Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka machines o kekahi styles. Original examples o hou kuhikuhipuʻuone

World kuhikuhipuʻuone hoʻomohala ma lalo o nā kānāwai o ka ekalesia Hoʻohaku. ? Eeuo civic hale nana aku la loa ai uku, oiai o ka luakini, hahau aku la i kona hanohano. Ma ka Middle Ages ka ekalesia, ua nui loa hoʻi e nā clergy kiekie ae loaa ana mai o ka moku'āina, ma ka hou, donations o kanaka e hele mai ana i loko o ka ekalesia waihonakala. Me keia kala, ua kūkuluʻia a me ka ekalesia a pau ma luna o Rusia. haʻalele nui ia e makemake ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka kivila kuhikuhipuʻuone o ia manawa. Eia naʻe, mai ka 18th kenekulia, ke kulana hoʻololi radically. Ua kūkuluʻia na Ekalesia a me cathedrals ua me ka hoʻokali kūpono 'hana maʻamau, akā, i ka pae aina, i ke alii o ka aina hale, a hiki i na hale i ka maikai, imi mea hihiu ana wahi me ka nui loa i hoʻohuiʻia i ke ano hoohanohano a me ka nani. Style hale, ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka hale, na alanui a me mika pāhoʻonui lua i ua noke hou. Nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone noʻonoʻo i ka mahalo nui kanaka.

I kakahiaka nui Kokika kaila

Kū hoʻokahi examples o kahiko kuhikuhipuʻuone - ka Hale Pule Nui, i i kūkulu mai o ka hapalua like 12th kenekulia ma ka akau wahi o Farani. Ka nui loa Kokika Hale Pule Nui i kūkuluʻia i loko o Amiens, i ka 1220. Hope o ka ia Kokika Hale Pule Nui kukulu i loko o ke kūlanakauhale Kelemānia o Cologne, i pau kona kapili i ka 1248.

Ma ia laua me ka Kokika i loko o ka 12th - 14th kenekulia ke kino a me ka Romanesque kuhikuhipuʻuone i loko o ka Middle Ages. Italian nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone, e kukulu i ka hale me nā pā pōhaku hiki ole mānoanoa, ka hale mea makemake e like me ka pā kaua. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka Romanesque kuhikuhipuʻuone - he kūkulu like koa pakaua. I ka lalo pae i Ua pololei ai ka ikaika, pono kīvila kanaka, 'elua papa oia o nā hale kiaʻi, a turrets, a me ka mau huinahń loa ma ka manao, nui a me ka meaʻuʻuku. A pau o ka hale kiaʻi, he ololi, kiʻekiʻe puka makani, hoʻokino e like battlements. Romanesque kuhikuhipuʻuone i loko o ka Middle Ages mai i kona manawa. Kaua mauʻohana hookahi i nele i hiki ole e aho hoʻomākaukau no ka hoʻokō palekana, mai na kaua o kaʻenemi, a me ka ohana kākela hale aliʻi no keia mea.

kahiko kuhikuhipuʻuone

I ka wā kahiko, i uku ia i ka hailona o ka noonoo ana i ka hana o ka lehulehu hale. O ua nui hale papahana no ka hoʻolālā o ka nuipa a E hoike mai. Roman nā hālāwai, papahana no na umi o na tausani o nā kanaka mākaʻikaʻi, ke kahiko Helene agora, mea he nunui hamama wahi piha me ka poʻe ma luna o ka kela la i keia kumu, poe paahana a me ka poe kalepa. Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka wā kahiko Aigupita ua me ka nui loa okoa mai ka Roma, mua o nā mea a pau, i na ko Aigupita, aole i ka nui o na tausani hoakoakoa ae la ma kekahi wahi. Aigupita moʻolelo ua uhukiia ma ka 15th kenekulia BC, ka wā i ke kuhikuhipuʻuone ua o ka conditional ano. Hale i kūkulu o ka limestone a me ka ulaula pūlehu akula i ka palolo. About styles mea iʻikeʻia a hiki i ka Aigupita kahiko,ʻaʻole he mea e hopohopo nei e pili ana i kapaia ko lakou mau hale, a pehea e kūkulu hale ma luna, e pale aku caiieiaiey, mai ka wai hālani o ka muliwai.

warrants

Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o kahiko Greek ua no ka hapanui loa hoʻomōhala ma luna o ka hana ana o ka luakini hale, kekahi o na mea i hiki mākou manawa. I nā mea i lilo ai ka nohoaliʻi kekahi mau kuhikuhipuʻuone styles:

• Doric - Features ka mea, mana ano, i kekahi o ko lākou kaumaha-kaulike. Doric kolamu nō ma luna o kaʻilikai hano, hohonu Groove, e holo ana mai ka lalo kumu a hiki i ke poo. Ke papamoe laina ma Doric - keia architrave, a hoʻohuiʻia ke kolamu a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka abacus, luna kŰlń ao frieze iloko olaila o nā papa - triglyphs a me metopes. A pau i kahi hookahi palapala entablement i 'elele gezimsom, cornice me ka nui waho protrusion.

• Ionic mea - hoohalikeia ia i ke Doric okoa huliāmahi wale. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hoailona o ka pili a hiki i ka Ionic mea o ke kapikala o ke kolamu-hoʻokino papalua volute pahuna curls ia. Ionic mea ua noʻonoʻo pono i kuhikuhipuʻuone feminine kaila, e like me ia i hoohehee maemae, a hou nā mea hoʻonani. Aia ua mea i loko o ka VI kenekulia BC, ma Ionia, ma ka Koro mokuna o ka Aegean kai. A kenekulia ma hope, e hohola a puni kahiko Greece. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hale i loko o ka Ionic kaila - ia mea he luakini no ke akua wahine Hera ma ka mokupuni o Samo, i kukulu ia i ka 570 BCE, a ua koke luku e ke olai. A me ka loa kaila hale i loko o ka Ionic mea o ka luakini o Diana ma Epeso - kekahi o ka "ʻEhiku i na mea kupanaha o ka Honua."

• Corinthian mea - i ka loa hou, okoa mai nā kūikawā hanohano. Kolamu ma ka kiʻi a me ka entablature e hoohalike ai symptoms o ka Ionic mea, akā, i ka abacus a me ke poʻo i loaʻokoʻa. Corinthian kaila piha o Nani Loa, kona mau poo, keia Floral mau manao ma ke anapuni nā lālaniʻelua o ka acanthus lau. Capital no hoi e nani ai kā nui līlia volyutok.

"Palladianstva"

I kakahiaka nui 18th kenekulia i koho ma ka muli o ka hou au ma ka honua moʻomeheu - classicism. Regular kinona, a akaka e wānana a me huliāmahi - lakou nei a pau i ka papa kuhikuhiE ana hoʻohālike o kuhikuhipuʻuone classicism. A malama pono follower o ke kaila kahiko o ka luakini kuhikuhipuʻuone, ka Venetian haku Palladio me ka haumāna Scamozzi kākoʻo i kona pähola 'o kahiko classicism. Ke ao ana, ua kapaia "palladianstva" a lilo i lohe nui ia i loko o ka hana ana o kekahi hale. Style "classicism" ma ka kuhikuhipuʻuone hoao ia e technologically holomua a me ka hoʻohana-launa i ka olelo o ka manao a me ka? Ieoaeunoai o ka hale.

Sunset kuhikuhipuʻuone "Baroque"

E like me ka mea huli mai, i ka lilo ana o na hale i kukulu ia ma ka hou kaila, ua me ka nui loa lalo. Hale OAOOUIEeE brevity, "hahau holika" Late Baroque mea o ka hala, a me kona symmetrical classicism-iho haku mele 'ana a me ka hanohano mea keʻakeʻa o ka mea hoʻonani e ho onui ana kânaka. Europa connoisseurs o kuhikuhipuʻuone masterpieces, ua makaukau, e haʻalele i ke baroque a me ka rococo ma ka lokomaikai o ke keʻena ma luna, me ka memo o kālaiʻike, rigorous a me ka leo hone classicism.

Ka poʻe, ua kūkuluʻia kekahi mau hale ma lalo o ka lima o Andrea Palladio, ka loa kaulana o i i ka hale aliʻi o ke "Rotonda" kokoke Vicenza. Style "classicism" loaa koke hiʻona i kuhikuhipuʻuone. Paris ua literally waikahe me ka hana. Ma lalo o Louis XV kukulu ia holoʻokoʻa kuhikuhipuʻuone eiiieaenu, e like me he Concorde. A me ka manawa o ka noho alii ana o Louis XVI "laconic classicism" ka mea, ua lilo ia he nui nā mea kū i loko o hoʻokiwikā kuhikuhipuʻuone. Ma hope iho o ka hooko ana o ka Farani, King, a me ka hookahuli ana i ke aupuni mō'ī i ka makahiki 1793 ma Palika no ka lōʻihi manawa kukulu i randomly a inconsistently.

Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone kaila o ke aupuni a pau

Ma ka hopena o 18th kenekulia classicism hoomaka ae la e hoole, i nele i ke kūkulu houʻana o ka moʻomeheu holoʻokoʻa i ka nui a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone like kona ke keʻena wahi.

I wahi o ke classicism hele mai i ka hou kaila i loko o ke akamai a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, i kapaia o aupuni a pau, i originated a? Ac? I loko o Farani, i ka noho alii ana o Napoleon I. Ka muli o ka hou nā mea kū i ka ukuia maʻaʻohe hapa uuku wale no i pili kalai aupuni kumu. Ke Aupuni o He Hoikehonua ho'āʻo e hoʻokō i kona iho ai-i kapaia o "imperial" kaila o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, ka wā e lilo ai maopopo i classicism e hele mai ana i ka pau. Pehea hōʻuluʻulu a pompous aupuni a pau, a pau nā styles o 19th kenekulia kuhikuhipuʻuone fits hemolele i loko o ka hale agglomerates, akā, i ke kākauʻana mea nō ma luna o ka "aliʻi" ao ao.

Ma ka Russian aupuni a kuhikuhipuʻuoneʻikeʻia i ka noho alii ana o Alexander I, ka mea kupaʻa i ka Palani moʻomeheu, a manao iho la ia e pono no ke hoomaikai nei. He mea känalua 'ka Auguseto kono kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone mai Palani, Auguste Montferrand, no ke kukulu ana i ke kaulana o St. Isaac ka Hale Pule Nui. Style ma kuhikuhipuʻuone - na aupuni a pau - ua iʻaʻahu i loko o kona ano, ka mea, ua maheleia i loko o ka St. Petersburg, a Moscow, a mau ae la ia a hiki i ka hapalua like-19th kenekulia. Ma waho aʻeo ia St. Isaac ka Hale Pule Nui, i kukulu ia i ka makahiki 1858, ma St. Petersburg he mea kekahi masterpiece i loko o ka "aliʻi" kaila o ka Kazan Hale Pule Nui Andrei Voronikhin, a ma Moscow "Triumphal e pio". Russian kaila ma ka kuhikuhipuʻuone Aupuni a pau - he kanakolu-makahiki manawa, i ka hana o keʻano masterpieces.

Kuhikuhipuʻuone Hawaii o St. Petersburg

Kekahi o na kulanakauhale loa koʻikoʻi i loko o ke ao nei o kuhikuhipuʻuone manaʻo nui o ke kulanakauhale o St. Petersburg, i ka Hawaii Capital o Rusia. Aie i ka ka hoʻomauʻana o ka Lūkini a me ka Western Europa hoʻokiwikā hoʻolālā ka hoao ana i loko o ka XVIII - XIX kenekulia, ma St. Petersburg, Ua hoʻokumuʻia kekahi hanana conglomerate. Ke kūlanakauhale ua poe e umikumamalima okoa kuhikuhipuʻuone styles, harmonious polyphony i hana i ka hanana kiʻi o ka hawaiano o kekahi mau mōʻaukala manawa i loko o hoʻokahi. Nā palena o nā hana hoopilikia wale ia, aole maopopo ia, "blurred", akā, na hoailona a pau o ka hala ma ka nanaia mai.

Petersburg kuhikuhipuʻuone nā ewalu mau mea i mea Hoʻohaku:

• Baroque "Peter", i ka hoʻomaka o ka 18th kenekulia;
• Baroque "Elizabeth", i ka waena o ka 18th kenekulia;
• Kokika, i ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 18th kenekulia;
• classicism, i ka pau ana o ka 18th kenekulia;
• Russian aupuni a pau, i kakahiaka nui 19th kenekulia;
• Pakebona, i ka waena o ka 19th kenekulia;
• eclectic, i ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 19th kenekulia;
• Art Nouveau, i kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia;

Petero ka baroque - i hoohuliia mai Italian a me Palani Baroque. Kekahi mau artsy kaila Ua hoʻokipaʻia e Peter I, a me kona entourage. Naʻe, i ka manawa no a ka heyday o Baroque, ua restless, kaua lehulehu luku waihona waiwai. Ieoaeunoai o hou hale underfinanced, a me ka mea, i ka hopena ma luna o lākou mea e like ai. Ka Baroque kaila Ua koho wale nō ma luna o ka facades, accentuated ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone LIKE: na pediments, pilasters me volutes, na spiers ma ka hale. Nā interiors Ua unuhiʻia ma luna o ke kumu o ka Pakipika, ka mea, me ka nui loa ho'ēmi i kā ka lilo o ke kūkulu. Petrine Baroque Kīwala'ō ma St. Petersburg, mai 1703 a hiki i 1740, ma hope o ka make ana o ka Auguseto i ka 1725 Activity ma lalo o aelike iʻEulopa nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone hoole mai, akā, hana mau ia keia mea i kekahi 15 makahiki.

Ka mea i piʻi i ka noho aliʻi i loko o 1741 i ke kaikamahine o Peter I Elizabeth imi iho la e centralize ka mana, ma ka hou, ua i malihini i ka hana maʻamau, nani, sumptuousʻahaʻaina a me nā waihoʻoluʻu. Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o hoʻokiwikā sprawl i ka noho alii ana o Elizabeth lilo loa ia pomposity a me ka pretentiousness, no laila, ua iho ae la kaila "Elizabethan baroque". I ka papa kuhikuhiE kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone o ka manawa ua Bartolomeo Rastrelli, ka mea i hana i ka masterpiece o kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka honua nui - ke Winter Palace, Aia ma ka Palace Square, i ua iʻikeʻia ka "ʻeleʻele," me he iau.

Papa inoa o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, kukulu i ka noho alii ana o Elizabeth ka baroque:

• Anichkov Palace (1741 - 1753).
• Summer Dvorets Elizavety (1741 - 1744), i ole, ua malamaia.
• Grand Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Ekateringofsky Palace (1747 - 1750), i ole, ua malamaia.
• Smolny Hale Pule Nui, i kukulu ia ma St. Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov Palace, St. Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• Apuni ka Palace ma ka Central Slingshot (1751 - 1754), i ole, ua malamaia.
• Ke Ana Palace ma Tsarskoye Selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, Nevsky nānā ana (1753 - 1754).
• Ma Rotehama-Epiphany mokukaua Hale Pule Nui (1753 - 1762).
• House Shuvalov ma ka Italia alanui (1753 - 1755).
• Winter Palace (1754 - 1762).
• Hale Nui Yakovleva (1762 - 1766), i ole, ua malamaia.

Kokika ma St. Petersburg

Ke kūlanakauhale ma ka Neva o kekahi o ka loa kū hoʻokahi kūlanakauhale i loko o ke ao nei i loko i ka moʻomeheu mea ai like. Kokika kuhikuhipuʻuoneʻikeʻia i loko o St. Petersburg i ka 1777, ka mea, ua Chesma Palace a me Chesma Church. Like o ka hihia a me ka "Petero ka baroque", i kēia mau hale a mai aole i hiki maopopo halawai me ke kaila. Kokika hehee wale oihana me he mawaho 'ona e - facades, hoaka, mau Tora, kiʻekiʻe spiers. E halihali ana i nā hale o nā hale hula ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka Nohie noaia. I mea, ia ua feria, no nae i loko o ka 19th kenekulia i kūkuluʻia he nui ka helu ana o na ekalesia a me ka naita ma hale.

Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone kaila o "classicism" Ua hoʻomohala i loko o ka manawa, mai 1760 a hiki i ka makahiki 1780. Petersburg i ka manawa ua makaukau no ka loli. Building, kūkuluʻia i loko o ka panina kaila, kupono ike i loko o ka hoʻokiwikā panorama. Mawaena o ka loa pepeiaohao nui hale i na kēia:

• "Imperial Halau o Nice Arts", kūkuluʻia ma luna o Vasilevsky Island i ka 1764 -1788 makahiki.
• Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
• Ka pale Gardens o ka Smallʻeleʻele, (1764-1775).
• Armenian Church (1771-1776).
• Kinikini Palace (1768-1785)
• Tauride Palace (1783-1789).
• Hoʻouku Institute o ka Empress Ana (1806-1808).

Classicism i ka mua o kipa St. Petersburg o ka Russian aupuni a pau. I ka loli o ke kuhikuhi ana i hana unnoticed. Oiai ka kuhikuhipuʻuone kaila o ke aupuni a pau i loko o ke koi ma Farani, e like me ka hapa o ka kokololio loli lawe wahi i loko o ke aupuni. Ua lewa i ka 'iʻini o Napoleon, a lilo iho la ia i ka hōʻailona o ke hou ola no ka Palani. A Russian aupuni a pau auou caiaiai i ka classicism, aohe mea hou aku. Petersburg kuhikuhipuʻuone hoʻomohalaʻia kona mau kānāwai. A nui hopena ma luna o kona ho okumu i ka Palani moʻomeheu.

Kuhikuhipuʻuone & For the

Ieoaeunoai o ka noho a me ka sacral, Manor hale a me ka ekalesia, na halepaahao a me ka oihana a pau ma ka hale. Kekahi me nā hale i mea pili i ka lehulehu ke ola i ka i kuhikuhipuʻuone hiʻona. Kekahi o na hale i kūkuluʻia ma ka ikaika e like me na aesthetics o ka hale rula, i ke kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone pinepine e hoʻokele i loaʻa ai kilakila hualoaʻa. Masterpieces o kuhikuhipuʻuone nō i manaʻo, no ka mea, kiʻi i ole i nei. i waho Photo oe, a hoomaka ae la e hoʻomohala wale nō i loko o ka hapa mua o ka 19th kenekulia. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole koke hiki ke puku i ke kiʻi i loko o ka Hawaii photo. Kuhikuhipuʻuone - Ua mau keʻano luna 'kiʻi, a me na mea he nui malu a me ka nanahe a me ka mea maʻamau i i hāʻawi aku iā lākou i ka daguerreotype, ma ka una honua launa wale i lalo ke kina ole me ka maalea contours. A me na Artists hoomau e huki.

Akā, i ka makahiki hala, hou kiʻi, a laila, hele mai la ka manawa o kekahi hale ua i hiki ke kiʻi i. Kuhikuhipuʻuone, aptly Classic, o "paʻahau mele", a he nui makemake i ka puolo waiho waho ma ka hoomanao i loko o ka palapala o nā kiʻi makemake. People posed e ku e ia i ke kāʻei kua o ko lākou mau wahi i noho ai a imi e haalele kokoke i kekahi kaulana hale. Kekahi mau styles o kuhikuhipuʻuone, a me nā kiʻi i ka hale noʻonoʻo maikaʻi palapala, lilo mahalo. I ka lā i kakahiaka nui o ka For the, ka hapanui o na kii i kekahiʻohana, a me nā kiʻi o nā hale.

Styles kuhikuhipuʻuone me examples

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka kuhikuhipuʻuoneʻano o styles, i kela mea keia mea o lakou i kekahi mau hiʻona e emi iho i ka wahi, he typical ona a me ka manawa au i loko i keia hale i kūkulu.

Kaawale, i ka styles loa kaulana o ke kuhikuhipuʻuone hiki i pōhaku puna examples:

• Aupuni a pau - "e pio o ka General Staff" ma St. Petersburg ka Palace Square (1819 - 1829), kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone Carlo Rossi;
• classicism - "Trinity Hale Pule Nui ma Alexander Nevsky hoailona" (1776 - 1790), i ke kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone o ka mea kahiko. St. Petersburg;
• Kokika - "Sevastyanov House" (1863 - 1866), kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone epilepsy, Ekaterinburg;
• Baroque - "Stroganov Palace" i loko o St. Petersburg, ma ka Nevsky e nānā ana (1752 - 1754), kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone Rastrelli;
• Pakebona - Ka Hale Pule Nui "Santa Maria del Fiore" ma Florence (1417 - 1436), kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone Brunelleschi;
• Nouveau - "House o na mea hoolea" ma St. Petereburge (1902 - 1904), kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone Suzor.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone hoike i ke kūpono 'ana o nā Huli i likeʻole ma luna o nā kenekulia.

Original examples o keia la ka kuhikuhipuʻuone

I keia la, i ke ao nei, ua lawa ka makakū nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone e hana aku me ka ultramodern manao. Other papahana i hoʻokahi wale nō utilitarian ano, akā, ma laila nō ka poʻe e hiki ke kapaia mua. No ka laʻana, ma lapana, ma ka vogue ma ka hale ma luna o nā kala. E like me ka'āina o ka hikina a ka lā o ke ōlaʻi, hoomaka ae la ke Kepani nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone hoonoho iho la i na hale i nui kala i ka lahui mau nō mea. Penei, iloko o ka hale ōlaʻi pono hoʻomaka e a kowali ae, fluctuations aftershocks hiki ole ia ia ke hana i kekahi hewa.

Aia nā kiʻi hale, a nō ka hopena o ka makakū manao manaʻo. Ke kaulana Spanish kulanakauhale o Pakelona, a ua pono ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe mua i loko o ke ao nei i loko o ka helu o ka palapala hale, ua hana na nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone kekahi masterpiece. Kēia hale, flipped "i lalo ke alo". Ke 'ole ke kū ma luna o ka hale a me kona hana leʻaleʻa iauaeoia oo? Ecia.