Universal unconditional makahiki ma eu'āina a me Rusia

Unconditional makahiki o ke ano o ka lawelawe mālama ola'ōnaehana, ma a pau a me ka poe kanaka e noho ana o ke aupuni mau loaa kekahi kālā, mai ke aupuni a mai kekahi'ē aʻe Aupuni hui ma ka hou ana i ka manawa kūpono o ka loaʻa kālā. Inā no laila, i hoakaka ia ma ka mea o ka emi o ka palena iki subsistence pae, ka mea, ua manaoia ka helehelena. Unconditional loaa mea he ki ke keʻena o nā Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o ka makeke socialism. Apologists manaʻo ku Filipp van Parijs, Eylsa Makkey, Andre Gorz, Gillel Shtayner, Peter Vallentyne a me Guy Kū.

mōʻaukala aʻa

Ke kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka pono no ka hoʻokomo 'ia' o ka paʻa unconditional makahiki, hoomaka ae la ma Europe i loko o nā 1970-1980 ka. Ka mea, ua hapa manawa i ka hoopaapaa ma kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia a me Canada. Ka mea hilo i nā hoʻomaka 'ana i ke kūkākūkā ma nā'āina a ulu, he Roma Amerika, ka Middle Hikina, a hiki ma kekahi'āina ma Africa a me Asia. Alaska ka mau dala ua manaoia kekahi o ka maikai examples o unconditional uku o ka makahiki, albeit ka helehelena. Similar nenoai o ka lawelawe mālama ola nei i loko o Brazil, Macau a me Iran. XIX. Loaa ke kahu moku papahana i hoʻokō i loko o kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia a me Canada ma na 1960s a me 1970s, Namibia (2008), a ma India (mai 2010). Ma Europa, eia kālai'āina pāʻoihana e ho'āʻo e? Ii ia i loko o Farani, o ka Netherlands a me Finland. I ka 2016 ma Kuikilana paʻa i ka referendum ma luna o ka mea hilo, akā, 77% o na kanaka e ku e hooholoia ka hoike o ka unconditional makahiki.

kumu o kaʻoihana kālā

A lohe o Milton Friedman a me nā economists i manaoia mua io makahiki auhau, ka mea i manaoio aku i ka hapaʻauhau'ōnaehana e emi bureaucracy, a ho'ōla alakai i ka muli o ua hoʻohiki makahiki kona no kela noho ana. Proponents o kēia manaʻo koi "uliuli", kekahi socialists, feminists, a no laila,-kapa Ma lalo o aoao. Me ka Poeikohoia o ka mea likeʻole oicyenoaaiiie kula i kaumaha aku ai i ka Waiwai i ka papahana ma naʻano likeʻole. Nā socialists manaoio aku i ka hōʻoia 'paʻa unconditional makahiki hiki e ma o kā lehulehu ona o na mea o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me kumu waiwai. "Na rula", no kekahi laʻana, Friedman manaoio ia wale pono e komo i kekahi hapaʻauhau auhau kahua. Green kaumaha iho alanui. Lakou manaoio i ka unconditional makahiki hiki ke uku kālā i ka lilo ana o? Aneie auhau. Mawaena o na 'ano like kumu o unconditional makahiki no nā mea a pau hiki ke kapaia e holumua ai nenoaiie o VAT, a me ke koi pohō a mihi.

ke kahu moku papahana

Ka loa holomua mamuli o ka mea e ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka hapa 'unconditional liʻiliʻi iā hiki ke hoʻolauna, o ka Alaska mau dala. Like me hana Bolsa Familia'ōnaehana no ka ilihune mauʻohana i loko o Brazil. Other ke kahu moku papahana loaʻa:

• Ho okolohua me ka hopena maikaʻi loaʻa auhau i loko o kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia a me Canada ma na 1960s a me 1970s.
• Ka papahana ma Namibia i hoomaka i ka 2008.
• Hoʻokolohua ma Brazil mai 2008.
• Mauna papahana, a hoomaka ae la i ka 2011.
• E haawi mai 'ana Initiative ma Kenya, a Uganda. Ua komo ai hoʻouna lokomaikai aku kōkua Via lawe lima kaul i ka poʻe e noho ana ma ka lōʻihi ilihune.
• A like i loko o kua'āina wahi o North Carolina i loko o ka United States.

Ma Germany, ka papahana ohana 26 kanaka, kela mea keia mea o a ke aupuni uku 1,000 Euro no mahina. Mai 2017 a hiki i 2019, o kela mea keia noho ana i loko o Finland , e e uku ia no hoi i kekahi dala o ke kālā e like me ka hapa o ka hoʻokolohua.

Pulakalia

I ka pau ana o March 2013 dala The Blue Bird Foundation aʻo e pili ana i ka "Initiative o na makaainana Europa, no ka mea unconditional makahiki", a hoʻoholo i ka hui i ke kai eʻe. Tony Badzhdarov hāpai i ka hulina kumu hoʻohālike no Pulakalia. Kumu o ka hoʻolako 'ia o no ka mea, e hookauwa like me ka mō'ī kālā, i ka hoi ana mai o ka VAT a me ka excise hana. Ka hui Ua hana kona mau paena a me ka 'aoʻao ma luna o ka lawelawe latike. Ke kai eʻe Ua hoolaha ma luna o ke aupuni, Radio, a ma ke kaʻa'ōhua ma lalo iho. Dala e hoʻokele e kiʻi i ke kākoʻo mai o kekahi mau ahahui a me ka uniona kālepa. Initiative i loko o ka online no ke koho kākoʻo i ka moolelo helu ana o kanaka. Ma December 2014 ua ka mua pili aupuni aoao, a komo i ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o ka unconditional makahiki i loko o kona polokalamu. Ua kapaia "Bulgarian Union no ka pololei aupuni a ka lehulehu" a e kaua ana no ka pono o na kanaka a hiki i ka o'ī, ola.

United Kingdom

Ma ka UK, he unconditional walaʻauʻana makahiki no na kamaaina wau - ka mea, ua lōʻihi Ua he kumuhana no ka kūkākūkā. No ka mea, ua hana Dennis Milner ma na 1920s. I kēia lā, ka hapanui o ka politika paha a me ka United Kingdom mai i manao keia manao, a ku e ia. Eia naʻe, loaʻa nō proponents o ka unconditional makahiki. "Hawaiian National Party" ma ka hālāwai kūkā ma ka kupulau o 2016 i kapaia no ka hope o ka? Ueony ka lawelawe mālama ola nenoaiu. "No ka" Ua i a me kekahi o ka mea'ē aʻe pūʻulu pili aupuni. Iwaena o lakou i "'ōmaʻomaʻo", ka Hawaiian socialists a "pirates" o ka United Kingdom. Ma Pepeluali 2016 Dzhon Makdonnell mai la oia i ka hoike o ke kumu o makahiki ua noʻonoʻo o na Hana Lima Party.

Germany

Germany kekahi mahope mai o ka hoʻomaka o ka 1980s, manaʻo e pili ana pehea e hoʻolauna i unconditional makahiki. Germany i wale nei hoomaka ai e? Ii i ke kumuhana i oleloia, ma i 26 kanaka komo. Over ka makahiki no ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o ka unconditional makahiki i loko o ka'āina he wale he mau kānakaʻepekema, e like me Claus Offe. Eia naʻe, ma hope o nā nā mea hoʻololi i manaoia e ka Aha Kuhina Gerharda Shredera i ka 2003-2005 makahiki, ma Kelemania he mea hou kākoʻo o kēia manaʻo. Ma ka 2009th halawai o ka hale kanawai hana ma ka Suzanne Vayst - he housewife, he palapala hoopii i loaa 52973 koho. I ka makahiki 2010, Germany hala he mau hōʻike no loa makahiki, i ka nui - ma Pelelina. Mai ka 2011 ka "no" ma ka hoʻomaka o ke kanawai, "Ma lalo o Party". Kanaka lālā o ka 'ē aʻe pūʻulu pili aupuni i kākoʻo i ka manaʻo o unconditional makahiki.

Netherlands

Unconditional makahiki vigorously hoopaapaa mai ka 1970 a hiki i ka makahiki 1990. Initially, Ua hoʻoili kūkākūkā ma ka economist Leo Yansenom i ka 1975. I ka hoike ana o ka unconditional makahiki i komo i loko o ka'ōnaehana hoʻokoho polokalamu o ka Kalaiaina'ano'ē Party. I ka 10 makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoala wale koke i ka ninau. I ka 2006, o ka alihi kaua o ka "launahele" Femke Halsema ua komo i ka hoike o ka unconditional makahiki i loko o kona polokalamu koho. Ke kulanakauhale o Utrecht, i ka ha o ka nui loa heluna i loko o ka'āina, a hemo i ka ke kahu moku papahana. Eia naʻe, e e uku ia i ka piha makahiki wale i ka pūʻulu o nā kanaka i keia manawa, e loaa ana ia e pōmaikaʻi ai. About 30 kūlanakauhale a ianoiyuaa a no hoi e noonoo pono i ka manawa kūpono o ka hoʻokō 'ia o ka papahana.

Unconditional loaa Finland

"Center", kekahi o na kumu nui kālai'āina aoao eha ma ka aina, e like me ka pono me ka "hema kuikahi" a me ka "Green o Oʻahu", ma ka lokomaikai o ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o kēia manaʻo. Ma May 2015, i ka makahiki mua i ke aupuni manao e hoʻolauna i unconditional makahiki. Finland, e ia i ke aupuni i loko o mua a e loaa a pau no nā makahiki he dala o ke kala mai 2017.

France

An unconditional walaʻauʻana makahiki ua noʻonoʻo me ka manaʻo, mai na 1970s. Eia naʻe, wale i ka 2015 o ka 'āina' hale kanawai o Aquitaine hooholoia no kona hookamaia mai. Ma Ianuali 2016 i ka lehulehu consultative kino ma kikohoʻe nīnūnē paʻi he hoike i loko i ka mea paipai e hoʻomaka i ka ho okolohua. A kino hōʻike ana i ka hapanui o ka lehulehu i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka uku o ka unconditional walaʻauʻana makahiki no nā kānaka.

Kuikilana: Referendum

An unconditional walaʻauʻana makahiki i loihi ua kamaʻilio nui ma ka aina. Kuikilana mai ka hui BIEN-Kuikilana, a me ka hui Grundeinkommen, i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka hoʻokō 'ia kēia manaʻo. I ka 2006, sociologist Zhan Zigler kapaia unconditional makahiki ma Kuikilana, kekahi o ka loa e holumua ai manao. I ka 2008 Daniel Hani, a Enno Schmidt i ka manaʻoe kūkulu i loko o ka mea ana i ho'āʻo i ka wehewehe ana i ka pomaikai o ka manaʻo o kēia manaʻo. Ua nana aku la oi ma mua o 400 tausani kanaka. ua lilo pili kēia i ke aloha iā ia, a hiki aku kanaka i loko o ka German- a me Palani-olelo ana'āina kākoʻo o ka manaʻo. I 'Apelila 2012, i ka piha makahiki ma Kuikilana i ke kumuhana o ke kaulana Ahaolelo Initiative. Kai Eʻe e hoʻokele e ohi i ka mea e pono ai 126.000 inoa. A referendum ma Kuikilana ma ka unconditional makahiki paʻa i loko o June 5, 2016. More ma mua o 77% o nā kupa i hōʻole, e loaa 2,500 francs i ka mahina.

Rusia

He nui nā kupa o ka Lūkini pepehi aku i ka lono i hoole i ka Hawaiian, e lawe i ke kālā wale. Koke i ka ninau ae la ina paha o ka piha makahiki i loko o Rusia i hiki ia? Mawaena o na keakea o ia i ke ano o ka lawelawe mālama ola mea ole wale he ulu i loko o ka auhau kaumaha ma luna o na kanaka o ka aina a me ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka ways i ka hana, akā, i ka ulu helu o nā meaʻeʻe moku. Kuikilana Ua manaoia i ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o ka unconditional makahiki o 2,500 francs, mea e pili ana i ka hapalua o ka awelika hana. Inā 'oe ke hoʻohana i kēia i ka ho omaulia hoʻomanaʻo no Rusia, eia ka mea, e ia ma kahi o 10,000 rubles. Mai lulai 1, ka palena iki uku e ia wale 7500, i ka lilo o ka mea ola ka i emi. Nolaila, ua nui ka poe makemake i ka "noho ma ka hale". E like me ka poe akamai, i ka hoike o ka unconditional makahiki i loko o Rusia hiki wale hoʻoulu emi ka waiwai o ke kālā, no ka mea, o ka uku e ole e hoʻopilikino a hoʻomāka i ka loa kūlana populations. Eia naʻe, he mea kekahi wahi o ka Hawaii. Kekahi poe akamai i manaoio i ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o ka unconditional makahiki e ae kanaka i ka lākou mau oihana, e hana. A me ka mea hiki i ka nui maikaʻi hopena i loko o ka lōʻihi makahiki. Malia paha kanaka e hoʻomaka i ka hana hou kumu o noiʻi. A me Rusia, e kakali no kokololioʻanoʻenehana loli. A i 'ole unconditional loaa ke kōkua kanaka hana nui ka hana makakū. Penei, ia mea? Oaiua, e hooponopono i ka hoʻokolohua ma Rusia i loko o ka hookahi kulanakauhale a me ka pale kaua pae.

noʻonoʻo loi

German hale kanawai, ke Komisina ana no ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o ke ao a me ka unconditional makahiki manaoia unfeasible papahana. Ua kau aku i ka kēia manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē.

• He E i he nui ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ways, e hana i waena o ano o kanaka, a, ma ka huli, e alakai i ka unpredictable hopena i ka hoʻokele waiwai.
• E Pono e hoʻokō 'ia i ka ka kūkuluʻana o ka auhau, lawelawe mālama ola a me ka hoomau dala, a e alakai i ka nui koina.
• Ka papa German'ōnaehana Ua oi mana, no ka mea, Ua oi i nā. Ka nui o ke kokua i ua ole i paa a me ka hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke kanaka ka kālā kūlana. No kekahi kūlana pūʻulu e ole unconditional makahiki e lawa ke ola.
• Manaʻo o kēia hana, e alakai i ka nui influx o nā meaʻeʻe moku.
• He e entail? Anoe o ka hoʻokele waiwai malu.
• Ka like mahuahua ana i na auhau, e alakai i ka nui like ole manawa e lele i loko o kumukūʻai no ka walaʻauʻanaʻai mea e worsen i ke kālā kulana o ka poʻeʻilihune kanaka.
• Oiai ma Germany,ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka viable ala e Waiwai, i ka hoʻokomo 'ia' o ka paʻa unconditional makahiki.

E like me 'oe ke ike, Kelemania, a he nui no nā'āina, a me Rusia, i ka ninau koe hamama.