Linguistics - e Aloha ... Main pauku o ka linguistics

Linguistics - ka 'epekema o ka' ōlelo, këia mea, a me ka luna '(e like me ke ano), a me kekahi o kona waiwai a me nā' ano: ke kumu, a me ka mōʻaukala i hala, i ka pono a me ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai hiʻona, e like me ka mea mau kānāwai o ka 'ole a me ka hōʻeuʻeu? Acaeoey o nā' ōlelo a pau i loko o ke ao nei.

Linguistics like me ka 'epekema ka' ōlelo

I ka papa kuhikuhiE mea o ka haʻawina o kēia 'epekema - maoli' ōlelo o ke kanaka, kona ano a me ka o Mānoa, a me kumuhana - kanu'ōiwi nā lauana, functioning, hoʻololi 'ana i nā' ōlelo a me nā hakakā o ko lākou mau mahele.

I loko nō o ka mea i kēia manawa na linguistics nui ma luna nuiʻimi naʻauao a me ka empirical kumu, e hoʻomanaʻoʻia ai ia ia linguistics - mea he kŘpa a opiopio 'epekema (i loko o Russian - me ka XVIII - nach.XIX kenekulia). Aka hoi, ka mea i mua me ka hana hoihoi wale - addicted i ke ao o ka 'ōlelo, he nui na poe akeakamai a me grammarians, no laila kā lākou mau hana i hana hoihoi pono ana a me ka hoopaapaa ana (e like me, ka poe akeakamai o kahiko Greece, Voltaire a me Diderot).

terminological waleʻana aku

Ka hua'ōlelo "Linguistics" Uaʻaʻole mau ua undisputed no ka inoa o ka aina'ōlelo 'epekema. Synonymous helu o nā hua'ōlelo "linguistics - Linguistics - Linguistics" i kona mau semantic a me ka mōʻaukala hiʻona.

Initially, ma mua o ka kipi ana o 1917, ma ka 'epekema kipi ua, he pono ole manawa linguistics. I Soviet manawa, i Kīwala'ō linguistics (e like, kulanui papa a me nā Aʻo no ka mea, hoomaka ae la ia e kapaia "Introduction i Linguistics") a me kona " 'ole-canonical" koho loaʻa hou semantics. No laila, linguistics pili i ka mālama '-hoʻokahuli aupuni' epekema i waha, a me linguistics kuhikuhi i ka Western manaʻo a me nā 'ana i kūpono, e like me structuralism. E like me ka TV Shmelev ma ka pauku "hoomanao ana o ka makahiki: Linguistics, Language, Linguistics" He He semantic ku e ana mai o ka Lūkini linguistics i ole Wehewehe i nā hāʻina i ia manawa, no ka mea, ua ikaika lakou Kuisa:, i nā kānāwai o ka hoʻokaulike a me ka derivation (linguistics →'ōlelo → linguistically) a me ka welelau o, e hoʻonui i ka ano o ka makahiki linguistics ( ke aʻo 'ana i ka'āina'ē' ōlelo). Penei, i ke kanaka noiʻi hoʻohālikeʻana i nā inoa o nā'ōlelo no ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana ma ka papa kiʻekiʻe kula hae, inoa oihana, paʻi puke, "kū mai" pauku o linguistics ma ka laulā maʻamau "Introduction i Linguistics" a me ka "General Linguistics"; Mahele o RAS 'Institute o Linguistics "journal" nā nīnau ma o Linguistics ", ka puke" (essay) ma Linguistics "; Keʻena o Linguistics a me Intercultural palapala, "Computational Linguistics", ka Magazine "New ma linguistics ..."

O ka papa kuhikuhi pauku o ka linguistics: he mau hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

Ka 'epekema ka' ōlelo ", mai hemo mai" ma na mea he nui no ka hoʻopaʻi ', i ka mea nui o ka a i ka hope o ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea o linguistics, nā nui a me ka hana,ʻimi naʻauao a me ka mea hiki, ho'ākāka a me ka mōʻaukala.

No hoi, ua Hoʻohui ''ōlelo hoʻopaʻi' ana ma luna o ka muli o kā lākou mau hana, a me ka nānā 'ana ma ka mea o ka hoʻokolokolo' ana. No laila, mea maʻa mau māheleʻia i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE kēia mau mea o ka linguistics:

• na pauku hoolilo i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka kipi' ole i ka 'ōlelo'ōnaehana o, kona pae o ka hui (e like, morphology a me Ka Mooolelo O);
• na pauku e wehewehe i nāʻano o ka mōʻaukala? acaeoey o ka 'ōlelo i ka mau a me ke kahua o ka kanaka pae (Land phonetics, mōʻaukala grammar);
• Usenet, ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai Hawaiʻi o ka 'ōlelo a me kona kūlana ma ka hui (sociolinguistics, dialectology);
• Usenet këia eiiieaena pilikia ma ka palena o kekahi mau sciences a me ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana (psycholinguistics, computational linguistics);
• Haʻapili no ka hoʻopaʻi 'ke hoʻoponopono i ka posed ma na linguistics scientific kaiāulu (lexicography, palaeography) mea hiki pilikia.

General a pilikino a me ka linguistics

I ka māhele o ka 'epekema o ka' ōlelo ma luna o kekahi mau a me ka hana kūikawā kahua e hōʻike mai ana i ka global pahuhopu o ka 'epekema pono o ka noiʻi.

Ka mea nui wale akeakamai nīnau e ninaninau mau linguistics i:

• ka i loko o ka 'ōlelo, i ka mea pohihihi o kona kumu, a me nā kānāwai o ka mōʻaukala? acaeoey;
• ka walaʻauʻana kānāwai o nā manaʻo a me ka oihana o ka 'ōlelo ma ka honua me ke kaiaulu o ke kanaka;
• ka lākiō o ka waeʻano o " 'ōlelo" a me ka "manao", "' ōlelo", "Pahuhopu aku o ka lanakila";
• muli a me ka hou ana o ka palapala;
• 'ōlelo typology, me ka' ole o ko lākou pae 'ōlelo, functioning a me ka mōʻaukala? acaeoey o grammatical papa a me nā waeʻano;
• Mea Maluna o nā 'ōlelo a pau i loko o ke ao nei, a me na mea e ae.

Kekahi o ka mea nui hoʻonohonoho 'pilikia, a UOAN e hoʻoponopono i ka mau linguistics - o ka mea i hanaia a me ka pono o ka hou' ano o ka 'ōlelo ma waena o kanaka (ʻimi hoʻopunipuni hoʻonohonoho' ōlelo). Ka hooulu ana o keia olelo - he makakoho no interlinguistics.

I ka mana o ka waiwai Linguistics o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka' ole, functioning a me ka mōʻaukala? Acaeoey o ka ua 'ōlelo (Russian, Czech, Pākē), he helu o ka hoʻokaʻawale' ōlelo a me kaʻohana o nā 'ōlelo i ka mea ia manawa (no ka mea hoike, wale i ka Roma - Farani, Italia, Paniolo, Pukiki, a me ka nui'ē aʻe) . A pilikino linguistics hoʻohana synchronous ano (aka - ho'ākāka) ole diachronic (mōʻaukala) mahele.

General Linguistics ma ka pili ana i ka paulele i ka hoʻomana o kaʻimi naʻauao a me ka methodological kumu no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i kekahi pili me ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o ka moku'āina o ka mea a me keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka ua 'ōlelo' epekema pilikia. I huli, a pilikino linguistics - ka hahau i hoʻolako mau linguistics, empirical ikepili, ma muli o ka Ikepili a hiki eʻimi naʻauao hopena a.

Mawaho a me na linguistics

ho i ka mea o kēia 'epekema o ka' ōlelo i ka elua-hapa 'ole - kēia mau mea i ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea o ka linguistics, mikrolingvistika (a me na linguistics) a ekstralingvistika (mawaho linguistics).

Mikrolingvistikaʻeleu ma luna o ka loko o ka'ōnaehana o ka 'ōlelo - ke kaniʻana, morphological, syntactic a me ka hua'ōlelo tiers.

Ekstralingvistika kokoke mai noonoo ana i ka nuiʻano o ka 'ōlelo AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN: me ke kaiāulu, kanaka noʻonoʻoloi, communicative, mea naʻau, aesthetic a me ka' ē aʻe, ao ke ano o ke ola. Ma kona kumu i hanau hoʻomanaʻo contrastive Ka Ikepili a me ka hoʻonaʻauao 'haʻawina (manaʻoʻike, ethnolinguistics, paralinguistics, nohona kanaka linguistics, etc.).

Synchronic (ho'ākāka) a me ka diachronic (mōʻaukala) linguistics

Ka poepoe o ka noiʻi ho'ākāka linguistics pili o ka moku'āina 'ōlelo a me kona pae hoʻokaʻawale, i ka mea a me kaʻike manaʻo i loko o kā lākou moku'āina i ka haawiia manawa wā mawaena, he kekahi kahua o ka? Acaeoey. Loa pinepine e lohe i kaʻikena moku'āina, oi kākaʻikahi - ma ka moku'āina o ka mua manawa (no ka mea hoike, i ka 'ōlelo o ka Lūkiniʻoihana o ka XIII kenekulia).

Historical linguistics epa a me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i nā'ōlelo kūʻiʻo a me nāʻike manaʻo ma ka hua'ōlelo o ko lākouʻano a me ka evolution. Ke noiʻi i ka pahu hopu, e koho i nā hoʻololi i ana ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana' ōlelo (no ka laʻana, he hoʻohālike no nāʻano o ka palapala, ai 'kūmau o ka Lūkini' ōlelo i loko o XVII, XIX a me XX kenekulia).

'ōlelo hōʻikeʻano o ka 'ōlelo pae

Linguistics Pilikanaka kaʻike manaʻo e pili ana i na tiers likeʻole o mau 'ōlelo nenoaiu. Maliu mai i ka mea kēia 'ōlelo pae: phonemic, lexical-semantic, morphological, syntactic. Ma lalo o kēia mau pae i ke kēia nui pauku linguistics.

Ma ka phonemicʻilikai'ōlelo ua hoʻopili i nā kēia sciences:

• Phonetics (ho'ākāka i keʻano o ka olelo kani ma ka 'ōlelo, kā lākou articulation a me ka acoustic ano);
• phonology (këia i ka phoneme like me ka uuku o ka mokuna o ka olelo, kona phonological 'ano a me ka functioning);
• morphophonology (e manao i ka phonemic 'ole o morphemes, qualitative a laupaʻi loli'ālike phonemes i loko o nā morphemes, kā lākou variability, hoolakolako ia rula ma luna o ka hoʻokaulike o morpheme palena).

Ke lexical nui o ka 'ōlelo i kēia na pauku hoʻokolokolo ai.

• Lexicology (këia i ka olelo me ka walaʻauʻana pa alima o ka 'ōlelo a me ka a pau hua'ōlelo like'ōlelo richness, kaupaona i nā ka mall hiʻona o ka' ōlelo, kona? Anoe? A? Acaeoey, kumu o ka replenishment o ka hua'ōlelo hou o ka 'ōlelo);
• semasiology (hoʻokolokolo ai i ka lexical ano o ka olelo, i ka semantic'ālike hua'ōlelo a me ka manaÿo i hoike ia e lakou, ai mai la lakou i kū'ē'ē ', kŰia o Pahuhopu aku o ka lanakila);
• onomasiology (e manao nīnūnē e pili ana i ka pilikia mahele i loko o ka 'ōlelo, a me ka structuring o na mea o ko ke ao nei i ka hoʻonaʻauao kaʻina).

Morphological nui o ka 'ōlelo kuka nei lakou i ka i kēia mau mea:

• morphology (hua'ōlelo iienuaaaony i ka mall huahelu, o ka huina o morphemic haku mele 'ana o nā hua'ōlelo a me ka inflection ano, māhele o ka olelo, i ko lakou mau ano, o ka uhane, a me nā loina o ke koho);
• hua'ōlelo ho okumu (haʻawina kūkulu olelo, konaʻano o nā'ōlelo, ke regularity o ka 'ole a me ke kahua o nā hua'ōlelo, a oi loa aku hoi kona hana ma ka' ōlelo a me ka'ōlelo).

Syntactic 'ilikai ho'ākāka i ke Ka Mooolelo O (ʻimi ana i ka cognitive hale a me keʻano o ka hanaʻana recheporozhdeniya: maomeka o hoʻohuiʻia nā hua'ōlelo i loko o ka luna' hale o nä hopuna a me keia manawa,, ke ano o ka mall pili o nā hua'ōlelo a me keia manawa,,'ōlelo keʻano o ka hanaʻana ma i olelo ia lŘlŘ ho okumu).

Contrastive a typological linguistics

Mau linguistics epa me ke kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana kokoke i ke kapakai a ka mea no ma ka liʻiliʻi elua a oi 'ōlelo, ka nānā' ana i kā lākou mau aaiaoe pili. Aia hiki ke hoohalikeia me kekahi milestones i loko o ka ulu ana o kekahi, a me ka hookahi'ōlelo - no ka mea hoike, o ka'ōnaehana o ka hihia a hāʻule pahū wale o ka mea kēia Lūkini 'ōlelo a me ka' ōlelo i ka manawa o kahiko Rus.

Typological linguistics pili ana i 'ole a me ka papa raznostrukturnyh' ōlelo i loko o "timeless" Ana (panhronichesky kēia lākiō). Keia i ka mea hiki ke kuhikuhi i, he pono ole (ao) hiʻona ano o ke kanaka 'ōlelo i ka mau.

'ōlelo Universal

General Linguistics i loko o kā lākou noiʻi ka poʻe e ao 'ōlelo - ka'ōlelo lauana a pau i nā' ōlelo a pau i loko o ke ao nei (ma lung Universal) a he nui hapa o ka 'ōlelo a pau (ana helu Universal).

Like loa Universal hōʻike 'ia kēia mau hiʻona:

• No nā 'ōlelo a pau o ke ao nei i wehewehe aku e vowels a pau ana consonants kani.
• Ka leo kahawai Ua maheleia i syllables, i mea pono mau lala i kani nenoai "vowel + leokanipū."
• Ua loaʻa pono ka haʻiinoa a me pronouns i loko o kekahi 'ōlelo.
• No ka mea grammatical oihana o ka 'ōlelo ano o ka haʻiinoa a me verbs.
• Kēlā me kēia 'ōlelo i ka lākou o nā hua'ōlelo, e lawe kanaka manaʻo, Emotions a kauoha a.
• Inā he 'ōlelo i ka waeʻano o ka manawa a me keia ano, a laila ka mea i pono i hiki mai a me ka waeʻano helu.
• Inā he noun i loko o ka 'ōlelo kū'ē ma ke ano, o ka mea hiki ke mālama i loko o ka hookuuia ana o pronouns.
• All kanaka ma ka honua e mai i kona mau manao no ka mea o ka palapala i loko o ka manaʻo.
• Coordinative hoopaa a me nā uniona kālepa i noho i loko o nā 'ōlelo a pau o ke ao nei.
• I kekahi 'ōlelo i loko o ke ao nei i kekahi mau? Ieoaeunoaa iauaeoia, phraseological, ka' aoʻao, metaphors.
• Universal kapu, a me nā hōʻailona o ka la a me ka mahina.

No ka ana helu Universal loaʻa nā kēia mau loina:

• Ma ka hapanui o nā 'ōlelo o ke ao nei, he mea ma ka liʻiliʻiʻelua kekahi vowel leo (i ke koe - ka'Aukekulelia Arunta'ōlelo).
• Ma ka hapanui o ko ke ao nei i ka 'ōlelo pronouns lauwili ma ka helu i mea ole e emi malalo o elua (i koe - i ka poʻe e noho lā ma ka mokupuni o Iawa'ōlelo).
• Aneane pau 'ōlelo i nasal consonants (koe - i kekahi mau' ōlelo a pau o West Africa).

pili linguistics

Kēia māhele epa a me ka 'epekema o ka' ōlelo kūpono 'ana ma kahi e kamaʻilio i ka ho'āʻo pili me ka' ōlelo me ka hana pono.

• hou ana o methodological mea paahana ma e ao ana i ka 'ōlelo me ka makuwahine elelo, a me ka aina e' ōlelo;
• i ka haku o ka pakiko-kōkua, i maopopo kahi, ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hana kūikawā puke wehewehe, noi ma kekahi mau pae a me nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ke ao;
• aʻo 'ana i kūpono i ka olelo, a kākau ke aloha, pololei, pono, a convincingly (rhetoric);
• ka hiki e ho okele ana i ka 'ōlelo rula, i ka loea launa' ole o ka pela '(o ka olelo, orthoepy, pela a me ka punctuation);
• hou ana i ka pela ', Hawaiʻi, kākau no ka hooulu ana i unwritten' ōlelo (no ka laʻana, no ka kanaka 'ōlelo lāhui kanaka o ka USSR i 1930-1940-ies.), i ka mea i hanaia o ka palapala a me nā puke no ka mea makapo;
• aʻo i loko o ka shorthand a me ka transliteration;
• e pili ana terminology mau hae (GOST);
• ulu o ka unuhi mākau, ka mea i hanaia o ka bi- a me ka'ōleloʻokoʻa puke wehewehe o acee? iuo oeiia;
• ? Ac? O ka hana nona iho mīkini unuhi hana;
• i ka haku o ka lolouila leo iaia nenoai ke hoʻolilo i olelo mai ai i hua'ōlelo i loko o i kikokiko ai kikokikona ( 'enekinia, a me computational linguistics);
• i ke kahua o ka leho kikokikona, hypertext, lolouila 'ikepili a me nā puke wehewehe, a me ka ulu ana o ki ina hana like o Ka Ikepili a me ka aaioee (Beritania National kino, BNC, Russian National kino);
• hoʻomanaʻo 'ana, copywriting, hoʻolaha a me ka lehulehu pili, etc.