Anati-monopoly kanawai. Ka Federal Antimonopoly Service. The State Antimonopoly Policy

I ua ike i kahi he mea koi, he mea mau i kaumaha. Inā poe makemake e halawai pu me ka pono o nā mea kūʻai mai, oi ma mua o kekahi, e Hōʻike ke alo ma ke kuai mea i keia mau mea e like me Competition. A me kona kōkua malama i kala, ka pono a me ka nui o ka waiwai. Inā he lehulehu a me ka hui mohai i ka lehulehu i kekahi mauʻano o ka huahana a hana, he mea wale nō hoʻokahi, a laila e hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha i ka muli o ka ai-kapaia monopoly (mai Greekʻano "kekahi mea kūʻai aku").

Noke a me ka hopena maikaʻi ', ao ke ano o ko ka poʻe i ka alo i loko o ka kuai-Hoʻohaku

Ma ka kekahi lima, i ke ola ana o ka ia i ka kŰia loaʻa pono 'ole ma o ka ulu ana o ka' epekema a me ka 'ike loea, e leie aku i ka hoike ana o ka polokalamu loea, ninini iho i loko o ke aʻo o ka palapala hōʻoia no poe hana, etc. Ma ka kekahi lima, i ka monopolization o kekahi mau kaiaulu o ka hoʻokele waiwai i ka helu o ka io, ao ke ano. Ke'ī mai, o ka mua a me ka nui o ka suppression o ka ikaika o ka makeke holomua holo - Competition.

Ka lua o ka ololi smoothly penei, mai ka mua kekahi. I ka nele o ka Competition e leie aku oe i kau kala i mea alana pono i loko o ka wahi mua, no ka hana. E hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha, e hoomahuahua i ka waiwai e lilo aku o ka waiwai ana hoemi kona auaiaea. e hiki ke artificially 'ūlōlohi mai ana i ka hooulu ana o ka' ike loea hou, e like meʻana i nā kumu waiwai maoli, a hoohaumia i ke kaiapuni Monopoly onipaa no.

Kekahi ho'āʻo i ka meakino a uuku pāʻoihana o ka like maoli e unwind, a komo i loko o ke kuai ua eliminated. Pehea, laila, e hana me ka monopolies? Pehea hiki au kākoʻo i ka hooulu ana o ka Competition, a, e pale aku i ka manawa kūpono o ka hanana o hookahi-handedly alakai onipaa no ma ke kuai? E pale aku i ka hopena maikaʻi ka hopena pili me ka monopolization o ka hoʻokele waiwai i loko o nā'āina, a me loko o Rusia, eia antitrust kānāwai. E ka lawe i ka pilina nana i ka mea i ka laulā o kēia kānāwai, kahi i hele mai, a mea kona ulu ana.

Mōʻaukala o ka me Kinohi

Antitrust kānāwai mea he lākou o okoa ana i ka pale kaua i ka Kāohiʻana a me ka hoʻokumu 'ana o ke kahua a me ka hoʻomohala o monopolies. Ka luna 'ana o kēia mau ho'āhewa wale originated i loko o ka' Amelika. Ke kumu o ko lākou helehelena o ka ai-kapaia Sherman Act (Sherman ka hana), a me "antitrust" kānāwai kakau inoa i loko o Amelika i ka 1890. Kēia palapala haʻi ineligible a criminalize kekahi ho'āʻoʻana, e ho okumu i kekahi monopoly. Eia hou, i kēia hana hoʻolauna kapu ma luna o ke kukuluia'na o ka uniona kālepa (paulele nui), AIM e ho'ēmi i Competition. ua kēia kānāwai ka mua pōhaku lepo i loko o ke kumu o ke kani'ōnaehana i kapaia "Anati-monopoly kānāwai."

Kuleana no ka hana ana i olelo hooholo e pili ana i kēia mau 'ole' ē aʻe aʻe 'ana o ke Kanawai wahi a hiki i ka noho aupuni ana. Ia mea he kūikawā hana, a hoʻi iā ka hooko omaka o ka palapala, ka mea, ua ole i ia manawa. It E e kaulana ia i ka mea,ʻaʻohe'ōnaehana, hoomaopopo ana no ke Kāohiʻana o ka ole-kaʻaeʻana mai o ka aelike pauku. Ke kiʻekiʻe, ka mea ulu o Anati-monopoly kanawai ua ho onui ana momentum.

New lewa a me nā clarifications

Nā hewa i mai ai i loko o ka hana ana o Sherman, i? Ee i ka 1914, ka wā i hele mai i ke kānāwai i loko o ka lalau wale, a me ka Clayton Act FTC Hui States. Ka mea, oi maopopo maopopo a me ka ua, ua hoakaka ia ke kumu o wehewehena, hooponopono ana a me ke kuleana no ka 'aʻe' ana i nā hua'ōlelo. Kēia mau palapala lilo i kumu o antitrust kulekele o ke USA.

Ma hope Amerika ana, e hoonui Competition, loaa mai, a me na Hawaii. I ka 1948, ka UK i hai aku i ke kānāwai ma luna o monopolies. A laila, i ka makahiki 1963, ka Antitrust Kanawai i kakau inoa ma Farani. A makahiki hope - ma Italy. Hawaiian Europe e hui i ka kaua e ku e monopolies ma ka 80-ies o ka hope kenekulia. I waena o nā'āina i kākoʻo i ke kaʻina hana o ka puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi trestovskih uniona kālepa ka mea, ua hala aku a me Rusia.

He noteworthy i kēlā me kēia aupuni i kona nā makakoho iho no ka hooulu ana o ka hoʻokele waiwai e kākoʻo i kēia kānāwai: no ka antitrust kānāwai o ka Amerika Huipuia o Amerika a me 'Eulopa, nae ka mea hele mai ana, mai ka hookahi palapala, akā, i malama i ka pono o na spheres likeʻole.

Ka Amelika kükohu ua nona ma countering ka muli o ka paulele nui e like me he kuokoa pa alima. Europa kālai'āina ua wehewehe aku ma ka hoʻokonukonuʻano papa hana e leie aku oe e kaua ioʻike manaʻo i loko o ka pukaʻana monopolies.

ʻimi hoʻopunipuni Hoʻohaku hui a me ka hoao mai ana e hana me ia

He noteworthy i hoomaka i ka Lūkini monopoly, e hele mai ia me ka hoʻomaikaʻi, a ma luna o nā kauoha o ka rula ana waiwai. State, e hookupaa aku uniona kālepa a me ka paulele nui, akā, wale i loko o kēlā mau nāʻoihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, no ka hooulu ana o na mea i hala he makakoho no ka aina o ka hiki 'like me ka a pau. O nā nā kēia: amo, ka aila a me ka lanahu hana, metallurgy, etc. Ua, nae, ma artificially hoomaka paulele nui e hana ino i ka 'ē aʻe poʻe, a me ka noho aupuni ana, e dictate kā lākou mau hua'ōlelo. I mea no ke aha la lehulehu Aupuni i hoʻoholo e hoʻolauna i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka antitrust kānāwai. Ua hiki i ka makahiki 1908. Ua lawe mua ia ka kumu iʻikeʻia a hiki i ka Sherman Kanawai. Naʻe, ke ho'āʻo mua i ka ho okumu i ka Anati-monopoly pilikino E pili i hele pu ole. Kēia ka pilina i ou wahi lihi iki ma ka pāʻoihana ahahui. Soon ka moku'āina nā loko, ua mumulu mai me hou nui nīnūnē: ka First World War, a me ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana, ua Zebulona, i ka wa o ke aupuni holoʻokoʻa.

Ma hope o kekahi manawa, i ka Soviet aupuni i hana i ka hookahi iho monopoly i kapaia "kauoha hoʻokele waiwai". ka mea,ʻaʻohe Competition. A o ka mea makemakeʻaʻa e paʻi i nā kānaka nunui e like Gosplan, Gossnab a me ka State Komite?

"Nui-kupuna kāne" o FAS

Koke ma mua o ka'opi o ka USSR, i ka makahiki 1990, i ke aupuni pae ka mea, ua hoʻokumu ka Komite State o ka Lūkini Soviet Federative Socialist Repubalika ma antimonopoly kulekele, a kākoʻo i ka hooulu ana o ka hou oicyenoaaiiie hale. Kēia kahua o ke kupuna o ka ia i ka pa alima, ka Pekelala Antimonopoly Service (FAS). A elue no ka muli o ke Komite i ka apono o ka kanawai o ka RSFSR "Ma ka republican nā keʻena kahu a me ka moku'āina Komite o ka aina." Mau loa mai o ka ulu ana o antitrust keʻena ma lalo nei i loko o ke aupuni, hoomaka ae la e loaa momentum.

Ua i loko o ka mea e hiki mai ana, i ka makahiki 1991, i ke aupuni hala ke kānāwai a hooponopono ana i Competition a me ka hoʻohāiki 'na hana o ka paulele nui, a likeʻole kālepa i loko o ka waiwai wahi kanaka. Ka olelo hooholo i hoololiia, a pau ka eha makahiki ma hope. Ka hope hopena mea i pāpā i ke kānāwai i kekahi hana o ka hui, a ninoaaeyao he aeia noʻoihana i loko o ke kuai, ina e entailed:

1.ʻaihue o ka hoʻouluhua 'ole pono o na poe kalepa.
2. i kaupalena 'o ka pelapela a me implicit Competition.

Eia hou, keia hana ua papa i kekahi aelike e pili ana i ke kumu kūʻai kulekele, ma lalo o ka niche market, a me ke kāʻili 'ana i ka waiwai, ke komo pū lākou nele.
Mau makahiki ma hope, i ka 1997, i Kapa hou i ka State Komite o ka Lūkini Soviet Federative Socialist Repubalika ma antimonopoly kulekele, a kākoʻo i ka hooulu ana o ka hou oicyenoaaiiie nā hale o ka State Antimonopoly Komite. Ma wale i kekahi mau makahiki, i kēia mahele i undergone loli lehulehu. Ua iho mai nei au i loko o ka makahiki 2004 a hiki i ka manawa lā, ka Pekelala Antimonopoly Service, ua hoʻokumu 'ia ma ke kulanui i ona.

Nāʻoihana a me nā hana o ka hui

Kēia 'Oihana mau moʻolelo' ana i ka lunahoomalu o ke Aupuni. I ka noonoo pu, ka Pekelala Antimonopoly Service ua hana i loko o ka hooponopono ana o nīnūnē kekahi aoao ai kekahi e pili ana me ka muli a me ka hoʻomohala o monopolies ka. Ma kekahi, i kēia mokuna:

1. ka noonoo ana nīnūnē e pili pū ana i kaulikeʻole Competition.
2. pū suppression, e like me ke kapu a me ka heka hana entailing hanana monopoly.
3. nā kahu nānā kaʻaeʻana i nā mea a pau na koi a me nā lula e pili ana i ka Anati-monopoly kānāwai.

A pau i ka hoʻolālā ke hoʻohana i loko o ka Lūkini kahi kuai, me ka kuai ana o ka oi ma mua o 35% o ka heluna i loko o ke aupuni, komo i loko o ka kūikawā moku'āina? Aaeno. Kēia papa e leie aku ka FAS e hana pono hooponopono i na hana o ka monopolies, a hoopaa ia ka hookolokoloia no ka 'aʻe' ana i ka antimonopoly kanawai.

Hoi i manao i Service e hoʻomōhala ana i hou i nā noi e hoʻoikaika i ka hooulu ana o ka hoʻokele waiwai nâ. Ua hoi differentiates ka hoʻohana o kēia mau ana, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka kuai kaiaulu.

e loli iki ke ano

Currently ma Rusia e i ke kapuai hookahi, e hookupaa aku i ka piha-fledged hoʻok & 'ia o ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni. Ka mea, i no ka neʻeʻana o ka waiwai ma luna o ka honua market, hoemi i ka pilikia o ka paulele nui paha ahahui i loko o ka ua market niche. Ma keia kahua o ka? Acaeoey o ka Lūkini Anati-monopoly kanawai, ua mamao loa ,ʻaʻole hemolele. Lehulehu pitfalls o na rula, a me ka likeʻole ke ano o ko lākou mau kumu alakai i ka io hopena, i ke kuleana no i moe me ke aupuni a me ka pāʻoihana. O ka loa Nā hana kue o antitrust kānāwai ke alakai i ka 'inoʻino loa.

Kānāwai Pekelala 'mea e pono ai i ike: ka mea mua loa

Forewarned ua forearmed. Ia mea ke kumu nui aʻe ka hoʻonohonoho ë he mähele wale o na rula a me na kanawai, i ka loaʻa o ke aupuni pekelala antitrust kānāwai.

Aia i ka papa kuhikuhiE wahi mau mea e malama ai i ka rula o na hana o ka hoʻonohonohoʻia. Ka lala mua kēia antitrust, i ka olelo o ka i i kauohaia aku ai ka Hoʻohaku-poe a artificially hana mai kona kumu kūʻai. Ua kuhikuhi ua hooponopono ma na kēia mau lula.

1. Federal Law "Ma Competition a me ka palena o monopolistic ha awina ma huakūʻai wahi kanaka". Kēia hana i hele mai i loko o ka ikaika ma luna o ka iwakalua-lua i loko o March 1991. He mea ka papa palapala, ma i ka hooponopono ana o monopolists.

2. Federal Law "Ma 'ohana ka palekana o Competition i loko o ke kālā lawelawe kuai." Ua Ua aponoia e ka iwakalua-hapakolu i loko o June 1999.

Kānāwai Pekelala 'mea e pono ai, e ike: i ka lua o ka hapa

Kekahi lālā, a e loli ai ka antimonopoly kanawai i loko o Rusia, mea e hooponopono i ka hana keʻano o ka hanaʻana o nā maoli monopolies. Ka hope nā ke alahao a me ka wai lako, hale a me nā kaʻakālai a papa hana. Ke functioning o kēia 'ano o nā mea nānā' ana i kekahi mau mea:

1. Federal Law "Ma maoli monopolies". Ua Ua aponoia ma ka hapalua like-July 1995 ka State Duma. A ka mea, i hele mai i loko o ka lalau wale, he uuku hope - August 17. He laila, pinepine ae la oia malalo i ka hooponopono a me ka lewa.

2. hookama April 28, 1997 paa o ka Peresidena o ka Russian Hui "Ma ka mihi o ka hale a me ke kaiāulu lawelawe."

3. iwakalua December 1997 kauoha i kakauinoaia e ke Aupuni o ka Russian Hui "Ma ka polokalamu o de-monopolization a me ka ulu ana o Competition i loko o ka hale noho a me ke kaiāulu lawelawe makeke no 1998-1999."

4. Pekelala antitrust kānāwai i hooponopono ia e koho pelekikena paa "Ma ka ulu ana o Competition i loko o ka hoʻolako 'ia' ana o nā lawelawe no ka malama a me ka kapili ana o ka moku'āina a me ka kulanakauhale hale dala", i hele mai i loko o ka lalau wale, i ka hope o Maraki 1996.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i nā ka mua a me ka lua o kaʻaoʻao i pololei hookoia, a ma ka 'āina' kiʻekiʻe. Russian antimonopoly kanawai i loko o ke kula, aole kumu oko mai o nā mea i ho'ākāka 'ia i mea laha ma ka ikaika ma ka aina. Ke apono ana o nā rula ma ka 'āina' kiʻekiʻe wale hōʻike i ka makemake o ka hooko kino, e haawi pekelala rula legitimacy i loko o kekahi wae wahi o ka moku'āina.

Mākou e uku mau noonoo ana i ka mea i antitrust kānāwai i ka helu o ka hoʻokau 'ia ka hoʻohāiki' i ke ku okoa ana o ka olelo hooholo-ana ma kekahi pāʻoihana ē aʻei kūpono. A, loa interestingly, ka mea, i ke kū hoʻokahi hoʻohālike au i nā Lūkini loio i'ōnaehana ka loa Hōʻuluʻulu 'ole. Ka la mahope, i ka huli, oia no ka moʻo o Hōʻuluʻulu manaÿo.

Description o ka iniiaiie Kanawai

He iwakalua-lua ma March 1995 ma ke Aupuni o ka RSFSR aponoia ke kānāwai "Ma Competition a me ka palena o monopolistic ha awina ma huakūʻai wahi kanaka". No kekahi mau makahiki, i inā keia hana, a hooponopono hou. I ka wā e hiki mai 'atikala, a hoomaka ae la i ka palapala Ho'ākāka' ka walaʻauʻana rula o keʻano papa hana i kapaia "Antitrust".

Initially, i ka olelo hooholo oia o ehiku pauku. Ua kekahi o ia i ua UAIAaIN e kaawale kānāwai, oiai kekahi poe e wale hou ma ka poe ikaika no lakou. Naʻe, ka mea, o keia mea i ka papa kuhikuhiE palapala i loko o ke kahua o Lūkini Anati-monopoly pilikino E pili.
A manawa pōkole nānā i mea kēlā me kēia māhele o ke Kanawai.

1. Ka mua loa o ka ike ia "General ai" i ke kānāwai. Ua ninoieo o ka eha 'atikala e hai aku ana i / ma:
He) No ka hahai aku la i keia rula hooponopono, a me na mea heʻano papa hana like antitrust, e like me kona 'ole;
b) ka laulā o ke noi ana o ke kānāwai;
c) ka Competition luna o ke aupuni pekelala a me ka 'āina' pae;
g) ke kumu o manaÿo i i loaʻa i loko o ke kikokikona o ka palapala.

2. Ka lua o ka pauku o ka iniiaiie a me ka mea nui i ka hoʻonohonohoʻia. Ua wehewehe i ke ano, e like me ka pono me ka hoʻolako 'ana i hiki hoailona o ke alo aku o kaʻaha kanaka o ka makeke e alakai monopolistic hana. Articles 5-9 hooponopono i ka hana o ka poʻe? Iaeoe? I Hoʻohakuʻoihana i loko o ka ua wahi o ka hoʻokele waiwai.

3. Oia no ka hoʻokahi 'atikala ke kolu o ka pauku o ke kānāwai nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i manaÿo e like me kaulikeʻole Competition a antitrust kānāwai like me ka mea e hakakā ia.

4. ka hapaha o ke kānāwai ninoieo o eono pauku. Kēlā me kēia no ia ma ka huli pane i ka i kēia mau nīnau:

i) He aha nō nā hana a me ka mana o ka antimonopoly kino;
b) i loaʻa i kona mana;
c) ka mea i ka mana pono e loaa ka 'ike o nāʻano likeʻole;
g) ina e pono ia i ka oi ikepili he nui;
e) i loaʻa i nā kuleana o ka antimonopoly mana ma luna o ke kahe o ka malama o kālepa hūnā 'ia';
e) He aha kōkua keʻena ma lalo nei i loko o ka ulu ana o ka entrepreneurship a me ka Competition.

5. ka lima o ka pauku hōʻike ai i ka mea heluhelu i nāʻano likeʻole o ka moku'āina mana ma luna hana-monopolists. Ua be eha māhele.

6. Next, i ke kuleana no ka 'aʻe' ana i antitrust kānāwai. Haku o eono māhele, keia pauku hoʻolako i ka loa a me ka hulina manaʻo o ka / ma:

he) muli o hooko ana o na hooponopono ana a me nā kauoha hoopuka ia ma ka antimonopoly kino;
b) na ano o ka aie no ka 'aʻe' ana i ka antimonopoly kanawai;
c) na ke kuleana, o ke kalepa a me ka ole-e pono ai e hana i loko o ka hanana o non-kumu ma ke Kanawai;
g) aie no ka 'aʻe' ana o ke kānāwai, a me nā luna o nā 'aoʻao;
d) loaa o ke poho;
e) ke kuleana o ke aupuni pekelala antimonopoly kino o na kanaka ma ka hihia o ka 'aʻe' ana o ka ai o ke kānāwai.

7. Ka pauku hope 'ia nā pūʻulu mai i ke kaʻina hana no ka hookamaia, hooko a me ka hoʻopiʻi kū'ē' ana i na kauoha i i hoopuka ia e ka antimonopoly mana.

Oia nei ka 'ole o ke kānāwai mua kālai'āina i ka hana o ka Hoʻohaku poʻe. Ua, he nui o na 'atikala o keia palapala i kaawale piha hana.

Nā Papahana O Ka kéu aʻe 'ana o ka antimonopoly kanawai

Ua mea noteworthy i ka hapanui o ke kānāwai ua papa nei i ka hana ia e like me ia, a me ka hope i e hana ma hope o ia. Kēia mea entails, alahula mau pilikia ole wale i ka pāʻoihana nāʻoihana, akā, no hoi no na kanaka a me ka hoʻolālā mua.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE hihia ma ka hoomaopopo ana i ka papa inoa o ka hana e hiki alakai i nāʻano likeʻole o ka io hopena, me ka hoohuoi ana i ka antitrust kānāwai a me ka hooponopono ana o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka hana. Inā e ike i kekahi mau wahi e alakai i ka hahau ana o ka loio i kanawai, ka mea hiki ke pakele hoʻolālā i ke kūpono 'ana o ka hui, a i ka Loiloi i ka waiwai ka pilikia. Ma kekahi hihia, i ka manawa kūpono no ka mea maʻamau hana o ke kaʻina mea wale ole.

E like me ka mau rula, i mea e loaʻa mai i ka hopena maikaʻi hopena o kekahi mau hana i hoʻokō 'Organization, ia mea e pono ke hana i ka hoʻokolokolo pono aneiai Ka Ikepili. Aʻaʻahu hoʻomanaʻo e ho'āʻo ai ma laila. Hihia o ka 'aʻe' ana o antitrust kanawai i kulana kupono ma muli o ka rula helu 220, i ua kapaia: ", ke kaʻina hana no ke kālailai i ka moku'āina o Competition i loko o ka huakūʻai market" Keia olelo hooholo i aponoia April 28, 2010 ka Pekelala Antimonopoly Service o ka Russian Hui ma ke kauoha.