TCP-awa. Papa Inoa o ka TCP a me ka UDP awa

Ma kamepiula latike, ke awa o ka hope loa wahi o pili ana i loko o ka pae'ōnaehana nenoaiu. Kēia manawa ua i hoʻohana no ka lako e manaʻo, akā, me ka lako polokalamu mea he kūpili 'ole, a e hōʻike ana i kekahi mau' kaʻina a lawelawe.

Port ua mau pili me ka IP-helu wahi o ka poʻe kaua, a me ka 'ano o ka' ōlelo Hola Pūnaewele, a pela ke hoʻoholo 'ia ai ka helu wahi e auaaeaiea Ahaolelo. Ua Ua hōʻike 'ia no kēlā me kēia helu wahi, a me ka Hola Pūnaewele me ke kōkua o kekahi 16-iki helu, olelo ike me ka awa helu. I Kekahi Mau awa helu i mau hoʻohana 'ia e hōʻike i kekahi lawelawe. O na tausani i heluʻia ma ka 1024 o ka pono-ike awa nui i hoana e ia e like me ka aelike, e hooholo i ka hana i ho'ākāka 'ano o ka lawelawe ana ma ka puali. Hola Pūnaewele, i meaʻano nui hoʻohana na awa hookauwa no ka kaʻina ke kāohi (e laʻa me, EYI Na Makuahine Hola Pūnaewele (TCP) a me ka hoʻohana Datagram Hola Pūnaewele (UDP) Internet Hola Pūnaewele mai ke kini puʻe wale).

waiwai

Ke TCP-awa e ole e pono ai ala nā loulou e like me "wahi e kuhikuhi", ka wā hiki ke hoʻohana i kekahi wale palapala noi i ka manawa i nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe ma kēlā me kēia pau. Ka mea, lilo iho la e pono ai ma hope o na kaa, ua hiki ke hana aku ma mua o kekahi polokalamu i kekahi manawa, a ua pili i ke kālā no holoahi-ua hō'ā latike. Ma ka hoohalike, he Client-kikowaena noi kuhikuhipuʻuone, na awa a me ka mea ulana pukapuka, nā mea mālama mai hoʻohui ana i ka hoʻomaka o ka hana, i multiplexing lawelawe, ma hope o ka loiloi mua e loaa hou mai o kaʻikepili pili i ka luawai-ike awa helu, a me ka mea, ua hoʻokuʻuʻia ka hoʻololiʻana kēlā me kēia manawa o ka hana noi i ka mea laʻa laina. Aia He He pili i ka kekahi helu, a pela hou aku nā mea kūʻai mai hiki ke mālama lākou me ke kali ole.

lāliʻi

ʻIkepili Link Hola Pūnaewele - EYI Na Makuahine Hola Pūnaewele (TCP) a me ka hoʻohana Datagram Hola Pūnaewele (UDP) - hoʻohana 'ia ke koho' ia i ka mākaʻikaʻi ke awa helu a me ke kumu i loko o kā lākou mau UACIeIIeXEeAIE EU Hoʻohana. Ke awa helu mea he 16-iki unsigned helu. Penei, ka mea hiki ia ia ma ka laulā mai 0 i ka 65.535.

Eia naʻe, TCP-awa hiki ole hoʻohana i ka helu 0 no UDP Source Port mea koho, a me ka waiwai o ka 'Aʻohe, ke ano, i kona wa e kaawale aku.

Ke kaʻina hoʻohuiʻia kona hoʻokomo 'ole auaiaea kaha ma ka Internet kumu (' ano descriptor waihona) ma ka amo Hola Pūnaewele, ke awa helu a me ka IP-helu wahi. Kēia kaʻina ua ike i ka paa, a me ia mau hiʻohiʻona nōʻikepili EYI a me ka hookipa i kekahi mea ulana pukapuka.

Mea ulana pukapuka, pae'ōnaehana'ōnaehana lako polokalamu kuleana no Andata EYI o kaʻikepili mai nā palapala noi awa komo i loko o ka mea ulana pukapuka, a hoʻouna hou inbound ulana pukapuka, nā pākeke (ma ka'ālike ka IP-helu kuhi henua, a kelepona loa). Wale i kekahi kaʻina ke hoopaa i kekahi mau 'IP-helu wahi a me ka awa me ka hui pu ka hoʻohana' ana i ka ia amo Hola Pūnaewele. General noi hoʻolako 'ole, i kekahi manawa, i kapaia o ke awa o onei e ala mai ka wā mau papahana e ho'āʻo ana e kelepona a me ka ia awa helu ma ka like-o ka IP aae?, Ka hoʻohana' ana i ka ia Hola Pūnaewele.

Pehea ka mea i hoʻohana

Noi ka hoʻokō 'ia e like me ka lawelawe pinepine ka hoʻohana pela ke koena, a me ka maikaʻi-ike papa inoa o TCP a me UDP awa e loaa ia hana noi mai nā mea mālama mai. Kēia kaʻina ua ike ia Papa, a me ka ia ka loaʻa o ka loaa ana i kekahi noi i ka luawai-ike awa, a kukulu iho la lakou i keʻano o waena o kikowaena a me ka Client "kekahi-i-kekahi", a me ka mea ia kūloko awa helu. Other nā mea mālama mai i hoʻomau i e pili - keia mea hiki, mai ka TCP pilina ua hōʻike 'me he kaulahao iloko olaila ka loihi a me ka kūloko helu wahi a me ka awa. Maʻamau TCP a UDP awa i manao ia e like ma lalo o ka mana o ka Internet Type Numbers Authority (Iana).

Na kāna mau 'ōlelo o ka mea ulana pukapuka lawelawe kuhikuhi (, WorldWideWeb), IeAUPIIe, IAa IO hoʻohana he uuku helu o ka awa - emi o 1024. Ma na pae'ōnaehana nenoai e noi mai ana i na mea e pono ai no ka palapala noi, e nakinaki ia ia, no ka mea, ka mea, ua pinepine manaoia e e pilikia i ka hana ana o IP-ma muli latike. Ma ka kekahi lima, i ka i huiʻia o ka hopena Client, e like me ka rula, pili nui helu o ia, i koho no ka pōkole kau hana, akā naʻe, he mea ai-kapaia ephemeral awa.

'ole

TCP-awa i encoded i loko o ka moku holoahi :, EeIeOIeOIeAa o ka amo Hola Pūnaewele, a me ka mea, hiki wawe ke ano ole wale o ka hoʻouna 'a me ka loaa ana kamepiula' ē aʻe, akā, i nā eiiiiiaiou o ka mea ulana pukapuka, aeuiiai ieaia?. I mau kikowaena hoʻopale, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO kele pūnaewele eʻike ma waena o nā nā pākeke kaumaha ma muli o kā lākou mau kumu 'ole mākaʻikaʻi awa helu. O kekah mea he Classic laʻana o keia.

Ka mea hoao mai ana e hoʻohui i ka laulā o ka awa ma ke kaʻina i ke kamepiulaʻikeʻia me lākou kaʻimiʻana. Kēia mea ma muli o IeAUPIIe, IAa IO i kekahi malicious hoao ke aloha a me ka mea ulana pukapuka, ka luna hoʻomalu o huli no ka hiki vulnerabilities e kōkua ole i ka ho'āhewa wale.

Hana nona pehea e wehe TCP-awa, pinepine uumi a hoʻopaʻa 'ia me ke kōkua o nā kamepiula' ē aʻe. Kēiaʻano hana hoʻohana i ka helu o hoʻokoe pili 'o Randy i ka mea e hōʻoia i ka pahee pilina a hiki i ke kikowaena.

examples o ka i

Ka mea nui wale hoʻohālike, ma ka hoʻomano hoʻohana TCP / UDP awa, o ka Internet Mail nenoaiu. I ke kikowaena ua hoʻohana no ka e-mail (hoʻouna 'a me ka loaa ana), a me ka nui pono ai ka lawelawe ana o elua. Ka hana mua ua hoʻohana 'ia e lawe aku kila a me nā kikowaena. Keia ua loaʻa Via Simple Mail Aoaao Hola Pūnaewele (SMTP). E like me ka rula, noi hana, oia ke hoolohe i ka TCP-SMTP awa helu 25 ma ka mea e kō e hoʻopā ai ka noi. Kekahi hana o ka POP (oo - Post Office Hola Pūnaewele) ole IMAP (a Internet Message ke kōkua o Hola Pūnaewele) i mea e pono ai no ka palapala noi i ka mea e-mail Client i hoʻohana 'machines e loaa e-mail KikowaenaUa. POP 'enehana hou Services keena me ka TCP-awa 110. ka luna lawelawe hiki nā holo ma luna o ka mea hookahi puali kamepiula. A pau keia hana, o ka awa helu distinguishes ka hana noi ma ke keʻena mea - he mea hoʻohana ka PC 'ole kekahi' ē Mail KikowaenaUa.

Oiai ke kikowaena hoolohe awa helu ua pono i ho'ākāka '(Iana kahea aku ia i ka pono-ike awa), AOAIAaOO ka Client ua pinepine i waeʻia, mai ka hōʻeuʻeu laulā. Ma kekahi mau hihia, nā mea kūʻai mai pākahi a kikowaena 'ilepili TCP-awa ia i ka Iana hoʻohana. A hoʻohālike maikaʻi maoli o DHCP, ma ka Customer i loko o nā hihia me ka hoʻohana 'UDP 68, a me ke kikowaena - UDP 67.

Palapala noi ka HKH-helu

Port helu i kekahi manawa maopopo hiki ma ka Internet, a me nā Pahele puke Locator (URL). By paʻamau, http hoʻohana TCP-awa 80 a me https - 443. naʻe, loaʻa nō'ē aʻe likeʻole. No ka laʻana, ka HKH-aae? Http://www.example.com:8080/path/ Hōʻike i ka Web lako ua pili i ka 8080 kahi o ka http KikowaenaUa.

Papa Inoa o ka TCP a me ka UDP awa

E like me ua oleloia, Internet Type Numbers Authority (Iana) mea kuleana no ka global ōhumu o ka DNS-Mamo, IP-helu wahi, a me ka Internet Hola Pūnaewele kumu waiwai. Kēia nā kakau mau hoʻohana awa helu no ka pono-ike Internet lawelawe.

Ke awa nui i maheleia i ekolu papa koa: ka luawai-ike i kāinoaʻia a me ka hōʻeuʻeu, a paulele i ka hoʻomana. Ua pono ike (iʻikeʻia e like me ka'ōnaehana) - Ua loaa nui mai 0 a hiki i 1023. Nā Koi no hou hookohu ma keia huahelu e oi stringent ma mua no nā buke.

Lohe nuiʻia examples

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike i mea i loko o kēia papa puke:

• TCP awa 443: http loaa ai (https).
• 21: ka File Aoaao Hola Pūnaewele (ka FTP).
• 22: hoopaa Shell (SSH).
• 25: Simple Mail Aoaao Hola Pūnaewele (SMTP).
• 53: Domain Name System (DNS).
• 80: Hypertext Aoaao Hola Pūnaewele (http).
• 119: Panel News Aoaao Hola Pūnaewele (NNTP).
• 123: Panel Hola Pūnaewele manawa (NTP) ..
• 143: Internet Message ke kōkua o Hola Pūnaewele (IMAP)
• 161: Simple Panel Management Hola Pūnaewele (SNMP) 1.
• 94: Internet mika eʻauʻau kai (IRC).

I kāinoa na awa nā helu mai ka 1024 a hiki i 49151. Iana malama he kūhelu papa i ike, a i kakau auka e paa ai o ka. Hōʻeuʻeu a paulele i ka hoʻomana - mai ka 49152 i 65535. One hoʻohana no keia laulā ephemeral awa.

Mōʻaukala o ka hanaia'na

Ua hana awa helu manaʻo i kakahiaka nui ARPANET haku polokalamu ma lalo o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa alu like 'ana o nā kākau o ka lako polokalamu a me ka'ōnaehana ka luna hoʻomalu o.

Kaʻia "awa" i ole, ua hoʻohana i loko o ke ana. Laikini papa helu no ka poʻe kaua loihi ua he 40-iki helu. Ka mua 32'āpana ua like ia i keia la ka IPv4-helu wahi, akā, me ka mea nui, o ka mea mua 8'āpana. Ka mea liʻiliʻi loa nui loa o ka helu ('āpana 33 a hiki i 40) Kû kekahi e hoopii mai ai, i kapaʻia AEN. 'O kēia ka prototype o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia awa helu.

March 26, 1972 ua ka mea mua, e hāpai i ka haku ana o ka papa kuhikuhi o ke kumu helu ma ka RFC 322. ka mea ulana pukapuka luna i kapaia e wehewehe i kēlā me kēia paʻa kahi akea no kona oihana a me ka mea ulana pukapuka, lawelawe. Kēia keiki Kahua Ua a laila paʻi me RFC 433 i loko o December 1972, a ua komo pū i ka papa inoa o nā kaua, kā lākou ke awa helu a me ka AYEIE hana e e hoʻohana 'ia ma kēlā me kēia'āina i loko o ka mea ulana pukapuka. Ma May 1972, i ka kūhelu mākaʻikaʻi awa helu no ka manawa mua hoʻopaʻa pepa paʻi kiʻi, pukapuka lawelawe, a me hoakaka i ka hana hoʻomalu papa e malama ana i keia Kakau.

Ka mua papa o TCP-awa 256 AEN i nā loina i i maheleia i loko o ka papa koa, penei:

• 0 ke 63: maʻamau hiʻona ma ka mea ulana pukapuka,
• 64 a hiki i 127: puali-kekahi oihana
• 128 a hiki i 239: waihoiaʻi oia no ka wā e hiki mai ana
• Mai ka 240 a hiki i 255: kekahi mana hiʻona.

Telnet hana i loaa i ka mua kūhelu paha o ka waiwai 1. I ka lā i kakahiaka nui o ka ARPANET makahiki AEN i kapaʻia ka inoa o ke kumu i i hoʻohana me ka palapala Hola Pūnaewele pilina (MSP) a me ka ke keʻena o ka? Ia? Aiiu pukapuka hooponopono (NCP). Pela NCP i ka mua o ko i keia la i ka Internet Hola Pūnaewele hoʻohana TCP / IP awa.