Ka poʻe pähola 'o ka puaʻa hiwa. Quantum Mechanics no Dummies

Kēia 'atikala wehewehe i ka poʻe kumumanaʻo o ka puaʻa hiwa. Hōʻike, i ka mea, o ke kumu o ia mea he hoohalike ai no ka 'ole o ka mea. Hopena o ke hooheheeia okoa mai dielectrics a me semiconductors.

Rosette a me ka pihi

Pehea na manawa i ka lā mākou e kaomi ma luna o nā pihi likeʻole? No kekahi a hiki manao iho la e hele mai hiki ole ke helu ia - ua lilo ia i kama'āina i ka hana. A 'aʻole i manaʻo ke kanaka i nā mea a pau i kēia mea wale nō e hiki i ke aloha i ka oluolu ka mea, ua hali ana i ka uilaʻikena i loko o ke hooheheeia. Huli ma ka malamalama, paila ipu lepo, e holo aku au i ka holoi mīkini,ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ka hana ma luna o Phone, ke hoʻokō 'ia ka huakai kaapuni a ae i ka electrons i loko o nā conductors e hana kahi o nā kanaka' o ia hoʻi. Wehewehe o kaʻike manaʻo me ka conductivity huapalapala. Ka loa ahuwale, paha, o ka poe kumumanaʻo o ka puaʻa hiwa.

Atom a me nā ipu lepo

Mea a pau e ua ana ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe, ua ka manaʻo o ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma. Keia iloko o puni ka ikaika, papa mai kaumaha nucleus (oia o protons a me neutrons) ka ao ka maʻiʻaʻai liilii electrons. Helu o ka hopena maikaʻi '(particles) pono kākou i ka helu o ka maikaʻi. I mea ole i ka hanau heluhelu, e wehewehe i loko o ke kaila o "Quantum Mechanics no Dummies." Kēlā me kēia huina'ine ka Astronomical ua pololei kaupalena ', no i ka mea hiki ke ka ao ka puni ka Kora naʻEsau i loko o ka haawiia mai Nine Inch hehee ai. I ka huli, kēlā? Ueo i kekahi hanana kumu nā'ātoma ia mau orbits. Ua Ua ai spectroscopistsʻepekema maopopo boron mai selenium a me ka arsenic mai ka paʻakai. Eia naʻe, ma ka hou ana i na waiwai maʻemaʻe ma ke ano maoli, aia nō ka mana loa ka helu ana o kekahi mau pu malu ana. Quantum mechanics (No ka Dummies, ka mea heluhelu e hoomanao oe) hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka luna 'hui orbits intersect, merge, hoʻololi, aole i lalau mai, e pili ana i ka pilina. Kā lākou mea e like ai hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka 'ano: covalent a me ka ionic ikaika, hydrogen, no ka laʻana, mea nawaliwali.

he aniani 'ole

Ke paa ke kino Ua oi pilikia. No ka mea kükohu, a hoʻohana ka poʻe kumumanaʻo o ka puaʻa hiwa, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO lawe i ka aniani hemolele. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea i pau ole, a me ka hewa - kēlā me kēia'Ātoma ma luna o kona wahi iho, me ka huina o na kauoha o' Aʻohe. Kernel fluctuate a puni kekahi mauʻoihana o ka equilibrium, akā, na electrons ke olelo nohona ma. Ke kaumaha ma muli pehea "oluolu" kekahi'Ātoma donates kona pili io (particles), ka mea, ua loaa ia rigidly hoʻoholo ma mua lolouila 'ole o dielectrics a me ke hooheheeia ao. Au e hoʻouka hou aku au i ka wā i nānā aku ka mea, ua ea ae ia na electrons a pau kūlana 'ka palena iki nui o ka ikehu i ka ia, a' o ia hoʻi i ke kino mea ma 'Aʻohe Kelvin. At kiekie ana wela, ka ikaika hawewe o oscillation ikaika, a, nolaila, e hiki ke noho ma luna me ka nuclei a me na electrons ka hope ikehu pae. Noke (particles) o ka makana i oi "e wehe ai i". Ma kekahi pilikia, e mea pono, aka, e hōʻike i kēia kŰia like ia ka mahana mea i ai nui.

Pauli rula a me ka loader

I ka manaʻo o ka poʻe kumumanaʻo o ka puaʻa hiwa hiki e loaa wale maikai, e hoomanao i ka mea a ka Pauli rula. Inā mākou e manao ana na electrons - he eke o ke kōpaʻa, alaila, ina i kēia mauʻeke i ka hailona, conditional loader eʻauhau iā lākou ma luna o kekahi i kekahi. Kēlā me kēia "eke" malama i kona wahi i loko o ka lewa. No ka electrons, i kēia 'o ia hoʻi i loko o ka haawi ana i kekahi wale nō ke ia i loko o kekahi kahua. 'O kēia ka Pauli loa rula. E noke ana mākou i loko o manao ka maikaʻi keia, oa i ka mahana o ka 'Aʻohe Kelvin, a me ka mana loa aniani. Ka a pau'ōnaehana mea i loko o ka ia keia o ka wela, ma paʻi stress, mā i ka ia i loko o nā māhele o ka a pau.

Electronic nā pōaka ciia

Ma ke aniani, he iiiaanoaa o kekahi 'ano o nā'ātoma. Kekahi kameleona o ka waiwai maupaʻa he umi i ka iwakalua-kolu o ka degere hehee wale. Ehia na iole no kilogram, no kekahi laʻana, ka paakai? No laila, e hiki e olelo aku i ke ahiahi, i ka huna uuku aniani he nā kānaka me he nui nā'ātoma. Kēlā me Nine Inch hehee ai i kona kumu iho o ka huina'ine orbits, a me ka mea e hana ina ka mea, i loko o kekahi kino he mau? Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e like me ka Pauli loa rula, e noho lakou i kekahi mau Hawaii. Band pähola 'ana o ka'ā e kaumaha ana i kēia' ala - ka huina'ine orbits e okoa ikaika a. Ke koena unuhi ma waena o ia mea ai uuku i ka mea e ikaika loa o Paulo, hilinai ana ma luna o kekahi i kekahi loa paa e hana i kekahi ana ciia. Penei, kēlā kiʻekiʻe o ka huina'ine i loko o ka'Ātoma ua hoohuliia i loko o ka ciia i loko o ka bulk aniani. Oihana mua o ka poʻe pähola 'o ka puaʻa hiwa ke kōkua wehewehe i ka likeʻole ma waena o insulators a me conductors.

Electronic i loko o ka ciia

Mākou Ua kūkā mamua mea e hanaia me ka hailona o electrons, i loko o ka'Ātoma kūlana 'ka ia ka Astronomical, i ke kahua o ke aniani. Akā, kā lākou mau hana i loko o ka ciia a mākou i haʻalele unlit. Kaʻana i kēia ua nui no ka mea, e hoʻoholo i ka mea likeʻole ma waena o ke hooheheeia, a non-ke hooheheeia. Me ua i haiia ae maluna, i ka poʻe kumumanaʻo o ka puaʻa hiwa hōʻike i ka ikehu pae i loko o ka poʻe o ke kanaka nā'ātoma okoa orbits OAOOUIEeE ai iki i aneane hana he ana pae. Pela, e lanakila i ka Loaʻaʻia ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai ma waena o ka huina'ine mea,ʻaʻole paʻakikī - ko ia neiʻoniʻoni ia ka uku ole ia, no keia mea nui iho la ia i ka wela. Eia naʻe, kela mea keia mea o ka aeia bana i kona palena. Aia He mau he ikehu pae i ka mea oi aku paha ma lalo o ka 'ē aʻe.

Valence hookapuia, conductivity

Ma waena o kēia mau cii i ka wahi o ka ikehu, ma kahi o kaʻilikai ma i ka huina'ine hiki ia. Ma ka pakuhi, eia kahi mea akaka me he keʻokeʻo nahā i. A kapa iho la ia i ke koa a nahā i. E lanakila i kēia'ākeʻakeʻa mai huina'ine hiki wale jerk. No laila,ʻo ia pono loaa kūpono no keia ikehu. Ke ciia me ka ikehu nui, a no kēia 'ano o nā'ātoma Ke aeia'ku nei ia ola ana o electrons ua kapaia ka valence bana, a hahai ia - conductivity.

Metal dielectric

Conduction poʻe pähola 'o ka puaʻa hiwa malama i ke alo a kaawale o electrons i loko o ka conduction bana Hōʻike pehea hoopuni kahe ana i loko o kēiaʻikena waiwai. Penei kekahi mau mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a dielectrics. I ka mua hihia, ke conduction bana, ua kekahi mau electrons, no ka 'ano me ka valence. A mea hopena maikaʻi '(particles) e noa e neʻe ma lalo o ka hana o ka electromagnetic a kula, me kekahi hou ikehu hoʻokomo o. No laila, i ka uila kala pono i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia akaka ai oluolu, i ka mea - koke, e like me ka wa i ke kula. A no ka mea ia kumu, ka uea ua i ke kila, keleawe, Aluminum.

Nā Pono no i ka valence a me ka conduction auka e paa ai hookaawale ia e ka ikehu-kapaia dielectrics. Mau electrons i trapped ma ka laloʻilikai Ke aeia'ku nei ia. Band nahā i hoʻokaʻawale i ka hopena maikaʻi (particles) mai ka pae ana a ka mea, ke hele nei a puni ka uku ole ia. A me ka ikaika e pono e hoike ai i na electrons e lanakila ia, e luku aku i ka mea. A i 'ole hoʻololi i kona waiwai ma'ō aku iaia. Nolaila, ea wahī kaula heheʻe, a'ā, akā, 'aʻole i hoʻomaka uila.

semiconductors

Akā, he mea i waena papa o ka mea i loaʻa i ka bandgap, akā, ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu hiki ke mālama nei uilaʻikena. Ka mea, i kapaʻia - semiconductors. Like ka dielectric, ka mea, i ka ikehu nahā i waena o ka conduction a me ka valence. Eia naʻe, ia mea emi a me ka lanakila a me kekahi mau hana. Panina mea uholo uila mea silikone (ma Roma - Silicium). Ke kaulana silikone Valley mea kaulana no ka 'ike loea hou ma muli o ka hoʻohana' ana i nā pōaka o keia waiwai mea e ho okumu ana i mīkini uila no.