Noniakahi no kēlā manaʻo kaʻapuni: Kind a me nā wehewehena

E hana i kekahi hou a emi luna 'uilaʻoe, ka mea maʻamau i ka hailona no nā kikoʻi. A hiki i ka puu o lakou, ka mea hiki "hui", e olelo aku, i loko o noniakahi wahi i puhi ai. He aha ka mea e? Pehea e hoʻolaha? Pehea ka mea, ua i, a i mau lepa a i ho'īli?

He aha e kūpili noniakahi wahi i puhi ai (ICs)

I mea, he microelectronic mea i ua ma muli o ke aniani o ākeʻakeʻa kumu ka manaʻo pohihihi, i ua i ma luna o ka mea uholo uila ho film a anuanu. Ua Ua waiho ia ma ka ua'omoʻomoʻia kino (nae ka mea hiki ke hana me ia, akā, wale ia ia ka hapa o ke anakahi iki). Ka mua noniakahi kaapuni i Palapala Sila Nui i ka makahiki 1968. Ua ua he Hopu i loko o ka hana, eia nae i hoakaka ia ma ka manaʻo, aʻaʻole he nui loa ma ka laina me ke kālā no manaÿo o kona kiko'î. Noniakahi wahi i puhi ai i ua hanaʻia ia no ka hapanui loa no ka 'ilikai ai kaʻa hoʻi. Pinepine ma lalo o ka ec ka hoomaopopo hoʻokahi wale aniani 'ole me ka manaʻoe kūkulu. Ka loa he ākea noniakahi kaapuni ma ka silikone papaberena hookahi. Ua huli mai i kona palapala noi i loko o ka hana, he mau pono, e like me ka hoʻokōʻana o ka neaiaea EYI.

mea i manao ai pae

Kēia mau manaʻo i eiiieaen, ka mea, ua ike e hōʻike 'ia. Ano ka mea, e hoʻohana kūikawā CAD lako polokalamu i automates a me ka nui loa oia i? Iecaianoaaiiuo keʻano o ka hanaʻana. No laila, i ka manao hana mai:

1. Kūpili 'ilikai (inverters, NAND,ʻaʻole hoʻi, a me ka mea e like).
2. Systemically a me ka huakai kaapuni a (hana triggers, encoders, Alu, comparators, etc.);.
3. Uila (capacitors, transistors, resistors a me ka like manaʻo).
4. Na topological 'ilikai - no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o photomasks.
5. Helu - hoʻokō me he hookahi pākali hoʻolele (a he uuku pūʻulu) ma luna o ka? Inoaia.
6. Ka polokalamu - hoʻokumu aʻo no microcontrollers, iee? Ii? A FPGAs. Hana kükohu Ua hoʻomohalaʻia kekahi vertical kaapuni.

Mea Maluna

Kamailio ana pehea e maopopo ma waena o noniakahi wahi i puhi ai, he mea hiki ole i kekahi wale 'ano o ka aiao ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka enehana, i ka mea, ua lawelawe' ia e koho. No laila, i loko o ka 'atikala ka mea, ua koho no ekolu.

degere o ka hoʻohui '

ka mea, no laila, 'aneʻi ua manaoia e ia i ke kumu o ka helu o nā kumumea i loko o ke aniani:

1. Pāpaʻu noniakahi puni. Ua kekahi mau emi ma mua o ka haneri hehee wale.
2. Ka awelika noniakahi puni. I ka helu o ka oihana mua loli aʻe haneri / tausani ka laulā.
3. LSI. Ua loaʻa nā tausani o ka mai i ka 10,000 'ikamu.
4. Loa Large pālākiō noniakahi huakai kaapuni. Ka mea, i mau lala oi aku mamua o na tausani he umi.

Nō kāu, he nui noniakahi kaapuni ua pinepine hoʻohana no ka hale nā mīkini home. Mua hoʻohana 'ē aʻe waeʻano:

1. ʻoi loa-nui noniakahi puni. Ma ka mea o lākou i helu poe Eia kekahi laʻana a hiki kaena i ka helu ana o hehee wale ma ka laulā o ka 1 Mill. 1 i Bln.
2. Gigabolshaya noniakahi huakai kaapuni. O nā lauana, ka helu o nā kumu o i loa 1 Bln. Oihana mua.

Akā, i kēia manawa ka mea, e i pili. Ano, eia kekahi, a pau o nā Eia kekahi laʻana i i mua wahi i Ubisa a GBIS like me ka VLSI. Ma mau, e mea hiki ke me ka nui loa, ke ole ma ka helu o nā pūʻulu, no ka mea ana i hoʻohana manaʻoi ka hope mauʻano ma ka nui noiʻi-oaio? A, i hana kamepiula nenoai, mana ua ana i loko o na umi a me nā haneri o terabytes.

manufacturing enehana

Ma nānaina o ka likeʻole? Iecaianoaaiiuo uea 'noniakahi wahi i puhi ai i kekahi hoʻolaha e like me pehea ka mea, ua i a me ka mea:

1. mea uholo uila. Ma nā mea a pau i kēia mau kumu mua a me ka pili 'o Randy i i ma luna o kekahi, a me ka ia mea uholo uila inoaia. Mea uholo uila noniakahi wahi i puhi ai i hoʻohanaʻia ia mau mea i silikone, germanium, gallium arsenide, a me ka hafnium'okesaside.

2. Film. All eiiiiiaiou a me ka pili 'o Randy i i like ka ho film:

- manoanoa-ho film.

- Thin-ho film.

3. hapalua. Ua unpackaged diodes, transistors a me nā lolouila eiiiiiaiou e hana. OE (e like me resistors, inductors, capacitors) e hoonohonoho ma luna o kekahi, he pono ole pālolo kūpapakū. A pau o ia i waiho i loko o ka hōʻailonaʻia he hale noho.

4. hui. Aohe mea ole wale no ka mea uholo uila inoaia, akā, lahilahi-Auana (a manoanoa-Auana) OE hehee wale, a i kau ma luna o kona ili honua.

View o ka hoʻokō 'neaiaea

A me ke kolu, me ka manao e hope ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka' ano o no lepa i hoʻokō 'ia e ka noniakahi kaapuni. Ka mea, e:

1. Analog. Eia, i ka hoʻokomo o a me ka ia auoiaea mau lepa a lauwili e like me ke kānāwai o ke ana kuleana pili i. Ka mea hiki ke lawe i ka waiwai i loko o ka laulā mai io i ka maikaʻi lako anakahi uila.
2. Digital. Eia, i kekahi o nā manaʻo kōkua a me auaiaea neaiaea hiki i nā manaʻo: he kūpili hoʻokahi a 'Aʻohe. Kēlā me kēia no ia hoʻopili like i ka predefined anakahi uila kaʻilikai. Penei, i ke 'ano o ka TTL inoaia 0-0,4V huahelu olelo i' Aʻohe a me 2,4-5V no pa alima. Aia i e 'ē kaawale, e hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mau hāpana.
3. Analog-i-kikohoʻe. Ua hiehie i nā pono a me nā hiʻona o ka mua ana hoʻohālike. No ka laʻana, ka mea, i e neaiae amplifiers a me Analog-i-kikohoʻe converters.

loio i hiʻona

He aha ka mea i olelo mai e pili ana i ka noniakahi wahi i puhi ai i loko o ke kanawai? I ko kakou aupuni, haawiia i ka loio i ka palekana o topographies o noniakahi wahi i puhi ai. Ma lalo o ia manao paa ma ka kekahi mea lawe geometric māhele hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha i ka kekahi lākou o kekahi 'oihana mua a me ka pili ma waena o ia (e like me ka Pauku 1448 o ke Kanawai Kivila). I ka mea kākau o ka topology mai na pono i kana hana mea hou i hana muaʻole imi naʻauao waiwai:

1. Copyright.
2. Mikanele pono.

Eia hou, i ka mea kākau a me nā koho e pili ana i ka topology, me - ka manawa kūpono o ka loaa ka uku no kona hoʻohana. Ke mikanele kuleana mea i pololei ia no ka umi makahiki. Iloko o keia manawa, i ka inventor, a me ke kanaka i ka mea a ke kūlana i conceded, e? Aaeno topology i loko o ka pili 'imi naʻauao waiwai hana a me ka Sila Nui.

ka hopena

A ia! Inā 'oe i ka makemake e ohi i kona noaia - hiki wale makemake i ka pomaikai. Akā, i ka mea ia manawa aʻu i makemake e huki i kou noonoo ana i kekahi hiʻona. Inā 'oe makemake e ohi i ka? Inoaia, ia mea pono, e hoomakaukau loa no keia kaʻina. Ka mea i ka mea lawe i loaʻa kekahi maemae pae noʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau ke hoʻohana kona hanaia'na, ma ka hou, no ka mea, o ka mea fineness o ke au mamuli e hana i kekahi soldering hao i mau 'Aʻole e holopono - nā hana i hanaʻia e machines. No laila, wale ka huakai kaapuni hiki ke hana ma ka hale. Inā makemake, e hiki ke kuai hanalima ulu, a e kaumaha e ma ke kuai, akā, no ka manaʻo a me kā lākou ua hanaʻia home me ka nui waiwai mea maikaʻi, e haʻalele.