Molal lehulehu. He aha ke ano o ia olelo, a molar molal lehulehu?

Molar a me molal lehulehu, hoʻowahāwahā i ka like inoa, ua okoa na loina. Ke kumu nui oko ao ka mea ma ka hoomaopopo ana i ka molal lehulehu i ka ho omaulia ua i ole ma ka buke o ka pāʻoihana like me ka ka loaʻaʻana molarity, oiai ke kaumaha o ka'ūheheʻe.

General 'ike e pili ana i nā pāʻoihana a me ka solubility

Oiaio pāʻoihana kapaia homogeneous'ōnaehana, i ka loaʻa o loko o kona haku mele 'ana o ka helu o nā eiiiiiaiou, nā kikowaena mai kekahi i kekahi. Kekahi o ia mea i ka'ūheheʻe, a me ke koena i 'ona ua hoʻopau i loko o laila. Ke'ūheheʻe Ua manaoia e ia i ka waiwai i loko o ka pāʻoihana a loa.

Solubility - he waiwai a me nā waiwai e lilo i kekahi homogeneous'ōnaehana - pāʻoihana ma i ia mea i loko o ka palapala o kēia nā'ātoma, Ion, nā lātoma paha (particles). A lehulehu - he ana o ka solubility.

Nolaila, i ka solubility o ka waiwai o ka hiki ia e māhele aku uniformly i loko o ka palapala o ka haʻahaʻa (particles) ma ka buke o ke'ūheheʻe.

e hoʻolaha 'Olu pāʻoihana like penei:

• ma ka ano o ka'ūheheʻe - ole-koʻana koko a me ka wai;
• ma ka ano o ka solute - kinoea pāʻoihana, nāʻakika, alkalis, paʻakai, a pela aku.;
• no ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka uilaʻikena - electrolytes (waiwai i loaʻa uila conductivity) a me ka 'ole-electrolytes (waiwai i hiki o ka uila conductivity);
• o ka lehulehu - nāu kekahi, a i kia.

Ka lehulehu a me nā mea o kona mau nanaina a

Lehulehu kahea maʻiʻo (paona) o ka waiwai mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka kekahi dala (ke kaupaonaʻana a me ka leo) o ka'ūheheʻe, a ma ka hoakaka buke o ka heluna pāʻoihana. Ua hana ka mea, penei ke ano:

1. ka lehulehu o ka hoihoi (i hoike ia ma%) - ka mea,'ōlelo mai i ka nui o nā huna o ka solute na i loko o 100 nā huna o ka pāʻoihana.

2. molar lehulehu - o ka helu o ka gram iole no 1 hano o ka pāʻoihana. Ua Hōʻike Pehea nui gram-nā lātoma na ma 1 hano o ka pāʻoihana o ka waiwai.

3. Na maʻamau lehulehu - o ka helu o ka gram-hoʻokoe no 1 hano o ka pāʻoihana. Ua Hōʻike Pehea nui iloko o gram hoʻokoe o ka solute i loko o 1 hano o ka pāʻoihana.

4. molal lehulehu hōʻike mai ana i na iole o solute i loko o ke dala no 1 kilogram o'ūheheʻe.

5. Titer e hoʻoholo i ka maʻiʻo (i loko o nā huna) o ka solute mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o 1 mililika me ka pāʻoihana.

Molar a molal nā hoʻohui like okoa mai kekahi i kekahi. E hoomanao i kā lākou mau kanaka ano.

Ka molar lehulehu

Ke haʻilula no ka hoomaopopo ana ia:

CV = (v / V), kahi

V - helu o ka waiwai mea hoʻoheheʻe Mol;

V - huina pau ka leo o ka pāʻoihana hano a ^m3.

No ka laʻana, "0,1 M pāʻoihana o ka H ₂ ¶ _4" Hōʻike i ka 1 hano o ka pāʻoihana mea i loaʻa 0,1 Mol (9.8 g) o sulfuricʻakika .

molal lehulehu

Oe E mau lawe i loko no o ka mea i ka molal a me ka molar nā hoʻohui like i loa kekahi mau manaʻo.

He aha ka ka molal lehulehu o ka pāʻoihana? Ke haʻilula no ka hoomaopopo ana ia mea:

Knm = (v / m), kahi

V - helu o ka waiwai mea hoʻoheheʻe Mol;

ka m - nuipa o ka'ūheheʻe, kg.

No ka laʻana, kākau i 0,2 M NaOH pāʻoihana 'o ia hoʻi i loko o 1 kilogram o ka wai (i loko o keia hihia, ka mea, o ka'ūheheʻe) mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia 0.2 Mol NaOH.

Additional nā papakuhikuhi pono no ka hoʻomaulia

He nui kākoʻo 'ike i ke koi' ia ma ka mea i molal lehulehu i mau hōʻailona. Haʻilula, a hiki e pono no ka hoʻoponopono i ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia e like penei.

Hoʻohana 'ia ka nui o ka waiwai ν hoʻomaopopo i kekahi helu o nā'ātoma, electrons, nā lātoma, Ion' ole 'ē aʻe (particles) ia.

V = m / M = N / N A = V / V m, ma:

• ka m - nuipa o ka hui, g. a me kg;
• M - molar nui, g. (A me kg) / Mol;
• N - helu o mall naehana;
• N _A - i ka helu o mall huahelu no 1 kameleona o ka waiwai, Avogadro ikaika: ^6,02. October ²³ Mol ^{- 1;}
• V - he huina pau ka leo o ka L 'ole ka m ^3;
• V _{ka m} - molar buke, nā lika / kameleona a ^m3 / Mol.

Hope pōpilikia like penei:

V _{ka m} = RT / P, kahi

• R - a eia i 8,314 J / (Mol ^K.);
• T - kinoea wela, K;
• P - kinoea puʻe Pa.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o Nä Pahuhopu no molarity a me ka molality. hana №1

E hoʻoholo i ka molar lehulehu o ka potasiuma hydroxide pāʻoihana i loko o ka buke o ka 500 ml. Ke kaumaha KOH pāʻoihana mea like me 20 nā huna.

ka wehewehena

Molar nuipa o ka potasiuma hydroxide nei:

_KOH M = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56 g. / Mol.

Mākou manaʻo nui potasiuma hydroxide ua hookomoia ma ka pāʻoihana.

ν (KOH) = m / M = 20/56 = 0,36 kameleona.

E lawe i no i ka buke o ka pāʻoihana e e hoike i loko o nā lika:

500 ml = 500/1000 = 0.5 nā lika.

Ho oholo i ka molar lehulehu o ka potasiuma hydroxide:

CV (KOH) = V (KOH) / V (KOH) = 0,36 / 0,5 = 0,72 Mol / hano.

hana №2

He aha ka sulfur'okesaside (IV) ma lalo o maʻamau rula (a laila, ka wā P = 101325 Pa, a me T = 273 K) e lawe i ka mea e hoomakaukau i kekahi sulfurousʻakika pāʻoihana me ka lehulehu o ka 2,5 Mol / hano o ka leo o ka 5 nā lika?

ka wehewehena

E hoakaka like sulfurousʻakika na i loko o ka pāʻoihana.

ν (H ₂ ¶ ₃₎ = CV (H ₂ ¶ ₃₎ ∙ V (pāʻoihana) = 2,5 ∙ 5 = 12.5 Mol.

Helu kaulike loaa ana o sulfurousʻakika i ka penei ke ano:

¶ ₂ + H ₂ O = H ₂ ¶ ₃

E like me kēia:

ν (¶ ₂₎ = ν (H ₂ ¶ _3);

ν (¶ ₂₎ = 12.5 Mol.

E halihali ana i ka manaʻo i ma lalo o maʻamau olelo o 1 kameleona o ke kinoea i ka buke o 22,4 nā lika, i ka buke imua o ka'okesaside o ka luaipele.

V (¶ ₂₎ = ν (¶ I ₂₎ ∙ 22,4 = 12,5 ∙ 22,4 = 280 nā lika.

hana №3

E hoʻoholo i ka molar lehulehu o NaOH ma ka pāʻoihana ka wā kona kaumaha hapa, ua like ia 25,5%, a me ka pa apŘ o 1,25 g. / Ml.

ka wehewehena

Aeia lakou e like me ka hāpana pāʻoihana i loko o ka buke o ka 1 hano a me ka hooholo kona nuipa:

ka m (pāʻoihana) = V (pāʻoihana) ∙ P (pāʻoihana) = 1000 ∙ 1,25 = 1,250 gram.

Mākou manaʻo nui o ka hāpana ma ke kaupaonaʻana mekala 'åkilikai:

ka m (NaOH) = (w ∙ m + (pāʻoihana)) / 100% = (25,5 ∙ 1250) / 100 = 319 nā huna.

Molar nuipa o ka paʻakai hydroxide like me:

M _NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g. / Mol.

Mākou i manaʻo like paʻakai hydroxide ua hookomoia ma ka hāpana.

V (NaOH) = m / M = 319/40 = 8 Mol.

Ho oholo i ka molar lehulehu o ka mekala 'åkilikai:

CV (NaOH) = v / V = 8/1 = 8 Mol / hano.

hana №4

I ka wai (100 nā huna) i mea hoʻoheheʻe 10 nā huna o ka paakai NaCl. E hoʻopaʻa i lehulehu o ka pāʻoihana (molality).

ka wehewehena

Ke molar nuipa a NaCl mea like i:

M _NaCl = 23 + 35 = 58 g. / Mol.

Number NaCl, maluna olaila i ka pāʻoihana.

ν (NaCl) = m / M = 10/58 = 0,17 kameleona.

Ma keia hihia, ke'ūheheʻe ka wai:

100 nā huna o ka wai = 100/1000 = 0.1 kg H ₂ O i loko o ka pāʻoihana.

Molal lehulehu o ka pāʻoihana e e like me:

Knm (NaCl) = V (NaCl) / ka m (ka wai) = 0,17 / 0,1 = 1,7 Mol / kg.

hana №5

Ho oholo i ka molal lehulehu o ka 15% NaOH mekala 'åkilikai pāʻoihana.

ka wehewehena

15% mekala 'åkilikai pāʻoihana' o ia hoʻi i kēlā 100 nā huna o ka pāʻoihana he 15 nā huna o NaOH a me 85 nā huna wai. A i loko o kēlā 100 kilograms o ka pāʻoihana i 15 kg NaOH a me 85 kg wai. I mea e hoʻomākaukau ia, ia mea e pono ai ma ka 85 nā huna (kilograms) H ₂ O mea hoʻoheheʻe 15 nā huna (kg) o ka mekala 'åkilikai.

Molar nuipa ka paʻakai hydroxide:

M _NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g. / Mol.

Ano, loaʻa mākou i ka nui o ka paʻakai hydroxide ma ka pāʻoihana:

ν = m / M = 15/40 = 0.375 Mol.

Weight'ūheheʻe (ka wai) i loko o kg:

85 nā huna o H ₂ O = 85/1000 = 0.085 kg H ₂ O i loko o ka pāʻoihana.

Mahope hoʻoholo molal lehulehu:

Knm = (ν / ka m) = 0.375 / 0.085 = 4,41 Mol / kg.

I kulike ai me kēia mau typical pilikia hiki ke wehe pilikiaʻana, a me ka hapanui o ka mea 'ē aʻe, e hooholo i ka molality a me ka molarity.