Akeakamai o Socrates: he manawa pōkole a me ka mōakāka. Socrates: i ka walaʻauʻana i ka manaʻo nui o ka kālaiʻike

I ka loa a me ka hana hoihoi influential thinker o ka 5th kenekulia BC Socrates. Kēia thinker noho i loko o kahiko Greece. Life a me akeakamai o Socrates (iki kakau loa paʻakikī, akā, mākou e ho'āʻo e kahińuli i ke ki nui) e inextricably ua hoʻopili, e like me oe, e ike ma ka heluhelu i kēia 'atikala. No ka mea, ia ia e kakali ana no ka ike oiaio,ʻaʻole hoʻi iʻimi e lanakila ma luna o ka hoa paio, Socrates hoʻohana i loko o ka ho'āʻo pono e loaʻa ai i ka oiaio o ka ia Logical i kūpono me sophists. He ia i nā mea a pau i loko o ninau, a lawe ia lakou i ka oiaio ma hope akahele ka noonoo wale, no laila, i ka thinker o ka mua ka Luna o ka pilikia akeakamai. ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma lalo nei Socrates kālaiʻike akaka pokole, a, a ua hōʻike mai iā ia i kou noonoo.

kumu o ka like

Socrates like me ka thinker i maopopoʻia i loko o kona manawa me ka lehulehu olelo a me ka pilina hana. He i ole palapala i kekahi mea, no laila, i ka wā o kona ao, ua hilinaʻi wale i na mooolelo i waiho ia ma kona mau haumana (i nui, Xenophon a me Plato). Kawaihae a me kālaiʻike o Socrates ua ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i loko o kā lākou mau palapala. Ka pilikia ka hoi ia Plato i kekahi poe akeakamai a me ka pinepine hookomo i ko lakou mau theories ma keʻano o, i kona poe me ke kūkākūkā ma waena o Socrates a me nā pono-ike ma kona wā.

Aka hoi, ka mea, ua ea ae ana, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i loko o ke kakahiakaʻano o Plato haawi mai i kekahi mau manaʻo nui o ka mea i ke akeakamai o Socrates, concise a me ka maopopo.

"Euthyphro" He aha ka piety

Ma ka "Euthyphro", no ka laʻana, wehewehe i ka ikaika noho pilikia kamaʻilio me Socrates maopopo koʻu manao i kanaka opiopio. Au e loaa ia ia Evtifron oo ka paulele aku i loko o ka pū o kona pono, morally kekahi henua a hiki i ka wā pōʻino o ka litigation me kona makua kāne iho, Socrates ninau mai ia ia ia i mea "piety" (pono hala) i loko o kona manao. mea i keʻoiʻaneʻi wale i ka papa inoa o nā hana i hiki ke kapaia haipule. Euthyphro E haawi aku i ka mau ho'ākāka 'ana, hoʻopuniʻana i ka pā like o "piety" manaʻo. Akā, kēlā me kēia pane, a kaumaha wa opiopio, malalo iho o ka hoʻokolokolo pono critique o Socrates like loa me Euthyphro hiki ole e kaumaha aku i kekahi mea.

ka apono ana o na akua

Ma kekahi, Socrates systematically hōʻoleʻia kāna ka mea mahuʻi Euthyphro i ka pololei ana o ka hana - o ka apono ia ana o na akua. Mua, i ka ninau o mea kūpono ai ka "pono" mau kumu ole kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē, a me nā akua i pinepine ma paʻewa ma keia ia lakou iho, e like me kanaka, e kahea ana i kēia 'ole i ka hana o ka poe maikai a me ka hewa. Socrates Euthyphro apono 'recoup (wale no ka mea o ke kūkākūkā hou) a lawe maikai nei me ka hunāhunāʻoleʻia, i nā akua pono mua i oo lōkahi ma kēia pukana (eʻoluʻolu e hoailona oukou i keia pilikia wale ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka polytheistic moʻomeheu).

ʻO ka lua, oi importantly, Socratesʻo ia ka hoʻohana hihia o seemingly ano, nīnau: "E aloha i nā akua i ka piety a piety i wa pono no ka mea, aloha aku ka mea, i nā akua?".

Aole o kēia mau koho mea e pono no i ka manao paa o ka piety, Euthyphro i manaoia. Inā na mea pono e haipule, no ka mea,'āhewa mai o nā akua, a laila, i ka pono pū mea ākeʻakeʻa kumu, ihola ia e kaukaʻi ma ka manao wale, o na akua. Inā na akua aloha piety, e like me ia, ka mea, penei i loaʻa pono e kekahi kumu undivine Hawaiʻi ike ia iā mākou.

A paakiki ka hihia e

I mea, keia hihia kaumaha nui pilikia ka wā imi e hoohalike i ka pono o ka haole mana. E noonoo, no ka laʻana, nīnūnē me ka like 'ole: "Kaʻu mau makua e manao ai o keia hana, no ka mea, mea pono, a me koʻu hana pono no ka mea, o kona mau makua'āhewa mai o ka?", "Ka State ua papa ia hana mea ku pono i ka mea ia ia ka' ölelo; a ia mea 'ölelo no ka mea, e papa aku oe ia i ke aupuni? ". Ma ka lua o ka 'ano like i loko o kēlā o kēia hihia, hana i pololei (hewa) pono, no kekahi mau mana ho'āpono mai, (i'āpono) ia. Ka i waeʻia, ke'ōlelo mai, aole ka naauao hoaponoia, no ka mea, mea hiki ole ke kaila o ka C. Brewer akamai o keia mawaho mana. Akā, ma keʻano mua, i ka mana ho'āpono mai, (a'āhewa mai nō hoʻi) kekahi hana, no ka mea, o ia ka pono (a hewa), mea i kalele iho ma luna o laila. Oia hoi, e hahai ana i kēia kūpili, e hiki ke kū kaʻawale nānā i ka pono mai ka hewa mākou.

Pela, ke akeakamai o Socrates a me Plato, pokole ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia ma luna, paipai e ninau (ina e hoole) i ka holomua ma ka pāʻoihana o kekahi philosophical pilikia. Kēia papa hana kōkua e hoʻopau hewa ana me ka kaumaha nīnūnē ka wā a kahea aku nei oia no ka 'imi naʻauao kūʻokoʻa. Socratic kālaiʻike concisely, a maopopo iho la i hoikeia ia iā mākou ma ka laʻana.

Evtifron ano, naʻe, 'aʻole e hoʻololi i ka pau ana o keʻano o ia i koe i ke kahua i loko o ka ia ka hoʻoponopono-o Kahoolawe, a me ka mea ua. E ho ohana i ka Socratic iaoia hele aku ai a hiki i ka lanakila o ka naʻau, akā, hiki i hoomaopopo ka poe i ka poe ana i Nonoi.

"E hoʻololi aʻe"

Aie i ka mea i Socrates i ole he kākoʻo iā ia, no ka mea he? Eia, ua hoopiiia ka poeikohoia o ka Athenian aupuni a ka lehulehu ia ia i ke olonā wāwae o ka moku'āina hoomana, a me ke keiki molestation. Ka olelo, a waiho akula ia i aku i loko o kona iho, i haawiia ma ka "hoʻololi aʻe" e Plato, a haawi mai i kaʻoi naauao o ka hoʻokokoke i ke akeakamai o Socrates, i kona pili i ka mea hiki ke ola.

ironic modesty

Wehewehe i kona nuʻukia poe akeakamai, Socrates kaha puana'ī i ka manaʻo i ke kahi e olelo ai i ia mea i ka loa akamai o na Helene. Alaila, hahai ka moʻo o ironic wehewehena thinker ho'āʻo pono e hōʻoleʻia kāna i ke kahi e'ōlelo ai i loko o nā kūkākūkā me ka pono-ike Atenai, ka mea e oiaio no e akamai ma mua o kona. Ma hope o kēlā me kēia kamailio, nae, Socrates hele mai i ka hopena e ia i ka lewa o ka naauao, i mea ole lawa kēia kanaka,ʻo ia ka hoʻomaopopo pono o ko lākou mau naaupo ana.

Ke akeakamai o ka Sophists a me Socrates pokole

Ke kumu o kēia nīnau i ke kōkua kanaka hoʻokō oiaio ka hoʻoponopono-ike, a ina e hiki aku ai i kaʻawaʻawa loa discoveries. Ke akeakamai a Socrates, pokole a me ka maopopo i mai, mau mea i iho i keia ninau. Socrates Kuapo i na Sophists kiʻina hana ka hoʻohana Logical inconsistencies e hōʻike (akā,ʻaʻole hana) ka illusion o aku o ka lanakila.

oiaio wa

A hiki ma hope o ka mea i loaʻa hewa, Socrates hoole e recant i kona hilinaʻi a me kana hana. He pū aole eʻae lawe mai o Paulo ia Atenai, a koi hamau, Hoopaa loa ana i ka lehulehu kūkākūkā o ka loa nui pilikia o ke ola a me ka pono - he integral hapa o na kanaka ola. Poe akeakamai 'Oi ka makemake i ka make, mamua o ka haʻalele lākou kālaiʻike.

A hiki ma hopeʻo ia ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka make, Socrates (kālaiʻike ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo ma luna) malie utters ka hope hua'ōlelo - manaʻo e prepares a pau o mākou i ka wā e hiki mai. Kana olelo ana i ka hopena o ka ke kanaka ma hope o ka make i ike ole ia, oia no naeʻia maila kona mau unwavering manaoio ma ka mana o ke kumu, a ua hai ma kona ola, a i i kona kānāwai. No laila, mai kēia kuanaʻike ia mea i ike i maoli lanakila i ka 'aha hoʻokolokolo.

Hana keaka kiʻi o ke kanaka ma ka Plato, hoopakela aku i ka maka ka make, akā, mai e haawi aku i ko lakou manaoio, i ka prototype o ka wā e hiki mai poe akeakamai o ka kahiko, ka poe i ka hana o kēia poʻokela thinker. Ke akeakamai a Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, pokole, a me ka mau hua'ōlelo, i kekahi like.

"Creighton": i ke kanaka, a me ka moku'āina

Description o ka lā hope o Socrates, Plato Ua hoomau aku ma ka "Creighton". Oiai ma ka halepaahao, e kali ana hoʻokō, ka poe akeakamai mau no ka malie noonoo ma ka nui kumuhana o ka mea e hopohopo nei no ia mea nō ma nui. I ka walaʻauʻana i ka manaʻo nui o ka akeakamai o Socrates pokole Kupanaha iaʻaneʻi. O na lunakanawai hoohewaia e hewa, aole ia i i thinker awaawa, a me ka huhu. Hoa e hele mai i ka halepaahao me ka pono kumumanao e pakele mai Atenai, a noho i loko o ka hoʻoponopono-kau mai ke pio, akā, Socrates malau akula komo ia i loko o ke kupono kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka pono waiwai o ia he kanawai, a kau aku la i loko o nīnau.

O ka holo ana, Creighton, a me ka 'ē aʻe poe haumana, ua maopopo nö iä ia o ko lākou mau kumu, ka mea hele mai nei e ua hoomakaukau ai no na hoopaapaa, a i ke kumukūʻai manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē ma ka lokomaikai o kona manao. Ola, e emi hooko pilikino paʻa ma loko o ke ola. A, ina i ole ai e holo aku, he nui loa, e kuhi ana i kona mau hoa mai oao, lawa ana ia ia, a no laila, e ole i hoʻonohonoho i ka pakele. Pela, i mea e hoʻokō lākou ke kuleana, a me ka malama i ka inoa maikaʻi o nā hoa, Socrates i e pakele mai ka halepaahao.

Ke oiaio Ua oi pipiʻi

Akā, i ka poe akeakamai hoowahawaha mai i kēia mau manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē i ka ole pili i ka oiaio. He aha kekahi ke olelo, ka mea aole ia i mea. E like me ka mea i oleloia ma ka "hoʻololi aʻe" e ole eʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hapanui manao, akā, i ka manao o kekahi kanaka i maoli ke ike. Wale i ka oiaio ke ia i ana no ka hoʻoholo-ana, a me nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē wale e hoopii ai i ka oiaio, oia ka mākaukau e lawe ma luna o kou mau hoa.

Socrates puka ana, mai ka mau pono rula:

- Mai hana ino (a hiki ma muli o ka hewa i hana 'ia ma ka' ē aʻe).

- He mea pono e hoolohe ana i ka moku'āina.

E makaala'na i ka olelo o ka Athenian hale ma waho,ʻo ia makemake ua hōʻike ka hookuli a me ka moku'āina, Socrates hoʻoholo ihola i ka mea e ole pakele mai ka halepaahao. E like me na manawa a pau, i kona mau hana e pahuhopu nei me ka holo ana o kona hoopaapaa ana. Poe akeakamai koho adherence i ka oiaio a me ka pono, a hiki no nae ka mea loaʻa iā ia i kona ola.

I mau, me ka hana e hana 'ano mea no kumu nui, mai ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ka pono, a me ka pakele o Socrates makemake e noʻonoʻo insubordination. Naʻe, i ka assertion ia oe e mau hoolohe ana i ka moku'āina, hiki ole e ai nui kekahi. Mai ka wahi o ka Hawaii o Socrates, ka moku'āina e hana kona poe kanaka e like me ka makua me ke keiki, a no ka mea, na makua mea mau e hoolohe i, e like me oe e mau hoolohe ana i ka moku'āina ke kumukuai. Naʻe, i ka ninau o ke admissibility o ia ka hoʻohālike mea debatable. E mālama i kā lākou mau makua - i? Aiaiiuie ka hoʻokô 'ia mākou i lawe ia, a ua ulu mai, a me ka hoolohe aku i ka moku'āina, mākou e lōʻihi a mākou e make.

I kou noonoo ana i ke kahiko Helene poe akeakamai Socrates i hōʻike mai iā ia. Akeakamai a pōkole, a, hopefully, ia mea hoike i oleloia ma keia Haawina.