3M pelane: i ka moolelo o ka hanaia, a? Acaeoey, oaoieei hoakaka

3M mokulele - Soviet KUMUMANAʻO NUI bomber, a i malamaʻi, no ka mea, e pili ana i eha makahiki. Ma ka mōʻaukala o keia mokulele i ka hailona o okoa hanana. He e ho'ōla la i ka hui kūlana. Kekahi kapa aku keia mokulele pilikia ÷, oiai kekahi poe i manao ia i ka piʻi like nui. Hehe, 3M mokulele, mōʻaukala o na mea i hala i ke kumuhana o ko makou noho ana, hewaʻiʻo noonoo ana i ka papahana nui o Soviet mokulele.

Kāʻei kua o THE

Ma ka hopena o 1940s, ka wā ua he nukelea kaua, ua lilo i mea e pono ai i loko o kona halihali a me ka lawe lima haawi i ka makemake wahi. Koa eiiieaena pono i ka bomber i na ano ke oi aku mamua o ka poe i loaʻa i ka manawa o ka kükohu mea 1.5-2 manawa. No laila, i ka manaʻo o nā kaʻakālai bomber i hana. Amerika hoomaka ae la e kūkulu i mau mokulele ma mua. I ka MH 1946, e mau 'Amelika maunakea poe - "Boeing" a me ka "Convair" - hana i loko o ka ulu ana o ka KUMUMANAʻO NUI bomber. No laila, i ka mua, i holo i ka makahiki 1952 hana mokulele B-52 a me B-60. Nā ana hoʻohālike oko, mai ko lakou mau mua i ka kiʻekiʻe palena, a kilakila māmā a me ka laulā.

Ka hoʻomaka 'o ka ulu

Ma ka Soviet Union hemo aku i ka like 'ana me ka nui ke kali ole. Ua pau ka hoʻomaka 'ana me ka mea i ka poʻe akamai B. Myasischev, he Kumu ma ka Moscow maunakea Institute,? Aaeaaaaony i ke aupuni, ho okumu i kekahi kaʻakālai bomber hiki ke lele mai i ka 12.000 kilomika. E like me ka hopena, i loko o ke kūkā me ka poe akamai, Stalin hoʻoholo ihola ma luna o kona mau kuleana mai i pono ai Myasishcheva ulu ana o kona i manaoia mokulele, akā, hoʻonoho ikaika lā palena pau. ? Ac? Ua ia e ana May 24, 1951. Council o nā keʻena kahu o ka USSR kauoha i ka hana o ka mokulele recreated ma hope o ka pau ana o ka OKB-23 MAP. Luna akamai lilo Myasischev. Soon Air Max he Alihikaua Nui la o ka tactical a me ka oaoieei-olelo o ka mīkini i ua aponoia. I kā mākou huahelu ua ia e ole emi mai o ka 12 tausani kilomika me ka pōkā pahū haawe o 5 tona. Ka mokulele i e lele i ka mämä holo o ka 900 km / h ma ka kiʻekiʻena o 9 kilomika.

Manawa anao? Aou e manao, a kūkulu i ke bomber no "Project 25" (e like me ka mea i kapaʻia i? Acaeoey), koi ma ka manao Buro o ke alu like 'ana me kekahi mau' ē aʻe i ka hoʻolālā i ka hana: 'ē aʻe manao? Anoa, noiʻi institutes a me nā hale hana.

Ka mua Aey? Acaeoey

Ka mokulele mua i hana ana i sketches L. Selyakov -ʻo ia iā ia i ke kūlana o ka poʻe akamai, a me ka aerodynamics prochnista ka poʻe. B. Myasischev ka manawa hana i loko o ke kahua o ka papa, a me ka oihana eiiaiaeu. Ke kime i hanaia i loko o laua me ka bomber. Ma ka pōkole kau sketch pāhana i hoomakaukauia, a aponoia. I ka Ia manawa ia? Ac? Iecaianoaaiiuo enehana, kuhikuhi no ka mea, o ka Soviet Union i i hoopuka ia i ka nui a me ka kaumaha mokulele. No ka mīkini pono hou nui like 'ole ke ano a me ka mea, e like me ka nomenclature.

Ke bomber i ka i maikaʻi aerodynamic hana, e hoʻomohala hou holo, a e like malamalama me hiki. Nā poʻe akamai uku nui nānā i ke kinona o ka'ēheu. No ka mea eono mahina o? Acaeoey i loko o ka makani tunnel mua TsAGI ho'āʻo keʻano o nā ana hoʻohālike, a ka mea i loaʻa e pono ai. Created'ēheu ua kŘpa a malamalama, ua he'ōlewa hopena wale i kaʻai a me ka decompression hana 'ia e ka' ole. He pono i ko oukou pale ana i ke keiki koliliʻana. Ka eheu aa neo? Aaiiai? Hawaii, kela mea keia mea me ka eaʻai ana. Me ka mea hiki ke hoʻopau i ka manao lokahi keiki o ka engine wā ke hoʻohana i loko o kekahi 'ole. Nozzles ua ua ua kauohaʻia i loko o ka papamoe, a vertical Kekoa ma 4 degere. Kēia ana ua pono no ka hoopau ana i ka wela kinoea mokulele hēkī mai ka fuselage a me ka empennage.

lako a

Power kanu bomber komo pū eha Mikulino ikaika mokulele hēkī engine no? Ieoaeunoaa. Lākou mau koʻokoʻo ua 8700 Kg. Ma ka manao o ka mea mana loa e hele mai i ua i no i kā mākou pono. Ma ke ala, e like me ka palapala manao, i lako pono i ka mokulele me ekolu kiko'ī me ka hou o 13.000 kgf. Eia naʻe, OKB Dobrynin, aohe manawa i loko o ia o ka pōkole manawa e hoʻomākaukau prototypes o kēia mau kiko'ī.

Mākou e hoʻi e hōʻike 'ia i ka koho koho akamai bomber kaʻa. E hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i nāʻano o ka neʻeʻana o ia ka mokulele kaumaha ma luna o ka runway he hana akamai pūʻulu i hoʻonohonoho. Initially noonoo mau manaʻo kaʻa: ka hae me ekolu mau wāwae, a me ka multisupporting Paikikala. Iloko o ka hoao ana iho ua maikaʻi loa hōʻike kaʻa kūkulu mai i ka Paikikala noaia alo "vzdyblivayuscheysya" trolley a kīloi paʻewa struts hooponopono ma nā wēlau o nā'ēheu. Ke pelane Ua holo steadily ma ka runway, a wehe ae la lakou i ka makemake loa ma ka malama ana i ka holo hoʻomaka.

Headache paʻa o nā huila kaa ma luna o ka mua trolley, aʻo i kaʻoihana ma ka liʻiliʻi huina huahelu (15 + ^0). , A hiki aku i ka mau huli i ka olelo o ka neʻe trolleys hoʻololi, a ma hope o ka mea i ano e ae la, a me ka olelo o ka mokulele holoʻokoʻa. Ma "vzdyblivaniya" aaeei, ka mua paʻa o nā huila lilo ana unmanageable. Ma ke kahua hope o ka takeoff o ka mokulele ihu ua hookiekieia, a me ka huina o ka hoouka mahuahua. Komo i loko o ke kahu moku, ka takeoff ua ka palena haʻahaʻa. Kēia noaia ho'āʻo ma luna o ka lele keʻena hoʻokolohua "Li-4", tricycle awa pae kapa a manaʻoi auou caiaiai i ka Bike. Aia ua no hoi he kumu hoʻohālike o ke kaawale uila hoʻohana trolleys. Ua hoano e kaʻa Eia kekahi laʻana akaaka malu i ka piha eiiieaena o nā ho'āʻo ma, a hookupaa iho la ia kona suitability no ka hoʻohana ma o ka bomber.

Mokulele pōkā pahū haawe ua 24 tons, a me ka nui caliber hopeʻia - 9000 kg. Mahalo i ka Radar maka o ka BPM-4 Ua hoakaka miomio bombing. Ma ka bomber ua i ka mea kaua nani ikaika no ka pale aku. Ua ninoieo o eono akomi pū caliber 23 mm o. Ka mea, Ua kauʻia ma luna o ekolu hui o ka hoʻokaʻa 'iniha, i loko o ka luna, lalo a me ka hope fuselage. Ka luina, he ewalu kanaka, neo? Aaiiai? I loko o nā pressurized kāpena. Noho kipaku lalo ma hatches.

hoʻokolohua

By December 1952 ka bomber prototype i kūkulu. January 20 aʻe makahiki, i ke kaʻa no ka manawa mua, ua hoala hou i loko o ka lewa. Holo ho'āʻo ke kahu moku kauoha e F. Opadchiy. Mai ia lā, i lilo ai i piha ka māmā holo hola hāpana ho'āʻo ma. Lakou hiki mua ana a April 15, 1954. Ke kali hou aku i ukuia a hiki i ka bulkiness, a me ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka hōʻike.

ʻO kā mākou holo kaumaha o ka mokulele nui i 181,5 tons. Kona māmā holo ma ka kiʻekiʻena o 6700 m + ua like me 947 kilomika no hora. Service palena (i kā mākou huahelu) a me ke kaupaona ana o 138 tons ua 12.500 mau mika. Akamai e hoʻokele e kau ma luna o ka buke nui o ka wahie poʻina nalu. Ka mea, hoonoho iho la 132 390 nā lika o ka wahie. Naʻe, i kaupalena 'ia 123600 nā lika i ka i kā mākou kauoha.

I ka makahiki 1954, i pili i ka hoao lua prototype, a i hoopokole ai i 1 m ihu hapa, he nui'ēheu wahi, a me ka helu o nā nīnūnē ka hoʻololi 'ana. Nā kānakaʻenehana Ua hoʻomaka 'ana e hoomakaukau ai no ka nuipa a? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka bomber. Ma keia manawa i ka hanohano o ka poʻe akamai Myasishcheva mīkini i ka inoa o "mokulele M". "3M" - kivila mea i häʻawi mai ai iä ka kükohu hope. Akā, ma mua, ka mea i kapaia o M-4.

i nā ho'āʻo ma i ka maikaʻi loa ala. Ma ka hapanui mokulele hana loa ma ka laina me na kauoha, akā, no ka nui koi - ka i kā mākou huahelu me 5 na tona o ka hopeʻia ma ka papa - ia i hiki ole hālāwai. Ma hope o kekahi mau hou bomber nō, ua aponoia. Akā, i ka ninau o lawa holo huahelu koe hamama.

hoohanohano

E hoʻoponopono i ka luna pilikia, he bomber ma luna o ka oi loa aku kou mana, a aole nae ka hoʻokele waiwai kiko'ī RD-3M, a i ulu P. laumeki,. Bomber me ka hou mana kanu i loaa 'inideka "3M". I ka mea, e Hoʻololi 'na Hawaii wale nō o AM-3a kiko'ī. Traction ma kā mākou nona iho i ua mahuahua i 9500 kgf. A, mea hoʻonoho o RD-3M i kekahi pilikia 'ano, a ma ka hopena o ka hoʻokō' ole 'ana o ka Hawaii mana piʻina i 10 500kGs' ē aʻe. Me ia mana lako a 3M pelane ke hiki ka mämä holo o ka 930 km / h, a lele me ka noho mamao i ka 8100 ei.

Ma keia huli no ka manawa, e hoʻonui i ka holo huahelu ua ole i pau ai. Ka lua o ka hōʻike kēia i hoʻolako pono me ka refueling'ōnaehana hoʻomohalaʻia OKB Alekseev. Uaʻikeʻia "koʻokoʻo" no ka loaa ana i ka wahie ma luna o ka cockpit. Well tanker i hoʻolako pono me ka hou pahu, pumping lako a pan, a me ka winch.

Oiai ka mokulele i hana 3M Myasishcheva laua hana i lawe mai ma luna o ka ulu o kona kiʻekiʻe-ala kēia, i loaa i ka hana inoa o 2M. O akamai hele mai, e hookupaa ai ia i ka manawa hookahi eha turbojet engine HP-5 - ma ka pylons ma lalo o ka'ēheu kaawale. Naʻe, i ka manao o ka "kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻena" i papani ai hoi no ka mana 3M ua hiki ke loaa kona manao ano.

3M Air: ulu

I loko nō o ka hana ana i ka maikai, ke kükohu i hoomau ai i Hawaiʻi. March 27, 1956 ka mua holo ana ma luna o ke kaʻa 3M. Ka mokulele i loaa hou kiko'ī VD-7, a i ka hou o 11.000 kgf. Naʻe, ka mea, kaupaona iho la emi a emi pau keia wahie. Mua, ka pelane, ua lako pono me elua hou kiko'ī, a ma 1957 - a pau eha. Ma ka mea hoʻonoho o ka hou hoʻonohonohoʻia o nā'ēheu, a me ka holomua o nā 'ano o ka papamoe huelo aerodynamic Hawaiʻi o ka mokulele mahuahua noticeably. Eia hou, Ua hoʻomāhuahuaʻoe i ka buke wahie poʻina nalu. Ua kauoha aku e hoʻokō i kēia, a me ma ka outboard poʻina nalu. Mau o ia i kaulia ma ka pōkā pahū kaikūʻono (ina i ka pōkā pahū haawe ana ua ae), a me nā mea e ae - ma lalo o nā'ēheu, ma waena o na Hawaii.

3M pelane, na ano o ka a mākou e kūkā ana i keia la, i loaa i ka Lightweight manao. Eia naʻe, i kona kaumaha nō, kū aʻela i 193 tona, a me ka kulu poʻina nalu, a hiki hou - mai i 202 tona. Over manawa, ua loaʻa ka mua loa o ka fuselage i houʻia. Aia i ka manawa kūpono o ka neʻe i ke kukuna ku mai ka fuselage ihu loa, a ua haawiia mai e 1 mika. Me ka hou hoʻokele ipu 3M mokulele hiki hoʻomaka ka hoʻokō bombing mai kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻena i kekahi manawa, a ma lalo o kekahi ana.

E like me ka hopena o nā mea a pau i ka hou i alakai aku ai i ka mea i ka i kā mākou huahelu, like i mua XAaOOEN, ua mahuahua ma ka 40%. Me kekahi refueling, kulu poʻina nalu a me ka i kā mākou pōkā pahū haawe keia huahelu loa 15,000 ei. E lanakila aku maluna iho ia o ka loihi, o ka mokulele i ia e pili ana i 20 hola. Pela, ua ka ana o ka hoʻohana 'ana ia me he Melia bomber. 3M mokulele i kaʻoi loa o ka mīkini i kope makemake e ho okumu Myasischev lawe ma luna o nā kuleana, a me ke kākoʻo mai o Stalin.

Kekahi hana hoihoi 'ka pono 3M o ka mea i ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana i ka lōʻihi-huahelu malina torpedo. Torpedoes komo i ke koʻokoʻo hoʻokō o nā mea kaua, akā, e mea hoʻohana loa kākaʻikahi. Ua lawe mai ka mua ho'āʻo ma waho koho bomber nō ma ka prototype M-4.

3M mokulele kānaka apau i mākaukau

Pelane ma hope o ka nā hana hou i aponoia, a hahao i loko o? Iecaianoaaiiuo. I ka 1959, pailota N. Goryainov a meʻelua Stepanov, pu me na kanaka hoʻouka kekahi ma luna o ka mea 12 honua mooolelo. Mawaena o lakou i ka hoea mai 10-tona ukana i ka kiekie o ka oi ma mua o 15 kilomika a me ka ala a hiki i ka 55-tona ukana i ka kiekie o 2 kilomika. Papa World Records pelane, i kapaia o 201M. I ka hookahi makahiki, he hōʻike kahu moku, A. Padfolio a me kona mau hui i ehiku ka māmā holo mooolelo ma ka paʻa ala hele, me ka loli iki ana degere o ka hoʻouka. Me ka haawe kaumaha o 25 tons, ia? Ac? Mämä holo 1028 km / h. I palapala kūhelu i kapaia o 3M Myasishcheva pelane hou ma luna o kekahi - 103M.

I ka wā o ka hou bomber komo hana, o ka hapa mua hookuu wale nō o ka M-4, i ka oko ao wale nawaliwali mana mea kanu, ua huli mai i ka tanker.

Pilikia ma ka hana, a me ka hou Hawaii

I loko nō o ka kiekie hana ana, o ka mokulele i ka helu o ka pilikia. Ka loa nui o lakou i ka mea i ka manawa ma waena o overhauls kiko'ī VD-7 ua nui haʻahaʻa ma mua ia o ka kiko'ī RD-3M-500A. No laila, no ka mea, o ka manao o ka hooko ana mai? Aiiio kiko'ī pinepine hoʻololi. ʻOiai ka pilikia a me ka HP-7, ma airplanes i ka poe like RD-3M, a hoomaka ae la me ka pomaikai ana o ke kükohu. Me keia mana kanu ka mea i kapaia o 3ms. O ka holo ana, like me 3M ka mokulele hoike mai i kaʻino nā hualoaʻa, akā, ka mea, ua nui maikaʻi ma mua o kona inverse - hoʻokolohua o ka M-4. I ka nui, me ka refueling ZMS pelane ke lele 9.400 kilomika.

Pilikia a me ka engine i aeia e hoʻololi i ke kūpono 'ana o VD-7B. E hooloihi i ka ola o ka engine, ka mea akamai i ka ho'ēmi i kona hookomo iho la ia i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka RD-3M. Ka mea, ua 9500 kgs. Mākou i ka ae aku ia, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i ka io o ka engine ola, a māhuahua mau manawa,ʻo ia, aole loa i ka nui o ka RD-3M. Aka hoi, i mau, mea hōʻemi o nā 'ano laulā, ma muli o ia ka hoʻokōʻana o ka mana mea kanu, 15% ma luna ma mua o ke kalaʻana mamao 3ms.

Ka hoʻololi 'ana me VD-7B kiko'ī i kapaʻia 3MN. Waho kai ia mai nā mana wale 3ms hoʻi i nā pāpale. Ma luna o ka hewa o VD-7B i'ākeʻakeʻa hatches destined no venting ka wela ea, mai lalo o ka hipuu holo alaʻokoʻa. I ka holo, i ka oko ao ka mokulele: VD-7B engine haʻalele i ka luawai-ia Trail o ka uwahi.

Nā ka hoʻololi 'ana

I ka makahiki 1960, hele mai kekahi hooponopono hou ana o ka mokulele, i kapaia o 3MD. Ua makamake nui oi holomua lako a pan, a hou aerodynamics. Hawaii i koe i ka ia.

Ma ka 60th paiia o ka mokulele hoomaka ae la e hoole steadily, a koke oki loa. Ke aupuni o ka alakaʻiʻana i nā makakoho 'oni iki aku rocketry. Nolaila, kekahi o na Bombers ka hoʻololi 'ana i loaa Hawaii VD-7P inoa 3ME, koe prototypes. Takeoff hoʻokē kiko'ī mahuahua i 11300 kgs. E ho'āʻo ai i lawe mai i ka makahiki 1963. Eia naʻe, ke kaiāulu nō hoʻomanaʻo i ka pelane 3M - Model mōʻaukala 'aʻole e hoʻopau' aneʻi.

Me ka ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ka helu o KUMUMANAʻO NUI Bombers, kekahi o ia (mana 3ms a me 3MN) hoohuliia mai i loko o tankers e refuel. Lakou refueled i loko o ka lewa me "Li-95", a me ka mea i koe i mākaukau hopena 3M mokulele. Kola 3M, penei, hoʻokolohua o ka M-4-2 hoʻololi. Akā, ma ka mea, ka mea, ua pau kekahi mīkini, wale me kekahi mau Hawaii a me nā palapala.

amo pilikia

Ma ka hopena o 70s ua kekahi e pono ai ma ka amo huahelu o ka hou Kao lele lako kaua luna 'ia me nā hale hana i loko o ka Baikonur cosmodrome. Aie i ka nui nui, ke kaupaonaʻana, a kohu kūpono amo loihi, kekahi o na ano o ka mea hoʻoili hiki ole ke hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia. No ka laʻana, kikowaena pahu launcher ua lōʻihi 40 a me ka laula - 8 mika. B. Myasischev hoʻomanaʻo ana ia ia iho, a kaumaha aku i ka lawe wahie, ma ka fuselage o kona bomber. 3M mokulele ma ia manawa mua, ua haalele iho mai ke kuai, a me ka mea, ua i ka luna akamai Myasischev reconstituted i ka makahiki 1967 OKB. I ka makahiki 1978ʻo ia i kona manaʻoi hāpai 'ia. A lohe o Vladimir make (October 14, 1978), i hana mau ia ma kana hana V. Fedotov.

I mea,ʻaʻole e hoʻokaʻulua i ke kūpono 'ana, kukulu ana a me ka hoao ana o ka mokulele lawe, ekolu i koho tanker. Ka mea, hoouna koke ae la no ka hoao e kuhikuhi i palupalu. E like me ka hopena, i ka mokulele i loaa i ka hou maoli, a me ka hou panel o ka fuselage. Tailpiece pūʻali a ua waiho loihi ana e 7 mau mika. Ke plumage ua mau-keel. A helu o nenoai a me na aha halawai ona i ua hou paha auou caiaiai. Ma Kekoa i oi ikaika kiko'ī VD-7M me ka weheʻana afterburner, hookomo iho la ia i hiki 11.000 kgs. ʻO ia mau kiko'ī, akā, me ka afterburner, hoʻouka kekahi ma luna o "Li-22", naʻe, ua mua, ua puka mai ai.

E like me ka hopena, ia? Ac? Elima mokulele lawe kŰia ke kau, kela mea keia mea o ka a, aie i kekahi hōʻeuʻeu a me ka holo ano, manao no na waiwai o ka kekahi kaumaha. Ke kükohu ua kapaia ka 3M-T. Kekahi o na mokulele ekolu kūkulu i hoolilo i TsAGI no kūpaʻa ho'āʻo ma. A hou aku i hoʻolako pono i kekahi koʻokoʻo refueling.

I ka makahiki 1980, i ke amo pelane 3M-T Ua hoala mua a hiki i ka lani. A hōʻike ke kahu moku Kucherenko mua kaʻi aku i ka waiwai ma luna ona ma luna o Ianuali 6 aʻe makahiki. A laila pelane Kapa hou i ke "Mea Maluna Iho ZM-T." Ma ka transporters o ka hopena ua mea ua ua kaʻi aku oi ma mua o 150 waiwai ma Baikonur. Ka mea, hoʻoneʻe a pau nui māhele o nā pono a pau o "Energy" a me ka "Bhutan". 3M Commercial mokulele, kiʻi o a ma kekahi manawa i 'ike' ia e nā mea a pau, mau hoike ma Kuʻu a pau ano o ka mokulele, a me ma ka ea hōʻike i ka 1992.

Eia hoi ia mea kumukuai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ana o ka mokulele "Li-134A-3M", i ka manawa pioloke me ka meʻe o ko kākou moʻolelo no ka mea, o ka mea "3M"' inideka ma ka inoa, i pili i ka mea i ole. A pau i ka "Li-134" - ohua. A mokulele "Li-134A-3M" a me ka hana i ka VIP-mana o ka hooponopono hou o ka mahiʻai 134SKH.

ka hopena

I ka 2003, i ka 50th lā hoʻomanaʻo o ka M-4 mokulele mua mahuka, a ua ka mua-hānau i loko o ka ohana o Soviet Bombers. Surprisingly, 3M kükohu mokulele ua nō i loaʻa i loko o ka Air Max hakakä huahelu. Mākou wale Pono e mahalo i ke tālena o ka poʻe akamai ka poe i kauoha aku i loko o ka pilikia kia-kaua makahiki, e kūkulu 'ana i kūpono, e like me ka ikaika Loaʻaʻia ka.