Ke ideology o populism. Hoʻokahuli aupuni populism. Populism - Ua ...

He aha ua ike e pili ana i populism? Paha e deepen mākou i kā lākou i kaʻike? heluhelu i kēia 'atikala ma hope, oe, eʻoiaʻiʻo nō, e huli i kekahi mea hou.

Penei, populism - ia mea he kaiapili-pili aupuni neʻeʻana o ka kekahi stratum o ka intelligentsia, like hoʻi me ka ideological olelo o ka Russian aupuni a pau, i ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 19th - kakahiaka nui. 20th kenekulia. Ke AIM o nā kākoʻo o keia kuhikuhi ana i ka hooulu ana o ka aina kükohu o non-capitalist evolution a me ka hoʻololiʻana o ka holo ana o ka heluna kanaka i ka olelo o ka mākau alu modernization. Populism - mea he kahua o nā manaʻo i lanakilaʻano nui ma ka'āina me ka pōʻaiawaiwai puleʻAmelika, mahiʻai ma ka neeaa i ke hoʻololi i ka hanalima kahua o ka? Acaeoey (koe wale no ka Rusia, ka mea, ua Poland a me Ukraine, ka Caucasus aina, a me ka Baltic Hawaii).

hoolaʻi, a me ka hoʻonaʻauao papa - Ma keia, 'epekema i ua? aaei i kona elele hoopii i na nā paʻi hua, i alakai ole wale ma ka pili aupuni expediency koke hoʻopau o ka autocracy, akā, i ka na pono o ka hoʻohui o nā moʻomeheu (ka AIM o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana i loko o ia mau lā i kēia ua). Populism - mea heʻano o utopian socialism me kekahi mihi papahana ma na spheres o ka lehulehu ola. I ka laha ana o keia kŰia ka pilina i ka hoʻohuiʻana o ka lāhui kanaka ma ka wehe 'ana i ka papa ka hanohano a me ka hana i ke kāʻei kua, e hana i ka hookahi loio i malu no ka poʻe o nā mea a pau strata.

Mamua o ka populism

Ka mea, he Herzen a me Chernyshevsky. Akā, i ka hoailona mua hiki ke 'akomi i loko o nā hana o ka A. N. Radischeva, A. S. Pushkina, N. V. Gogolya, a me A. Ya Chaadaev, ka mea i hōʻike nui kuleana i loko o ka nohona nīnūnē ma kana mau hana, "i ka oiaio o ke ola." Ua mea, maiʻaneʻi, a mai kona kêia kanaka i loko o ka Lūkini populism.

Herzen

I ka makahiki 1830, Herzen i hoihoi i loko o Hegelianism, ka mea manaoio i ke ki i ka nohona kanaka pono ia i ke ana o pilikino? Acaeoey, a me ka lanakila i ka nohona a me ka uhane ka hainā ma luna ona. Eia naʻe, kuhi hewa i loko o ka ulu ana o 'Eulopa, la oia i manaoio aku i loko o ko kakou aupuni, ma ka populism ma Rusia. Herzen i kona wā e hiki mai i loko o ka loli o ka waiwai ana, a i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kūpaʻa pono e hōʻike, a me ka manao lokahi kaiāulu lālā. A pau kēia mau paialewa o ka populism, oia loaʻa i loko o ke kaiaulu. Herzen mahalo i ka ethos o na kauwa i loko o Rusia, e kau i ko lakou "maoli" collectivism loa ma luna o ka individualistic pono kīvila o ka o ka poʻeʻEulopa. na kumu ua kālaiʻia e ia i hana i ke kumu o ka palapala manaʻo o "Lūkini socialism".

Chernyshevsky

Chernyshevsky, ma ka kekahi lima, i manawa e ka "Westernism" a me kona manaʻo o ka nohona kanaka ma muli o ka manaoio ma ka universality o ka nohona a me ka papa hana, e like me ke anaina kanaka o ka Europa, a me ka Lūkini? Acaeoey mau kuamoʻo. Akä naÿe i ka maluhia Herzen ka manaʻo o "ole-hoʻokahuli aupuni socialism",ʻaʻoleʻo ia i noho aliʻi mai ikaika olelo hooholo o ka lawelawe nīnūnē ma. Chernyshevsky ua maopopo nö iä ia no ka pono no ka lōʻihi-makahiki hoʻonaʻauao a me ka pili aupuni hana iwaena o na kanaka kona nui nohona pilikia e hoʻoponopono. Ua lehulehu huahelu e paipai manaʻo o ka liberation o kauwa, mai ka aina me ka uku, hoʻopau o ka bureaucracy, bribery, e hali ana mai mihi o ka moku'āina i hoʻomākaukauʻia, i ka hoʻolālā o kūloko ka hoʻoponopono-aupuni, ke mālama 'ia vsesoslovnogo' elele kulanui a me ka hoʻokumu o ke Kumukanawai o ka papa. He nui na wahi lulu radicals i loaʻa i loko o kana mau hana, aole ia e kahea aku no ka lōʻihi-makahiki 'uao hana, akā, i ka manao o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni hou' ana o ka aina.

Kēia mau hoʻokokoke mai - lōpū (lokomaikai hoi o ka) a me ka'ano'ē (hoʻokahuli aupuni) Populism lilo i ke kumu o ka paialewa elua. Ua manao hoʻokahuli aupuni kuhikuhi ana o ka hapalua like 1850 ka a hiki i 1881. Ma hope o ka pepehi 'o ka Emperor Alexander II (1 March 1881), a i ai i ka kakahiaka 20th kenekulia, ka loa kaiāulu lokomaikaʻi, kokoke e hiki aku.

Populism - mea he hana moʻomeheu kŰia

Ke kumu o ka populism ua pili i ka mōʻaukala o ke kahua o ka intelligentsia i loko o Rusia. I ka manaʻo o ke aloha i kanaka hewa (Berdyaev) pena he holoʻokoʻa nenoaiie o ka lehulehu ike paka i o ko mākou'āina i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 19th kenekulia. Populism ideology ho'āʻo e hui pu iho oihana mua o Westernism a me Slavophilism. Ko lakou mau manao - he pili-capitalist ala o? Acaeoey, ke hoʻololi i ka socialism collectivism ka hoopakele ana kua'āina nā kaiāulu - ua lilo kaʻawale a me ka nui kŰia o Lūkini kālaiʻike a me ka moʻomeheu. Kēia nenoaiu o ka manaʻo i loko o mau māmala'ōlelo i loko o ka hana kumu o ka ike maopopo, ma muli naʻe o ka utopianism. Ma ka naau o ka mea pono maikaʻi - i ka manaoio ma ka pono a me ka maikai i ke hoʻololi i ka honua no ka maikaʻi. Populists mai i manaoio i ke Akua, ua hoomaopopoia atheists, nae, i loko o ko lākou mau manaʻo mākou loaʻa ma luna o ka manaʻo o "socialism" a me ka "Christian nā loina."

Ua hoʻokuʻuʻia Adherents o keia neʻeʻana mai lehulehu ike paka i lalo o ka dictates o ka ekalesia, akā, noho, he pono ole Hawaiʻi Christian kuʻuna Hawaiʻi. Populism ideology o autocracy i'ōnaehana paleʻea i kūpono ka papa haʻawina i ka moku'āina liberalism. Liberal (KS) ike aku la i ka luna o ka poʻe kipi, no laila, i ka mana aliʻi loaʻa kona kākoʻo wale nō i loko o ka makeʻe kulana 'ia, a ultimately wikiwiki i kona make ana.

ʻaoʻao, a kū i ke au

E like me ke degere o ka radicalism e kilakila:

• Ma makeʻe kulana;
• ka lokomaikai hoi o-hoʻokahuli aupuni;
• kaiapili-hoʻokahuli aupuni populism;
• anarchist.

Makeʻe kulana eheu Ua pili me slavophiles (Insurance, Grigoriev). Kona hana i ka mea uuku hoʻopaʻa 'ana a ua poeʻano nui ma ka hana ana o ke kookoo o ke Magazine "Week" Chervinsky P. a me I. Kablitz.

Me ka Poeikohoia o ka lokomaikai hoi o ka-hoʻokahuli aupuni (centrist)'ēheu o ka 60-70s o ka 19th kenekulia: o Elisai ( "Contemporary" Magazine), Zlatovratski, Obolensky, St. Michael Korolenko (1868-1884, "wahi lulu mooolelo"), Krivenko, Yuzhakov, Vorontsov a me ka 'ē aʻe . E alakai i kona mau ideologues he Lavrov a me Mikhailovsky.
Kākoʻo nohona hoʻokahuli aupuni kuhikuhi Narodnichestvo alai ae Tkachev, a hiki i kekahi like ole ka makemakeʻana māʻona Morozov ma ka paepaeʻana lōʻihi ko lakou hoomakaukau ana, a me ka lawelawe waiū. Ka mea, unuhi ae la ia i ka manao o ka hoʻonui, piʻi aʻe ke kipi.

Anarchist eheu e konane me ka pono no ka loli i loko o ke aupuni. Populists anarchist Kropotkin a me Bakunin noho o kēlāʻano e pili ana i ke aupuni, me kona hookauwa a me ka uhi ku okoa ana o na kanaka. E like me ka mea huli mai, ka mea i hoʻokani i ke kūlana loa luku iloko o, akā, i ka kumumanaʻo o ka helu o ka maikaʻi i ka manaʻo nui.

Ka mua ihe pahu a me nā papa hana

I nā makahiki 1856-1858, aia i ka propaganda kaiapili ma Kharkov University. I ka 1861 ka mea i auou caiaiai ia e ka hui i hele mai ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o PE a me PG Agriropulo Zainchevskogo ma Moscow. Kona mau lala i ka mea wale ala e hoʻololi i ka puni ike maopopo i noʻonoʻo he kipi.

"Land a me ke ku okoa ana"

Ka loa ikaika hui malu hui o St. Petersburg i 1861-1864 makahiki i ka "Land a me ke ku okoa ana". Kona mau lala (Sleptcov, Kurochkin, O Kaohikukapulani, Utin, Rymarenko) moe o "na kūlana no ke kipi." I ka polokalamu o ka Society makamake nui i ka hoololiia ana o ka aina a hiki i na kauwa (? Oaony no ka uku), hope o nā luna aupuni koho poʻe kauwā, ka ho'ēmiʻana o nā koa dala, a me ka aloaliʻi. Naʻe, ua i loaa mau ai lawa kākoʻo i waena o na kanaka, a me ka hopena o ka hui disbanded, noho ole i ike i ke aliʻi conservatory lawelawe.

"Ishutintsy"

Ishutina hoʻokahuli aupuni malu ulu mai o ka pōʻai, nā lālā o ka hui "Land a me ke ku okoa ana". Kona AIM ua e hoomakaukau kua'āina kipi ma ka manaʻo 'imi naʻauao nā pūʻulu. Ma ka ho'āʻo pono e lawe i ke ola i kekahi o nā manaʻo o Chernyshevsky, e ho okumu i nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao a me Free, i nā lālā o ke kaiāulu kanaka, wehe ma Moscow ka noa kula i ka makahiki 1865, ka paa a me ka Nails nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao, alakaʻi ke kūkā 'e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu o ke kamaʻilio, me ka poe hana Lyudinovo ironworks ma ka Kaluga mokuna, hookupaaia ka pulupulu hola ma luna o ke kumu o Hawaii i ka makahiki 1865 ma Mozhaisk apana. "Ishutintsy" Chernyshevsky? Oaony e pakele ai, mai ka halepaahao, akā, ua keʻakeʻa kā lākou hana April 4, 1866 kīmopō ho'āʻo Karakozov, kekahi o na lala o keia hui, ka Auguseto. Ma keia hihia oi ma mua o 2,000 populists ua hele mai ma lalo o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana, 36 i ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i kekahi ana o ka mana (Karakozov - kāʻawe Ishutin waiho i loko o mehameha hoopaaia ma Shlisselburg pā, kahi ia a laila hele hehena).

"People ka luku"

Kēia hui alakaʻiʻia Nechayev poe i ka'ano'ē neʻeʻana o ka populism, a ua hoʻokūpaʻa i ka 1869 ma Moscow a me St. Petersburg. Ua oia o 77 kanaka. no hoi kona manao i hoʻomākaukau i kekahi "kanaka o ka kipi". Sergei Nechayev hookomo i loko o ka hui ka fanaticism a me ka nele o nā kumu, a me ka hoʻopunipuni dictatorship. E ku e mai ia ia ma ke akea koi P. L. Lavrov, ka poe i manaoio i "ole kekahi e aa aku i mea ole loa nō pono aku paio, a me ka e ole hookahe i kekahi i kekahi keu kulu o ke koko." Nechayev ua kapaia ka weliweli, hoonaukiuki ana. He Ua hoomaopopoia e na ano e e pono keia mau mea i ka hemohemo ano, e lawe mai i ke kukui wā e hiki mai. Ivanov, e olelo ana e ku e ia Nechayev, i hope hoopiiia me ka kipi a me ka make. Na makai wehe i kekahi karaima hewa, a me ke poo o ka hoʻolālā holo kahi'ē, akā, i loaʻa, hopuia a ho'āʻo like me ka hoʻomaopopo like karaima.

Kēia ideology i ole ia ma makehewa, a lewa i loko o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni manaʻo o nā Hawaii. No laila, ua halawai populism (kenekulia XX) i loko o ka populist neʻe o ke kolu o ka honua aina no na makahiki e hiki mai ana.