Napoleon ka kaua o Rusia. War o 1812

Ka lā o Napoleon ka kaua o Rusia - kekahi o nā lā i loko o ka hana keaka moʻolelo o ko mākou'āina. Kēia hanana i ala i na mea he nui kaʻao a me nā mea nui o Hawaii e pili ana i na kumu, i na manao poe i ka helu o ka poʻe hao wale, a me kekahi mau, ao ke ano. E ka ho'āʻo e Hoʻokaʻina 'ia mai i kēia pukana like objectively i hiki, a no ke kahińuli Napoleon ka kaua o Rusia i ka 1812. E ka hoʻomaka me ka mōʻaukala.

Ka Ike e kue

Napoleon ka kaua o Rusia i ole accidental a me ka unexpected kekahi hanana. Kēia puke Ln Tolstoy ka "Kaua, a noho mälie '" ua ka touted like me ka "hoʻopunipuni a me ka unexpected." I ka mea, na mea a pau ua maoli. Rusia no kona oihana koa 'ana iho i kono pilikia. First Ana II, makau i nā hanana hoʻokahuli aupuni ma Europe i kōkua mai i ka mua Anati-Palaniʻahahui. A laila, Paul I hiki ole kala Napoleon i naʻi ai Malta - i ka mokupuni i ka mea ma lalo o ka pilikino patronage o ko mākou Auguseto.

XIX. Koa confrontation ma waena o Rusia a me Farani, i lilo ai me ka lua o Anati-Palaniʻahahui (1798-1800), ma i Lūkini kaua pu me Turkish, Pelekāne a me ka'Aukekulia ho'āʻo e eo ai i ka poe kaua o ka Papa Kuhikuhi maʻEulopa. A no loko mai kēia mau hanana i wahi ma luna o ka mea kaulana Kaiwaenahonua Hike Ushakov a'ōlohe wiwo hele na tausani o Lūkini kaua ma luna o ka Alpino ma lalo o ke kauoha o Suvorov.

Ko kakou aupuni i ka mua manawa halawai me ka "pono" o ka'Aukekulia allies, ma i na tausani o ka Russian koa hāʻule i loko o ke kaiapuni. Kēia, no ka laʻana, i hiki mai ai me Rimsky-Korsakov ma Kuikilana, a i nalowale ma kahi o 20 tausani. Of kona koa i loko o ka kaiʻewaʻewa kaua e ku ei ka Palani. Ka mea, ua ka'Aukekulia poʻe hao wale haʻalele Kuikilana, a haʻalele 30000th hale Lūkini kekahi ma luna o kekahi me ke 70,000th hauna o Palani. A me ke kai eʻe kaulana o Suvorov i kekahi mea, hoʻoikaika ihola, e like me nā mea a pau me ka ia'Aukekulia kuhikuhipuʻuone a hōʻike mai ai i ko makou Luna Nui o ka hewa ala i loko o ka hewa kuhikuhi, a ua pau loa ia nele alanui a me kau akamai.

E like me ka hopena, Suvorov i puni, akā, kuleanaʻoihana kaʻa ua hiki ke loaʻa mai o ka pōhaku hei ai lakou, a hoola i ka poe koa. Eia naʻe, ma waena o kēia mau hanana, a me ka Apana World War i wahi he umi makahiki. A me Napoleon ka kaua o Rusia i ka 1812,ʻaʻole makemake i hiki mai ina ole no hou hanana.

Ke kolu a me ka ha Anati-Palaniʻahahui. 'Aʻe' ana i ke Kuikahi o Tilsit

Alexander au i hele i ke kaua me Farani. E like me ka hiki i kekahi mana, i ke aloha a hiki i ka Beritania, waiho wale aku i kekahi coup i loko o Rusia, a alakaʻi ai i ka mea opiopio Alexander i ka noho aliʻi. Kēia mea paha ua kena ae la i ka hou Emperor, e kaua aku i ka Beritania.

I ka 1805 ka mea, ua hana kolu o Anati-Palaniʻahahui. Ua nā Rusia, Pelekane, a me Kuekene Austria. Like ka mua elua, he hou kuikahi i ua papahana like me ka mea e malu ai. No kekahi i hele e hoihoi i ka Bourbonʻana i loko o Farani. Ka hapa nui o nā mea a pau Union i nele i Beritania me ka Channel Tunnel hoi au i 200 tausani. Ua makaukau makou no ka kanu ma Farani i na koa, Albion, akā, i ke kolu o kaʻahahui i hooki i kēia mau mea kuka.

Ke culmination o ka hui ana i ka "kaua o ka Ekolu i Emperor" November 20, 1805. 'O kēia ka inoa, ua loaa no ka mea, ma luna o ke kahua kaua o Austerlitz Ua hele ia e nā mea a pau e kaua ana i poe koa ekolu o ka Emperor - Napoleon, Alexander I a me Manuela II. Koa moʻolelo manaʻo i ke alo o ka "kiʻekiʻe personages" haawi ala i ka nui hilahila allies. Ka hoouka kaua ana me ka piha pio o kaʻahahui koa.

E ho'āʻo i ka wehewehe pokole na ana, me kaʻike ana Napoleon ka kaua o Rusia i ka 1812 o unclear.

I ka 1806, ua he ha Anati-Palaniʻahahui. Austria lawe hou 'ana i loko o ke kaua e kū'ē i Napoleon. Ke hou kuikahi nā England, Rusia, Prussia, Saxony a me Kuekene. Ke brunt o ke kaua i ke e ko kakou aupuni, a me 'Enelani kōkua kuhikuhi wale nō kālā, e like me ke kai, oiai ka mea'ē aʻe i komo uaʻaʻole ikaika'āina poe koa. I ka lā hoʻokahi, me ka a pau Prussian kaua ma ke kaua o Jena, ua anaiia mai.

June 2, 1807, ua hee o ko makou poe koa ma Friedland, a hehi ma kela aoao o ka Niemen - palena muliwai ma ka komohana waiwai o ka Russian aupuni a pau.

Ma hope iho o ia, Rusia kakauinoa i ke Kuikahi o Tilsit me Napoleon, June 9, 1807 ma ka waena o ka Neman River, a kauoha aku ka hoohalike ana i like o na aoao elua o ka wehe 'o ka maluhia. He He 'aʻe' ana i ke Kuikahi o Tilsit i ke kumu i hiki mai ai Napoleon ka kaua o Rusia. A kokoke nana ma ka berita ia iho, e e maopopo kumu no ka hope hanana mea hiki.

Terms o ke Kuikahi o Tilsit

Tilsit maluhia Kuikahi? Aaei Rusia ka ka piʻiʻana i ka ai-i kapaia blockade o ka Beritania Isles. Ke kauoha i kakauinoaia e Napoleon hou November 21, 1806. Ke ae pā o ka "blockade" ua i ka mea i Farani i ka mea oo? O ka Europa'āinapuniʻole, kahi England i papaia e kuai. Napoleon hiki ole aeie mokupuni kāohi, no ka mea, i ole i France a hiki i ka hapaʻumi o ka'auwaʻa, a ua ma ka hoʻolilo o ka Beritania. No laila, i ka manawa "blockade" Ua conditional. I ka mea, hele mai Napoleon me ka i keia la ua kapaia ka waiwai nā ho'āpono. England 'Imi kālepa meʻEulopa. Mai Rusia e hoʻolilo ai, no laila, i ka "blockade" Hoʻoweliweli 'o ia i ka ai maluhia o Albion. I ka mea, Napoleon e kōkua Enelani i ka la mahope, e urgently huli hou kālepa na hoalawehana ma Asia a me Aferika,ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka hewa e hana i ke kālā i loko o ka wā e hiki mai.

Rusia ma ka XIX kenekulia ua he agrarian aupuni, a ua kuai lilo aku ma luna o ka mea hoʻolilo o ka hua liilii. Na wale nui mea kūʻai mai o ko mākou mau huahana i ka manawa ua ponoʻEnelani. Ie lilo o ka aha kanaka loa luku i ka rula ana waiwai o nā aliʻi i loko o Rusia. I kekahi mea e like ke ike i keia la ma ko kakou aina, ka wā kontrsanktsii a me nā ho'āpono ua ua pa ikaika mai la e ka aila a me ka kinoea hana, a me ka hopena i ka rula ana waiwai, he nunui poho.

I ka mea, Rusia ua hui ka Anati-Pelekāne nā ho'āpono ma Europe, ka initiator o i i Farani. Ka hope ua iho he kumu nui mahiʻai ka hoʻohua, no laila, aole he manawa kūpono no ke kūapoʻana oihana hoa no ko kakou aina. O ka holo ana, i ka rula ana waiwai ke ole like me nā hua'ōlelo o Tilsit, e like me keia, e alakai i ka piha loa ana o ka Lūkini hoʻokele waiwai holoʻokoʻa. Na wale ala e puʻe wale mai Rusia, e like me ke koi ana o "blockade" ua ma ka poe ikaika no lakou. Nolaila, ua ke kaua o ka "Nui Army" o Napoleon ma Rusia. Ka loa ia Palani Auguseto ia e hele, e hele hohonu i loko o ko kakou aina, ka makemake wale e puʻe wale mai Alexander, e hooko i ke Kuikahi o Tilsit. Eia naʻe, ko makou poe koa o na Farani ia Auguseto i haʻakoi e hoʻoneʻe aku, mai ka komohana palena o Moscow.

lā

Ka lā o Napoleon ka kaua i loko o ka mokuna o Rusia - June 12, 1812. Ma kēia lā, i ka poʻeʻenemi lākou poʻe kaua i kela kapa o ka palena muliwai Neman.

Ka nā kaʻao o ka kaua

Aia i kekahi nā kaʻao i Napoleon ka kaua o Rusia ua unexpected. Ka Emperor paa ana i ka poepoe, a me na courtiers a pau i leʻaleʻa. I mea, ke kala i nā mō'ī Europa a pau o ka manawa hiki loa pinepine, a me ka mea, i ole e kaukaʻi ma pilikino E pili Aey? Acaeoey, a, ma ka mea ku ole, ka mea, ua he integral hapa. Ka mea, ua i ka ikaika mooolelo o monarchical lehulehu. I ka mea nae i wahi lehulehu me ia loheʻia ma luna nui nīnūnē. ʻO ka wā o ke Kaua Honua I ma ka noho ana o na'lii i paa Ninini aku hang. Eia naʻe, e pono ke kūʻai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ana Alexander mua poepoe ma Vilna nō koe, a hele aku la i St. Petersburg, kahi ia i noho ma ka Apana World War.

hoopoina meʻe

Russian kaua i hoomakaukau ana no ka kaua o ka Palani lōʻihi ma mua ia. Ke Kuhina o War Barclay de Ka Tolly i na mea a pau e hiki ke Napoleon ka poe kaua a kokoke Moscow ma ka palena o ko lākou kākoʻo, a me ka nunui poho. Ka loa ia e lawelawe ai kaua i kona poe koa ma ka piha hakakāʻana makaukau. Eia naʻe, ua hana kekeʻe nō ia o ka mōʻaukala o ke Kaua Honua II e Barclay de Ka Tolly. Incidentally, ka mea, ua iho la ka mea maoli i hana i nā kūlana no ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka Farani poino, a me ka kaua puali Napoleon ka o loko o Rusia e ho'ōla i pau ai i ka piha pio ana o ka enemi.

ʻO nā kaʻa mokulele o ke Kuhina o Kaua

Barclay de Ka Tolly hoʻohana i ke kaulana "Scythian nā kaʻa mokulele". Ka mamao ma waena o ka Niemen a me Moscow loa nui. No ai me ke koe, i hoakaka ia no ka lio inu i ka wai "Grand Army" huli i ka nui o ka halepaahao e hoʻomoana ai, i ka i make maoli ua nui kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka poho o ke kaua. Ke Palani i ole ka manao o ka weliweli e ua hana no ia Barclay de Ka Tolly, na kauwa i hele ai i loko o ka ululaau, e lawe ana me ia holoholona, a kuni ai, na punawai i loko o ka pūʻali koa em alaʻapu kōheoheo, kūpono ma ka 'ōlelo Palani koa wawahi mai papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika maʻi'ōkuʻu. Lio, a me nā poʻe haule mai ka pololi, i ka nui mahuka, nae, ua wahi e holo i loko o ka malihini wahi. Eia hou, ke kīpoʻohiwi e poe o ka mahiʻai i luku kekahi Palani pūʻulu o nā koa. Year o Napoleon ka kaua o Rusia - keia makahiki i launaʻole patriotic ohohia o nā Lūkini kanaka hui pu e pepehi i ka aggressor. Keia wahi ua kekahi lewa a me ka Ln Tolstoy ka puke "Kaua a me ka noho mälie '", i i kona mau huapalapala i defiantly hoole e kamailio ana ma Farani, e like me keia mea me ka olelo o ka aggressor, a lūlū mai a pau kā lākou makauliʻi ma luna o nā mea e pono ai o ka poe koa. Rusia i no i i ike i ka lōʻihi manawa o ia he kaua. Ka hope manawa ma mua o ka Swedes hooukaia aneane he haneri makahiki aku nei i loko o ko kakou aina. Koke mua ia, o ka pau naita ma honua Russian mahalo i ke ano akamai o Napoleon, manao iho la oia ua i ke kanaka nui i loko o ke ao nei. Ano, ua ano akamai Hoʻoweliweli 'o ia kā mākou kuokoa, a lilo iho la ia i ka hoohikiʻenemi.

Ka helu a me ka hiʻona o ka Palani kaua

Ka helu o ko Napoleon ka poe koa ma ke kaua o Rusia i ka hola 600 tausani. Man. Kona peculiarity ua mea nana e like me ka patchwork Quilt ia. Haku mele 'ana o Napoleon ka poe koa ma ke kaua o Rusia oia o Polish lancers, Hunakalia dragoons, cuirassiers Paniolo, ka' ōlelo Palani dragoons a me kekahi poe e ae. Over ka a pau o Europa, Napoleon hoakoakoa i kona "Luna Army". Ua ua he motley, e olelo ana i kekahi mau 'ōlelo. I manawa, na luna a me na koa, i maopopo i kekahi i kekahi, mai i makemake e hookahe aku i ke koko no ka France Nui, no laila, ma ka hoailona mua o ka pilikia, kena ae la ia e mākou "wela ka honua," ka mea, haʻalele. Naʻe, ua he mana i i paʻa i ka Napoleon ka poe kaua a pau ma kaikuono - ka pilikino kiai o Napoleon. Kēia i ka waiwai o ka Farani poʻe hao wale, a i wahi me koa ano akamai a pau i ka hihia o ka lā mua. Aia ua loa paʻakikī i loko o laila. Kiai i uku nunui uku, ka mea e noho kekahi maikaʻi ai na lako. ʻO ma Moscow ka pololi i kanaka hookipa maikai rations, oiai ke koena i haʻakoiʻia e loaʻa make iole no kaʻai. Koa i kekahi o ka laekahi ponoi maluhia Napoleon. Kiai iho la oia no ka hoailona o ka mahuka, i na mea a pau i loko o mea i loko o ka motley o Napoleon ka poe koa. E like me ka mea i kiolaʻia i loko o ke kaua ma ka noho pilikia loa pauku o ka mua kahi i ka lakou hee hope ana, a hiki i ka hookahi koa ke alakai i ka lono kaumaha hopena no ka poe koa a pau. Kiai ole emi ana a me ka hoike mai ano kūkaʻi 'ia'ku a me ka heroism. Naʻe, ka mea, uaʻoi aku ko lākou mau ma ka pakeneka hua'ōlelo.

A pau i loko o Napoleon ka poe koa, ua pili ana i ka hapalua o ka Farani iho, a hoike aku ia lakou iho i loko o nā kaua maʻEulopa. Ano, naʻe, i kēia ua he okoa koa - naʻi,ʻoihana, i ka lewa i loko o kona morale.

ka poe koa

"Grand Army" Ua ua ua kauohaʻia i loko o nā echelons. Na ka papa koa - ma kahi o 500 tausani kanaka, a ma kahi o 1 tausani pu - .. oia o ekolu pūʻulu. Ka eheu akau ma lalo o ke kauoha o Jerome He Hoikehonua - 78 tausani kanaka a me 159 pu -. Ua e neʻe i Grodno a mea lealea, i ka papa kuhikuhiE Lūkini koa. Central pūʻulu alai ae e Beauharnais -. 82 tausani kanaka a me 200 pu - ua e pale aku i ka huina o ka papa kuhikuhiE Lūkini kaua elua, Barclay de Ka Tolly a me Bagration. Napoleon iho ua hoomakaukau oia me na poe koa hou i Vilna. Kona hana ua e uhai i ka Lūkini Army wale, akā, hoʻokomo no hoi oia i ko lakou mau pili. Ma hope i koe kekahi me ke koe poe koa o 170 tausani. People, a ma kahi o 500 pu Ilamuku Augereau. E like me ke koho ana i ka oihana koa moʻolelo Clausewitz, Napoleon a pau 'ole i loko o ka Lūkini kai eʻe, a hiki i 600 tausani. People, o ka mea ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 100 tausani. People i kela kapa o ka palena kahawai Neman hoʻi mai Rusia.

Napoleon? Oaony i ka auhau ia i ke kaua o Rusia ka palena mokuna. Eia naʻe, pelikana de Ka Tolly kau i kona holoholona hihiu ma "popoki a me ka iole". mau shied Major Lūkini koa, a hoʻi akula i loko o ke aupuni, hoʻokaʻuluaʻana i ka Palani aku, mai Polish laau, a me ka 'auʻa' ia ka ai, a me ka ai i loko o kona mau palena aku, mai ke kaua mai. A no ke aha la ke kaua o ko Napoleon ka poʻe hao wale i loko o Rusia alakai aku ai i ka hou ulia "Luna Army".

Lūkini koa

Rusia i ma ka manawa o ka aggression o ma kahi o 300 tausani. Ke kanaka me 900 pū. Naʻe, ua māheleʻia ka poe koa. First Western Army i kauoha mai ai e iho i ke Kuhina o ke Kaua. Hoʻohui 'ia o Barclay de Ka Tolly, ma laila nō ma kahi o 130 tausani. Man me 500 pū. Ua'ōʻia mai Lithuania a hiki i Grodno ma Belarus. ma kahi o 50 tausani kanaka lua Western Army Bagration i -. Up i ka laina ma ka hikina o Bialystok. Ekolu Tormasov koa -, A ma kahi o 50 tausani kanaka a me 168 pū - ua ma Volyn. Nō hoʻi, nui nā pūʻulu he ma Finland - koke ma mua ka mea, ua i kaua ku e Kuekene - a me ka Caucasus, kahi Rusia i mea maʻa mau alakaʻi i ke kaua me Tureke a me Iran. Aia i kekahi i kekahi pūʻulu o ko mākou poʻe kaua ma luna o ka Danube, ma lalo o ka noho luna ana o ka Adimarala PV Chichagova ma ka nui o ka 57 tausani. Ke kanaka me 200 pū.

Napoleon ka kaua o Rusia: ka hoʻomaka

I ke ahiahi, June 11, 1812 i ka patrol o ka Life kiai Cossack Regiment loaa i ka hana kupua ana ma luna o ka Neman River. By ka pō, hoomaka ae la ka enemi sappers e kūkulu i ka i kela kapa ma ka ekolu mile upriver mai ka Kovno (makana Eaoiana, Lithuania). Ke i kela kapa o ka muliwai a pau i ke kaua i 4 lā, akā, me ka Palani avant-garde ua ma Kovno i ke kakahiaka ma Iune 12. Alexander I i ka manawa ua i ka poepoe ma Vilna, kahi āna i lohe no ka hoouka.

Mai ka Niemen i Smolensk

Back ma May 1811, A laila'ōlelo akula i ka manawa kūpono o Napoleon ka kaua o Rusia, Alexander au i olelo mai ai e pili ana i ka Palani elele: "E aho kiʻi i Kamchatka, aole i ma mua o ka hana mana i ka maluhia i loko o kā mākou mau poo, No mākou e hele aku e kaua aku i ke anu a me ka wahi.".

Kēia papa kōnane Ua hahao i loko o ka hana pono: Russian poʻe hao wale loa aku la lakou, mai ke Niemen a hiki i Smolensk mau poe kaua,ʻaʻole i hiki i ka hoʻohui. Nā pūʻali koa i mau hoʻouluhua 'ana ma o ka Palani. Aia he mau kaua i loko o a Russian i ka mohai a pau rearguard pūʻulu ma ka mea e hoʻonui loa loa hoopaa nui Palani koa,ʻaʻole e e ia hopu mai me mākou ka papa koa.

August 7 kaua o Valutina mauna, oia ka i kapaia ka kaua o Smolensk. Barclay de Ka Tolly no kēlā me kēia i kēia manawa me Bagration, a hiki i ho'āʻo mau i ka counterattack. Naʻe, a pau keia i kaʻoihana kaʻa wale wahahee i puʻe wale Napoleon e manaʻo e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ke kukulu iho la kaua ma Smolensk, a me ka pūʻali i nā kolamu o hele ia i ka hoouka. Akā, i ka Lūkini he Alihikaua Nui la hoomanao i ka mandate o ka Auguseto "hou mai iaʻu i koa," a me ka hoʻoholo ole, e haawi aku i ka hoomoana iho la kaua, pono ka luaÿi wā e hiki mai make. Near Smolensk no Farani, i ae nunui ka pōʻino. Iho Barclay de Ka Tolly ua he kākoʻo iā ia, a hou emi hope, akā, i ka holoʻokoʻa Lūkini ke kaiāulu kanaka, kekeʻe noʻonoʻo ia i coward, a me ka mea kumakaia no me kona poe ukali. A wale Lūkini Auguseto, ua koke pakele mai Napoleon ma Austerlitz, nō hoʻomau i ka hilinaʻi i ke lawelawe. Oiai o ka poe koa i puunaueia, Barclay de Ka Tolly ua paa nae ka hiki ke hana ia me ka inaina o ka pūkaua, akā, i ka wa a na puali hui kokoke Smolensk, hu ae la kona no ia e ka ee-hoouka i ke kino o Murat. Kēia kaua i lawa ka nui o ka mea e hoomalielie aku i na Lūkini luna, aole i mua o haawi i kekahi kuleana kaua i ka Palani. Akā, manaʻo huhū i kēia, i ke Kuhina i hoopiiia o indecision, ka hoʻokaʻulua, makau. He ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia i kona hope loa kēia ho'āla me Bagration, ka mea eagerly holo ana i ke kaua, akā, hiki i haawi aku i ka mea, e like me ka mea i formally i hoʻouna 'ia Barkalaja de Ka Tolly. like Napoleon ia ia iho wahine ua'ōleloʻia ia,ʻaʻole e hāʻawi aku i ka Lūkini i kuleana kaua, e like me kona ingenious workaround ka papa koa e alakai i ka hahau ana ma ka hope o ka Lūkini, no laila, i ko makou poe koa e e loa i uhaiia.

Loli i ke Alii

Ma lalo lehulehu puʻe Barkalaja de Ka Tolly no wehe 'ia, mai ka lāʻau kū o ka he Alihikaua Nui la. Lūkini pūkaua ma August 1812 i ke akea sabotaged kana mau kauoha a pau. Naʻe, ka mea hou he Alihikaua Nui la, MI Kutuzov, kona mana i Ua lumaʻi ma Lūkini hui, i kena i ka hou lakou hee ana. A wale 26 o Augate - no hoi ma lalo o puʻe mai o ka lehulehu - a pau i ke kuleana kaua o Borodino, ma a Russian i luku, a koe no Moscow.

hualoaʻa

E hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo. Ka lā o Napoleon ka kaua o Rusia - kekahi o ka loa lono kaumaha i loko o ka moʻolelo o ko mākou'āina. Naʻe, i kēia hanana ka pilina i ka upsurge o patriotism i loko o mākou hui, kona ka hoʻohuiʻana. Napoleon ua hewa i ka Lūkini kua'āina, e koho i ka abolition o serfdom ia makahiki, no ka kākoʻo no nā occupiers. Ua huli mai ia i ko makou poe kanaka, ua nui loa ma mua o ka wahi lulu kaiapili-yeiiiie? Aneiaiʻokoʻa koa aggression.