Nā waiwai o ka porcelain a me kona noi

Kaʻia "porcelain" pili ia i ka laulā huahelu o ka pālolo huahana, a i ua hanaʻia ma kiʻekiʻe mahana. Lākou kiʻiona hiʻona i ka Kaulu a me ka haahaa porosity. Mau waiwai o ka porcelain ma kiʻekiʻe koi i keia la. He paʻakikī, e imi i kekahi ano o ka hana a me ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni, ma kahi ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia.

Ka loa, he pono ole Nani Loa porcelain a me ka Nine Inch kēia mea kūʻai, kahua niho pāpale aliʻi a me nā pou insulators. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO keʻokeʻo ole aku-keokeo, e "kalua ai" keia kupanaha he ukana lā ke hele mai unpresentable'āpana o ka Pottery, a e lilo kama'āina iā mākou pūlehu lākou i loko o kiʻekiʻe ana wela umu ano wale nō ma hope.

Pono pū nō ia o ka Pake hana

Ma keia 'atikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i ka waiwai a me ke ano o ka porcelain. Oe e maopopo ke kumu i loko o ke ao nei i kēia mea ua ai mahalo i piha me ka nui huakaʻi kona kūʻai lilo mai kekahi. No ka maikai kau, i keia la 'oe ke kuai i loko o kekahi hale kūʻai, a lailaʻoe hiki i ua pepehi.

Oddly lawa, akā, na nā huahana o Pākē Artists, e haawi aku ai ia pālolo - wale hoahanau, akā,ʻaʻole kuhikuhi. E ike i keia, mea, ke kala e hoole i ka walaʻauʻana waiwai o porcelain, i waho, mai na nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao o ka Middle Kingdom. Nā mea i mea i like loa i kekahi i kekahi: nāʻikena a kahiko porcelain hiki e glazed paha "ma kona ano maoli." Akā, me ka noonoo ole Pottery mea nui softer. A ua kiʻekiʻe-kbps hana hiki ole ke hana mai ia.

No ke aha la i keia ahaʻia nei?

Na waiwai o ka porcelain, e like me ka ikaika a me ka thermal kumupaʻa, - i ka hua o ka mahana kiʻekiʻe ma i ka hana ana i lawelawe 'ia oiaio o Pake pālolo. Ua ua hana i ka wela o ka 2650 degere Fahrenheit (1454 kekelē Kelekia ma). Hoʻohālikelike keia i 2200 degere Fahrenheit (1204 kekelē Kelekia ma) no ka mea porcelain. Mai ka lua o ka mea mai i ka haʻahaʻa quality, ka mea, ua ole ia i loko o ka Nine Inch hana a me nā lālā o ka 'epekemaʻenehana. Eia kekahi, ia mea o ka mea kiekie e like ai Chinese porcelain mea moakaka a hiki i ka malamalama. Lohi loa pālolo me neia i keia hiki ole haawi aku.

kiu

"Hard-kāpili ma luna" a me ka oiaio porcelain muaʻikeʻia i loko o Kina i ka Tang aliʻi (618-907.). Akā, i ka maoli kiʻekiʻe-kona mea e like me nā huahana i loko o kā lākou waiwai oia i emi iki mahope o ke kālā no, la ia mea e ka honua, a hiki i ka manawa o ka yuan i nohoaliʻi (1279-1368 GG.). I kakahiaka nui Chinese porcelain ua kaolin (waiho pa lepo) a me ka pegmatite - hoʻonaninani 'ano o ka māpala.

He uaʻikeʻole iʻEulopa potera, e hoʻomaka ka hoʻokomoʻana Chinese lako a pan i loko o ka Middle Ages. ua ho'āʻo ka poʻeʻEulopa, e nānā me ka waiwai o ka porcelain, akā, i i loaa i loko o keia mea. E like me ke kālailai kona Nine Inch haku mele 'ana, ka mea, ua i hiki ia, me nā huahana ua hanaʻia e ia, reminiscent o ka graceful, ke kino, a ma ka mea ia manawa, i ka paa bola kona helehelena wale. Ua huli mai ai-pela. E kiʻi i ka malu oiaio o porcelain? Iecaianoaaiiuo, weheia ka maoli kiu kaua, akā, Chinese nahele ola makeʻe i ka malu.

No ke aha la keia mea ua ai kaulana? Ke kumu - ka maikai physical waiwai o ka porcelain. He ikaika ma mua o kaʻike mau pālolo o kiʻekiʻe thermal conductivity e leie aku e brew ipu lepo mau mea nani kī. Eia kekahi, ma muli o ia ka glaze porcelain ia mai he mea uuku o haukaʻe, nā pōpō i lalo o ka aoao o kemikala pigments wale. Kiaha o ke au kahiko o Chinese hana ma hope o nā kenekulia aua o ka keokeo.

ersatz

Ma hope o hoʻohuihui aniani me ka piuta'okesaside, e loaa i ka opaque mea, ua hoao Europa artisans e hui pu iho la i ka lepo a me ka aiʻaihueʻia aniani. Ua lilo kēia mau papa haʻawina ike like "pahee kāpili ma luna" aʻimi hoʻopunipuni porcelain. Akā, e hoʻonāukiuki mau kaʻawaʻawa loa kūʻiʻo: a pau o kēia mau mea, he nui palupalu, mai ka i ka mea, ua hiki ole ia e ka maoli nō ka lole, ke kino huahana, a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie koina ka poʻe kāhuna kiʻekiʻe. Ma pōkole, i ka waiwai o ka porcelain "ersatz-type" he loa loihi mai ka hemolele.

Aia ka hōʻike i ko kakou mau haku i ke kahu moku i ke akamai o ka oiaio porcelain? Iecaianoaaiiuo, akā, i nā mea huna a pau o Lūkini pālolo i nalowale i ka Mongol-Tatar kaua, i ka wa a pau, nā kūlanakauhale i ke ahi pu a me nā mea a pau kā lākou e noho. Kekahi Hopu hiki i hiki i ka Beritania. Ka mea i hana i ka "iwi" ano keia ano o ka mea.

Akā, i ka i ka iwi waiho pa, o ka mea i lawe mai iā ia i ke kumu nui hiʻona nui hiʻona i loko o ka wa kahiko Europe?

Mōʻaukala o ka hanaia'na

I ka 1707, elua kēia kanaka Kelemānia, o Ehrenfried Walther av Chimhaus a me Yohan Fridrih Bottger wehe hou "sane" keʻano o ke-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a hoʻohana i ka lepo a me ka finely wāwahi ihola feldspar. Ma ka XVII kenekulia o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia poe paahana aʻo ma experimentation i aneane'ālike Chinese porcelain hiki ke loaa ma ka pepa a hiki i ka hui ana o finely mea wili palaoa overheated iwi.

A laila, e huli mai i ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia mana i mea e hiki ai i ka paka aniani moakaka pālolo i ka emi ana wela, a nunui hoemiia ke kāki? Iecaianoaaiiie. Eia hou, i ka porcelain mai Albion kaua nuiʻino, ua me ka nui loa ka ikaika. Pela ia mea i kahaha ko oukou naau i ka Pelekania koke holomoku akula ia kā lākou e puhi ia hapalua kahiko, a ua kokoke pau o ka New World.

He aha nō ka waiwai o ka iwi waiho pa? Mua, ka 'atikala o ia i wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika ma haʻahaʻa ke kaupaonaʻana, a me ka wiwi-paʻa i ka pā. ʻO ka lua, hiki ole ke hoʻohana i kēiaʻano o ka pālolo ma ka Nine Inch hana like hoʻi me 'ona komo i loko o kona' ole, e pane koke me nāʻakika a me alkalis.

maka mea

E like me mākou i mai la oia, i ka papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou o keia mea i loa na mea: lepo, feldspar, nā minelala hao i loaʻa kalipuna. Hiki i keia manawa, likeʻole poʻe e hoʻokūkū ana i kekahi i kekahi, e like me ka mea i hoʻokūpaʻa koke i ka waiwai o ka porcelain a me ka Pottery hiki ke dramatically hou ma ka pepa hou nā kumumea i loko o kona haku mele 'ana. O ka papa, ina ka hoʻokolohua proves holomua.

Oiai o ka haku mele 'ana o nā clays loli aʻe ke kaumaha ma muli o ka wahi o ka-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, no ka mea, ua lilo iho la aniani (ma laila loaʻa i ka hope loa huahana smoothness) wale i loa kiʻekiʻe mahana. Akā, he mea oiaio wale no ia mau hihia a pau ma ka lepo, aole pili pono i ka mea, i ka paepae puka o lalo i ka vitrification. Haʻalele aniani, palolo, nae, o thermally i ka pilina paʻa, oa mālama i kona helehelena, a hiki ma lalo o ikaika paio hahana maoli nō.

No laila, i kēia mea mea maoli kū hoʻokahi no ka mea, e lawe pu i ka haʻahaʻa porosity aniani kumupaʻa a me ka pili ikaika o ka poe noonoo ole Pottery. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka maka mea hoʻohana i nā manawa kaolin, hydroaluminosilicates. Feldspar (i loaʻa ka Aluminum silicate) a me he pohaku paea la, pōaka paa type, e loa nui eiiiiiaiou o kekahi 'ano o ka porcelain. Ka mea, ua maule iho la, oiai e hahana maoli nō kēia E hīkiʻiʻia i loko o ka hoʻokahi'āpana.

Pōaka - ka "naau" o ka porcelain

He He kumu hoʻomalu o ka maluhia. Waiwai porcelain (a me kona hoʻohana 'ana) e pili ana i keia mau ano: ka mea, heʻino paha kui iho oe a (ka wā like i ke aniani), a me ka mamao liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā (particles) i no ka lewa impermeable mea, ka wai a me nā hui.

Pōaka mea he "kuʻi nukeliu" o ka silikone a me ka oxygen ma - na mau loa nui hehee ai i loko o ka Honua ka pńpa. Ua he ekolu ooieoeiiaeuiuo pepa: 'ana pōaka (aniani), Opal (amorphous? Ueo) a me ke one (hui,ʻino mahele). I mau, pōaka ua loihi ua hoʻohana ma akamai. Porcelain hiki i hoʻohui pū alumina, steatite, maikaʻi ikeia like "soapstone".

manufacturing kaʻina

Ma hope o ka maka mea ua wae, a kaupaona, e hele i ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Mua, ka mea, ua ua holoiʻia me ka mea wili palaoa i ka loa he hapa iki. Mahope a pau i hui pūʻia ai nā eiiiiiaiou i loko o ka makemake like, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo kūlana a me nā 'ano o ka hope loa huahana. Once ka hope hanaia, ka mea hiki ke hoʻouna i loko o ka umu koke, a ua malalo iho o ka mua a me ka huikala ana houʻehu glaze, ahu iho.

O ka hana ana, i loko o kona kūlana he muaʻoihana'ē aʻe kaʻepa palaoa, aniani. A wale nō ma hope o ia ka wā e hiki mai vases, na kiaha, bola, a me nā kahua niho pāpale aliʻi e hele ana i ka waha o ka lua ahi. A e nānā i kēlā me ka anu u pākahi. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i ko lakou pomaikai nui hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka waiwai o ka porcelain a me kona noi!

wili maka mea

Paha ia mea i kekahi o ka mea nui ana, no ka mea, o ka mea thoroughness o kona manaʻo hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mea e like ai o ka huahana hope loa. Palaoa ua hanaia ma ka nunui me mechanical pahu crushers. Ma ka lua o ka alahele, ua like ia 0,25 knm huna nui, I mea e hoohuli i ka feedstock i loko o ka lole lepo, hoʻohana kūikawā, poepoe mea wili. Ua nui kila nā paukūʻolokaʻa piha me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia kala. A hiki i ka pau 'ole ke ka ao, ka maka nā (particles) e hoohuliia mai i loko o ka homogeneous nui ka loa finely lepo.

Ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a blending

I ka läÿau, Ua hooholoia ma ke olonā i kānana, a ua laila hānai i ka "mea hoʻoili" kūikawā, i ua obliquely hoonohonoho kila lahilahi. Ka mea, e kuekueni, e kauoha ana i ka maka mea mea i hui ole wale koho, akā, i hoʻokaʻina 'like me ka nui (particles) e pahu i luna. Inā 'oe makemake e hanai i ka pulu loa mea mea ma luna o ka laina i loko o ka' akomi anoʻawa ka wai.

I kekahi manawa, hoʻohana kānana me ka ikaika nā mākēneki, e like me ka mea hope, e ka mea e hiki ai e wehe i ka mea uuku impurities o ka hao. Hope, ina oe hāʻule i loko o pau huahana, e hai aku ia ia i ka hua'ōlelo i makemake ulaula malu. Ka hoʻopauʻana o ke huahana Ua hoouna mai i loko o ka umu ahi, ma laila e hoʻolele ana mai ua hōʻike ana wela.

Mai a na olelo o ka i? Iecaianoaaiiuo e hilinaʻi ma luna o nā waiwai o ke huahana?

It E e kaulana ia i ke kī pūʻana hope loa i kau i ka ai iiiaanoaa o keʻano o ka hanaʻana, i mea pono e kaukaʻi ma luna o nā waiwai o ke anuanu porcelain. Mua, a pau kalapona puhi ke aloha impurities evaporate oi aku ka wai mai ka Kalaiaina o ka wā e hiki mai huahana mai kela gaseous mahele. Inā ka mahana e lawe mai i ka 1100 degere centigrade, i ka silikone a me ka 'ē aʻe glaze eiiiiiaiou e maule, a nolaila, aole e hana ma luna o ka pālolo ili malimali a me ka chemically'ākilikai, ahu iho.

Eia hou kekahi, mau hui pono e emi i ka mamao ma waena o ka (particles) o ka mea no ka maluhia pilina me kekahi i kekahi. Once ka makemake nuʻa ua hiki aku, ka huina hoonui ua ho'ēmi, e kauoha ana aniani ÷ "aelike" i malimali a me ka mahalo mau nō.

hualoaʻa

No laila, no ke aha la e ua hōʻike mākou i nā mea a pau o keia? Ka mea o ia ka waiwai o keia mea ka nui pili loa kalele iho ma luna o nā 'ano a me na kumu o kona? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Eia kekahi laʻana, ka mea ikaika, ke kaukaʻi ma ka pakeneka o ka maʻiʻo ma ke kau paona ana o feldspar, a me Kina ka helu o ka ili i loko o ka emi o ka hookoe mai i kekahi hou aku. E like me ka noho male 'ana o ka pōaka aniani a me ke koena loaa mai decomposition o ka lepo waiwai, porcelain nā iwi lilo nawaliwali, a me ke kanana nei, piʻi pū. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka pōaka fineness, ke kaupaonaʻana o ka haku mele 'ana, a me ka mahana lōʻihi like' ole o ke kī pūʻana, i loko o ka vitreous pae kikowaena mai ka 15 a hiki i 40% o ka huina nui hoʻolauna i loko o ka pōaka. He aha ia mea, i ka thinner porcelain, a "ea".

Waiwai o ka pālolo nā mea wela e like dielectrics wehewehe akuʻano nui e hooholo ia ia'ku o ka uila pono i loko o ka mea, a ma luna o ka insulator ili honua. Hoomaopopo kekahi ka leo a me ka honua resistivity o ka porcelain.

Eia hou kekahi, o ka nui he mea hiki nui ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka porcelain. More kaʻoi loa, no ka nele ia mea. Glazed pālolo me ka hou o ka nui dala o ka feldspar a me ka pōaka mea chemically'ākilikai. Oe manaʻo kumu papa wiliʻai pharmacists a me chemists i mai keia mea? He mea nui ka ikaika ma mua o aniani, akā, i i pane koke.

Hawaii kūlana haʻahaʻa

I kēia lā, pālolo (porcelain, a me ka pau) uaʻike piʻi i ka rebirth. Uaʻikeʻia i hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia kēia mau mea i loko o microelectronics manufacturing acee? Iuo oeiia. Ka nui o keia mea,ʻaʻole e pono e wehewehe ana i ke kālā no ka noho. I ka noiʻi pū i loaʻa ia ma ka hohua mai i kekahi mau mea hoʻonui porcelain ikaika, piʻi pū exponentially. Currently underway, i holomua noiʻi i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ka honua ma luna o kona muli o ka hou ano o ke kapa kila. Pela ia mea iʻaʻahu 'Ia!

¶ Eia ke oki, a pau i kaʻoi aku kona nui i ka mea e kiʻi aku i loko o ka laau lapaau. Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'prostheses a me ka nani leialii - koi no ia no ka hana i kela makahiki. No laila, i ka mea kahiko Chinese hana mea hou i hana muaʻole e ia i lōʻihi loa ka manawa e noho pili.