o ka For the ua manaoia e ia Rusia ka mua nō mea paʻi-portraitist. Hoʻokō nani kiʻi kiʻi i kokua mai ia ia, a invented ia fotoustroystvo oia hoi o ka lāʻau keena, i loko o a ole malamalama. Akā, i kēia pahu hiki ke koho mai kekahi i kekahi, a hoi hou i ka weliweli. Ma ka pahale mawaho pahu ma ka mua hapa o ka mea i pili maka aniani, ia mea he mea. Ma ka pā pahu papa ua ikepili koʻikoʻi i ka malamalama. E loli iki ana i ka mamao ma waena o ka pahu,ʻo ia hoʻi, neʻe maila ia i kekahi, mai kekahi, a me ka hope versa, ka mea, ua hiki ke hoʻokō i ka makemake kiʻi oi.

Sergeya Levitskogo na makana

ʻO kekahi kanaka ma i ka mōʻaukala o ka For the ma Rusia hana mau e hoʻoikaika i hoʻomaka koke, ua Sergei Levitsky. Ma ka mōʻaukala o Lūkini For the he dagerroptipy Pyatigorsk a me Kislovodsk,ʻo ia i loko o ka Caucasus. Like pono me ka mekala gula o ka oe exhibition paʻa i loko o Paris, kahi āna i hoʻouna aku ai i nā kiʻi i ka hoʻokūkū.

Sergey Levitsky Ua pio ka polokalamu ma ke alo o nā mea paʻi, ka poe i mohai aku i ka hoʻololi i ka Nani Loa backdrop no filming. Ka mea, i hoʻoholo e lawe mai retouching kiʻi kiʻi a me ka maikaʻi 'ole i mea e ho'ēmi i' ole loa wehe oaoieei-flaws, ina kekahi.

Levitsky haʻalele no ka Italy i ka 1845, hoʻoholo 'ana e hoala mai i ka nui o ka ike a me ka mākau i loko o ke kula o ka daguerreotype. Ka mea, ua kiʻi o Roma, e like me kiʻi kiʻi o Lūkini Artists mea, ua noho. A ma ka 1847, e hiki mai me ka pelu ana pahupaʻiwikiō für, ana no keia für mai ka accordion. HOU ae i ka pahupaʻiwikiō, e lilo hou lawe lima, a nui loli i ke anoe o photographing manawa kūpono.

He hoi aku la ia Rusia Sergey Levitsky mua i ka 'oihana paʻi, wehe i loko o St. Petersburg daguerreotype iho Workshop "Light pena". I ka mea ia i wehe i ka Shop me ka waiwai ohi o nā kiʻi o Lūkini Artists, kākau moʻolelo a me ka lehulehu huahelu. I ka like ana o ke akamai o ke For the, mea, aole ia e haʻalele, e hoomau ana a hiki i empirically hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka uila malamalama, a hoʻohuiʻia ia i ka lā a me kona aoao ma luna o nā kiʻi.

Russian kumumea i loko o For the

Of akamai, haku o ka For the, ua i inventors a me nā kānakaʻepekema, mai Rusia i kekahi makana nui i ka mōʻaukala o ka For the a me ka ulu ana. No ka laʻana, i waena o nā Mamua o ka hou ano o Panel i ike Lūkini i kapaia like Sreznevsky, Ezuchevsky, Karpov, Kurdyumov.

O Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev i 'Imi komo, hana ma kaʻimi naʻauao a me ka mea hiki pilikia o manufacturing kiʻi. A me ka pu a me Sreznevsky ka mea, ku iho la ma ka kêia kanaka o ke kiʻi 'Oihana ma ka Russian E noa ka Society.

Lohe nuiʻia successes lilelile haku o Lūkini For the, i hiki ke kau ma luna o ka par me Levitsky, Andreya Denera. He ua i ka mea nāna i hana o ka mua album aku me nā kiʻi o kaulanaʻepekema, kauka, huakaʻi, kākau moʻolelo a me nā Artists. A mea paʻi Alexander Karelin la ia mea ma Europa, a hele aku la i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka For the like me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka hale ana o ke 'ano moʻokalaleo Ke.

Ka hooulu ana o ka For the ma Rusia

Ka ukupanee ma For the ma ka pau ana o ka XIX kenekulia i mahuahua ole wale i waena o 'Oihana akā, no hoi mawaena o maʻamau kanaka. A i ka makahiki 1887 makahiki,ʻo ia i hookuu ia "kiʻi Bulletin" Magazine, i ka i ike i ohi ia e kuhikuhi, Nine Inch mele, ki ina hana like o ka aaioee paʻi,ʻimi naʻauao ikepili.

Akā, ma mua o ka kipi i loko o Rusia, e komo i loko o noʻeau For the ua Ua loaʻa wale i ka uuku o kanaka, no ka mea, aneane kekahi o na inventors o ka pahupaʻiwikiō i hikiʻole naʻe i ka paka ia ma ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole.

I ka 1919, V. I. Lenin palapala i kekahi kauoha, e hoʻoneʻe i nā kiʻi hana ma lalo o ka mana o ka People ka Commissariat, a ma ka 1929 hoʻomaka e hana i kekahi kukui-ikepili koʻikoʻi kiʻi mau mea, a laila e loaʻa mai i nā mea a pau. A me ka mea mua wahi lulu pahupaʻiwikiō "Photocor" akaka i ka 1931.

Ke kūlana o ka Lūkini haku, ke olonā nō, na inventors i loko o ka ulu ana o ka For the nui, a ninoaaeyao he pono wahi i loko o ke ao nei mōʻaukala o ka For.