Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka semiconductors. Kind, ka waiwai, he mea hiki noi

'O ka semiconductor kaulana loa ka silikino (Si). Akā, ma waho o ia, he nui nā mea'ē a'e. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike i maoli, ka mea uholo uila noi i blende (ZnS), cuprite (cu ₂ O), galena (PBS) a me na mea e ae. He'ohana semiconductors, e like me nā semiconductors synthesized i loko o nā laboratories,'o ia kekahi o nā papa ma'alahi o nā mea i'ike'ia e nā kānaka.

Nā'ano o semiconductors

O ka 104 hehee wale o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, he mea hiki ke hooheheeia 79, 25 - nonmetals mai a ka 13 Nine Inch hehee noho semiconducting waiwai a me 12 - dielectric. 'O ka'oko'a nui ma waena o nā semiconductors,'o ka ho'onui nui'ana o kā lākou'oihana elela me ka pi'i'ana o ka mahana. Ma nā mahana ha'aha'a, e like lākou me nā mea makelectrics, a ma ke ana wela e like lākou me nā alaka'i. 'Oko'a kēia mau semiconductors i nā metala:'o ke kū'ē'ana o nā pi'i he nui e like me ka pi'i'ana o ka mahana.

'O kekahi kumu'ē a'e i waena o ka semiconductor a me ke kinona,'o ka hopena o ka semiconductor e hā'ule ana ma lalo o ka hana o ka mālamalama,'oiai'a'ole ka mea hao e ho'ololi i ke kinona. Ho'opili'ia ka hawewe'ana o nā semiconductors me ka ho'okomo'ana i kahi li'ili'i o ka haumia.

Hiki ke'ike'ia nā'ōmipiki i loko o nā mehana pūpa'a me nā hanana pōhaku'ano he nui. Hiki ia i nā'enehana like me ka silikoni a me ka selenium, ai'ole ka pālua pū, e like me ka gallium arsenide. He nui ke aloha i huiʻia, e like me polyacetylene, (Ch) _n, - mea uholo uila lako. Kekahi semiconductors ho'āʻoʻume mākenēki (Cd _1-m HI _m Te) ole ferroelectric waiwai (SbSI). Other alloying me ka lawa lilo superconductors (GeTe a me SrTiO _3). 'O ka nui o nā superconductors hou i'ike'ia nei i kēia manawa, he mau papahana ho'ohālike'ole. No ka laʻana, La ₂ CuO ₄ o ka mea uholo uila, akā, i ke kahua o ka oka a me ka M. i sverhrovodnikom (La _1-m M. _{m) 2} CuO _4.

Ke kālaikūlohea puke e ka wehewehena like me ka mea uholo uila nā me ka uila resistivity o mai 10 ^-4 a hiki i 10 ⁷ ohms · m. Hiki ke ho'ololi'ia kekahi ho'ohālike'ē a'e. 'O ka laulā o ka hui i pāpā'ia o kahi semiconductor mai ka 0 a 3 eV. 'O nā metala a me nā semimetal he mau'eneka me ka'ōlohelohe o ka makani, a'o nā mea i'oi aku i ka 3 eV i kapa'ia he mau insulators. Aia nā kumu kū'ē. Eia kekahi la'ana, he diamond semiconductor i kahi o ka mea i pāpā'ia e laulā 6 eV,'o GaAs ma kahi o ka 1.5 - eV. 'O GaN, he mau mea no nā'ōnaehana optoelectronic i ka'āpana polū, aia kekahi pālā kapu i pāpā'ia e ka laulā 3.5 eV.

'O ke kelepona

Ke māhele'ia nā'ōpili o nā māna ma ka'ōmole tiohi i'elua mau pu'upu'u ike-kahi kahi kūpono ma kahi ki'eki'e loa a me ka ho'oholo'ana i ka ho'okalakupua'ana o nā semiconductors, a me ka'āpana o ka pale pale i lalo. 'O kēia mau pā'ali, e pili ana i ka hō'ailona o ka'ōmole aniani a me ka ho'ohui'ia'ana o nā mana, hiki ke hana a ho'oka'awale paha. I ka hopena hope, aia he mākia ike ma waena o nā āpana ai'ole, ma nā'ōlelo'ē a'e, ka kapana i'a'a'ia.

'O kahi a me ka ho'opiha'ana i nā kaulike e ho'oholo i nā mea hana o ka mea. Ma kēia kumu, ua māhele'ia nā mea i loko o conductors, insulators a semiconductors. 'O ka laulā o ka pēpili i kapu'ia o kahi semiconductor ke'ano like'ole i loko o ka 0.01-3 eV, o ka'ahuhuhu ikepili keu ka mea i'oi aku ma mua o 3 eV. 'A'ole kūpono nā mīkini i nā ki'eki'e o ka ikehu ike.

Semi-conductors a me nā dielectric, ma ke'ano like me nā metala, loa'a kahi hō'ailona hō'ailona piha me nā electrons, a'o ka māhele ka'awale kokoke i'ole ke kālai ka'awale kokoke i ka pale o ka'ike palekana-'o ka māhele o ka ho'olālā koho lelo.

I ka nui'ole o ka ikehu a me ka māmā elele elele no ka ho'oku'u'ana i kēia āpau,'a'ole komo nā'emera i ka pūpana ho'onaninani. 'A'ole hiki iā lākou ke ho'o'uni i nā'ōmole tiohi a lilo i mea lawe i ke kukui.

I mea e ho'onāukiuki ai i ka ho'okele eletise, pono e hā'awi i ka meahuhu e ho'onā i ka'ikehuhu. Ho'oi'a wale nō i ka nui o ka ikehu ma lalo o ka nui o ka pu'upu'u ike, e hele ka electrona mai ka pae pale i ka pae ho'ona'auao.

Inā pi'i ka laulā o ka pu'upu'u ike i 4 eV, hiki'ole ke hiki i ka laulā o ka hawewe'eke o ka semiconductor ma ka ho'omelepa a me ka ho'omehana'ana - hiki'ole i ka ikaika o nā electrons ma ka melting temperature ke lawa'ole no ka lele'ana ma ka'āpana ikehu-ka'ole. Ke ho'onā'ia, e ho'ohehe'e nā'ele'ele'ele'ele i mua o ka'ike'ana o ka conduction elepona. 'O kēlā mau mea me ka quartz (dE = 5.2 eV), diamond (dE = 5.1 eV), nui nā pa'akai.

'O ka haumia a me nā hi'ona'oko'a o semiconductors

'O nā'ōpona kupapa'u'o semiconductor pono ka'oihana kūpono. Kapa'ia kēlā'ano semiconductors he pono. 'O ka semiconductor intrinsic ka loa'a nā helu like o nā lua a me nā electrons li'ili'i. I ka ho'onā'ana, ho'onui'ia ka ho'okō pono o nā semiconductors. Ma ke ana wela, kahi ala o ke kaulike ho'onalohua e puka ana ma waena o ka helu o nā hui lua-lua i ho'okumu'ia a me ka helu o nā electron a me nā lua e ho'omau mau ana ma lalo o nā kumu i hā'awi'ia.

'O ka nui o nā haumia ka hopena i ka ho'okalakupua'ana o nā semiconductors. 'O ka ho'ohui'ana iā lākou e hiki ai ke ho'onui i ka helu o nā mea koho electron free me kahi helu li'ili'i o nā lua a ho'oulu i ka helu o nā lua me kahi helu li'ili'i o nā electrons ma ke'ano o ka conductivity. 'O nā semiconductors ho'ohaumia he mau mea alaka'i i loa'a ka conductivity impurity.

'O nā kino, nā mea'olu'olu e ho'oku'u i nā electrons, ua kapa'ia'o nā mea kōkua. Hiki i nā mea haumia ke ho'ololi i nā'ano me nā mana,'o nā taumata valence i loko o ia mau mea i'oi aku ka nui o nā mea koho ma mua o nā kiko o ka waihona waiwai. 'O kekahi la'ana,'o ka'ōkuhi a me ka bismuth nā mea'ino o ka mea'ai.

'O ka mea pono e pono ai ka mea koho e ho'okahe i ka māhele conduction ka mea e ho'onui ai i ka ike. 'O ka mea'ele'ele semiconductors pono ka emi iki o ia mea ma mua o ka mea nui. Me ka li'ili'i'ana o ka māmā a me ka ho'omālamalama'ana, e hā'awi nui'ia nā electrons o ka hala'ole semiconductor atoms. 'O kahi o ka pūnaewele i ha'alele i ka atom e komo i kahi lua. Akā,'a'ohe puka hou o nā electrons i loko o nā lua. 'A'ole pono nā loina o ka mea hā'awi kālā. 'O kēia ke kumu no ka mea'ole i'ole kahi helu li'ili'i o nā mea haumia e ho'oku'u i nā lele uila e hele pinepine i ka puka a noho i laila. E kokoke ana nā mea koho electron i nā puka, akā'a'ole hiki iā lākou ke ho'opihapiha i ka hopena no ka lawa'ole o ka'ikehuhu.

'O ka hō'ano'ē'ole o ka haumia o ka mea hā'awi'ole ma nā kauoha he mea ho'onui i ka helu o nā mea koho electana ma ka ho'ohālikelike'ana i ka helu o nā electrons li'ili'i i loko o ka semiconductor intrinsic. 'O ka po'e electrons ma'ane'i ka mea nui e lawe i nā kumu o nā mamua o nā mea ho'ohaunaele haumia. Ho'ohui'ia kēia mau mea i nā semiconductors n-type.

'O nā mea'ele'a'ole e ho'opa'a ai i nā electrons o kahi semiconductor, e ho'onui ana i ka helu o nā puka i loko, ua kapa'ia he mau mea hō'ailona. 'O ka'ae'ana he haumia nā kinona kūikawā me ka helu li'ili'i o nā electrons ma ke kūlana valence ma mua o ka semiconductor base. 'O Boron, gallium, indium e'ae'ia nā mea kūpono'ole no ke kākika.

'O nā'ano o ke semiconductor e hilina'i ana i nā pō'ino o ka ho'onui'ia'ana o ke aniani. 'O kēia ke kumu o ka pono e ulu i nā kilokilo maika'i loa. Ho'oiho'ia nā pae ho'ohālike o ka semiconductor e ke kā'ei o nā additive allo. Ho'opulu'ia nā'ōleka silica me nā phosphorus (ka hui'enehana V), a he mea hā'awi iā e ho'okumu i kahi pōhaku tioka n-'ano. No ka loa'a'ana o ke aniani me ka ho'oulu'ana o ka lua, ua ho'okomo'ia kahi kālepa boron i ke kinikona. Ua ho'okumu'ia nā Semiconductors me kahi pā'ani Fermi ho'opa'i no ka ne'e'ana i ka waenakonu o ka pēpē i papa'ia.

Nā huahana semiconductors ho'okahi

'O ka semiconductor ma'amau ka'oihana ma'amau, he'oia'i'o, he kānana. Me ka germanium, ua lilo ia i ka pahuhopu o kahi papahana semiconductors me nā hale aniani like.

'O ke'ano o nā crystical Si a Ge me ka diamond a me ka α-tin. I loko o ia mea, ua ho'opuni'ia kēlā me kēia'ola e nā'ohua e pili kokoke ana,'o ia ho'i ke'ano o ke kīpē. 'O kēia kālepa i kapa'ia he'ehā. 'O nā Crystals me kahi pilikino ākea ua lilo i kumu no ka'oihana electronic a me ke'ano nui i ka'enehana hou. 'O kekahi mau māhele o ka hui V a me VI o ka papa'aina manawa he mau semiconductors. 'O nā hi'ohi'ona o nā semiconductors o kēia'ano he phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), a me ke kiwi (Te). I loko o kēia mau semiconductors, hiki i nā kōlua ke loa'a i'ekolu (P), pālua (S, Se, Te) a i'ole ka ho'ohui o nā quadruple. Ma muli o ia hopena, hiki ke ho'onohonoho'ia nā'ano i nā hanana aniani like'ole, a hiki ke loa'a iā ia ma ke'ano o ke aniani. Eia kekahi la'ana, ua ulu'o Se i loko o nā monoclinic a me nā kaha koniani kenekene a i'ole ke'ano o ke aniani (kahi hiki ke'ike'ia he polymer).

- He kūpono ke kūpono o ke diamond, maika'i mechanical a me nā hi'ohi'ona'oko'a, ikaika ikaika mechanical. 'O ka laulā o ka pu'unaue ike he d = = 5.47 eV.

- Silicon - kahi hamo semiconductor i ho'ohana'ia i nā pilahi solar, a ma ke'ano amorphous - ma nā'enela sola-lahilahi. 'O ia ka mea ho'ohana loa i nā semiconductor i nā ki'i ki'i, ma'alahi ka hana, a me nā pono mechanical pono. DE = 1.12 eV.

- Germanium - he semiconductor ho'ohana'ia i nā gamma sproscopy, nā ki'i ki'i kūpono ki'eki'e. Ho'ohana'ia i nā diodes mua a me nā transistors. E pono ana e emi ma'ema'e ka silina. DE = 0.67 eV.

- Selenium - he semiconductor, kahi e ho'ohana'ia ai i nā mea palekana'ālunu, a me nā kūlana o ka palekana a me ka hiki ke hana hou.

Nā louina'elua

Waiwai o Semiconductors hana oihana mua 3 a me 4 o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina hui e hoohalike ai i ka waiwai o ka hui 4 pūʻulu. 'O ka ho'ololi'ana mai nā hui o 4 mau'ano i ka 3-4 gr pū. Hana'ia nā pa'ahao i kekahi o nā mea pili i ka ho'ololi'ana o ka mea i koho'ia mai ka'oko'a o ka hui 3 i ka atom o ka hui 4. Ho'ololi nā Ionic i nā waiwai o nā semiconductors. 'O ia ke kumu o ka ho'onui'ana i ka pilina o Interlomb i ka pilina a me ka ikehu o ka ho'olālā'ana o ka pu'upu'u o ka papa hana ho'oili. 'O ke'ano o kahi'ano huile'a o kēia'ano he Inimonium antimonium indium, gallium arsenide GaAs, gamonium antimonide GaSb, inipium phosphide InP, aluminium antimonide AlSb, gallium phosphide GaP.

Pi'i ka nui o ka Ionic, a'oi a'e ka nui o ka waiwai i loko o ka pūpa'a o nā mea 2-6 o nā hui, e like me ka selenide cadmium, ka sulfin zinc, ka cadmium sulfide, ka cadmium telluride, ka selenide zinc. Ma muli o ka hopena, ma ka hapanui o nā hui o nā hui 2-6, ua'oi aku ka nui a'e o ka rohe i'a'a'ia ma mua o ka 1 eV, koe wale no nā pūpū mercury. 'O Mercury ka mea'ōmomo semiconductor me ka loa'a'ole o ka'ikehu ike, kahi semimetal, e like me ka α-tin.

'O nā'ōmike'ale'a o nā'ao'ao 2-6 me kahi pu'upu'u ike nui e loa'a i ka ho'ohana i ka hana'ana o nā lasers a me nā hō'ike. 'O nā hui pā'ani o nā 2 a 6 mau lālā me kahi āpili o ke ikepili kūpono e kūpono i nā mea kū'ai infrared. 'O nā hui pā'ani o nā kumu o nā hui 1-7 (copper bromide CuBr, ke iodide kālā AgI, ke keleawe me ka chloride CuCl) he'ao'ao pāpālaha ma mua a'e o ka 3 eV no ka nui o ka ionic. 'A'ole lākou he semiconductors, akā, he po'e ho'owalewale. He aniani ulu kū ikehu ma muli o ke Coulomb interionic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN kōkua ai i nā structuring nā'ātoma ka paʻakai me ka ono o ka mea, ma kahi o ka quadratic i kahi kūlike o. 'O nā pū'ali o nā hui 4-6 - alaka'i sulfide a me ke alaka'i pūpū, tin sulfide - he mau semiconductors. 'O ke ka'ina o ka li'ili'i o kēia mau mea i ho'ohui'ia i ke kūkulu'ana i'eono mau hui. 'A'ole hiki ke hō'ole iā lākou mai ka loa'a'ana o nā mau pā'oi pa'a loa, i hiki ai ke ho'ohana'ia no ka hō'ili'ili'ana i ka infrared radiation. Gallium nitride - he hui pūʻulu 3-5 me ka ākea ikehu nahā i, huli palapala noi i ka mea uholo uila kukuna a me ka malamalama-K'lauea diodes ke hoʻohana i ka uliuli hapa o ka pae.

'O GaAs,'o ka gallium arsenide ka lua o ka semiconductor e koi'ia ana ma hope o ka waiwaiuma, i ho'ohana mau'ia i mea pani no nā mea'ē a'e, e like me GaInNAs a me InGaA, i nā IR-LED, nā microcircuits ki'eki'e a me nā transistors, nā ki'i ki'i kūpono ki'eki'e, nā diodes laser, DE = 1.43 eV, hiki ke ho'onui i ka mana o nā mea i ho'ohālikelike'ia me ke kānikū. 'O ka ha'aha'a, he nui nā mea'ino'ole, he pa'akikī i ka hana'ana.

- ZnS, zinc sulfure - pa'akai zinc o hydrogen sulfide me kahi pu'upu'u o 3.54 a me 3.91 eV, ho'ohana'ia i nā lasers a me ka phosphor.

- SnS, tin sulfide he semiconductor i ho'ohana 'ia i nā photoresistors a me nā photodiodes, dE = 1.3 a me 10 eV.

Oxides

'O nā mea lā'au'ele'ele ka mea nui loa o nā insulators, akā, aia nā kumu kū'ē. 'O nā hi'ohi'ona o nā semiconductors o kēia'ano he oxyde nickel, copper oxide, oxide cobalt, copper dioxide, oxyide hao, europium oxide, oxygen oxide. No ka mea e noho ana ka dioxide keleawe ma ke'ano o ka mineral rukunia, ua a'o nui'ia kona mau waiwai. 'A'ole i ka maopopo loa ke ka'ina hana no ka ho'okumu'ana i nā semiconductors o kēia'ano, no laila, ua kaupalena'ia ko lākou noi. 'O ka'ae'ole ka'opi'i zinc (ZnO), nā hui 2-6 mau, i ho'ohana'ia e like me ka mea ho'ololi a me ka hana'ana o nā pēpili me nā pāpale.

Ua loli ke'ano ma hope o ka loa'a'ana o ka superconductivity ma nā pahu he nui o ka keleawe a me ka oxygen. Ka mua kiʻekiʻe wela superconductor wehe Bednorz a me Muller, i hui mea uholo uila ma muli ma ka La ₂ CuO _4, i ka ikehu nahā o ka 2 eV. Ma ke kāpili'ana i ka lanthanum e like me ka barium e like me ka strontium, e ho'okomo'ia nā mea halihali i ka hali o ka lua i loko o ka semiconductor. Hoʻokō 'ana aku i ka mea e pono lua lehulehu i La ₂ CuO ₄ superconductor. I keia manawa, i ka lani kiekie loa mahana o ke hoʻololi i ka superconducting moku'āina a pau i huiʻia HgBaCa ₂ cu ₃ O _8. Ma nā kūlana ki'eki'e, 134 K. kona ki'eki'e.

ZnO, zinc oxide, ho'ohana'ia i loko o nā varistors, nā LED polū, nā pūmole gas, nā mea pilikino, nā manamana puka e ho'olālā i nā kukui infrared, ma ke'ano he alaka'i i nā hō'ike LCD a me nā pan lālā. DE = 3.37 eV.

Nā lelo i hana'ia

'O nā pūpū'elua e like me ke diiodide alaka'i, ka selenide gallium a me ka disulphite molybdenum e'ike'ia e ke'ano laulā o ka'eleka. Nā papa i covalent paa ana o ka nui ikaika, nui ka ikaika ma mua o ka van der Waals paa ana ma waena o nā papa ana ia lakou iho. Hiki i nā'ōmipiki e like me kēia mau electrons ke hana i nā mea like ka lua-dimensional. Ho'opili'ia ka pilina o nā papa i ka ho'okomo'ana i nā hāme'a'ekolu - ma ke kū'ana.

MoS _2, ua hoʻohana 'molybdenum disulfide ma kiʻekiʻe alapine (frequency) detectors, rectifiers, memristor, transistors. DE = 1.23 a me 1.8 eV.

'O nā mea kanu honua

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o semiconductors ma luna o ka muli o ke aloha i huiʻia - naphthalene, polyacetylene (Ch _{2) n,} anthracene, polydiacetylene, ftalotsianidy, polyvinylcarbazole. He'oi a'e ka maika'i o nā'ōmomo semiconductors ma mua o ka mea ho'opunipuni: hiki iā lākou ke hā'awi i nā pono kūpono. 'O nā kumu me nā pa'a o nā'ano -C-C =, he'ōlohelohe'oi loa ke'ano, a, no kēia mea, ho'ohana'ia i ka optoelectronics. Ho'opili'ia, ua ho'ololi'ia nā'āpana'āpana hana o nā'ōmene semiconductors e kahi loli o ka pūnaehana ho'onohonoho, kahi ma'alahi ma mua o nā semiconductors. 'O nā kinipona o Crystalline o carbon carbon fullerene, graphene, a me nā nanotubes he semiconductors.

- Fullerene i ka 'ole i loko o ka palapala o ka paʻa convex polyhedron ugleoroda i ka helu o nā'ātoma. A doping fullerene C ₆₀ me ka mekala 'åkilikai metala transforms mea i loko o ka superconductor.

- graphite kalapona monoatomic, ahu iho ua hanaia, ua pili i loko o kekahi mau-dimensional hexagonal puka olu oia. Record ua conductivity, a me ka huina'ine ka hoʻoneʻe, kiʻekiʻe rigidity

- Nanotubes i olokaa iho la i loko o ka şarkı graphite papa me ke anawaena o kekahi mau nanometers. Mau ano o ka kalapona i nui i hai mua ia i loko o nanoelectronics. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka huina i e mea hao a mea uholo uila e like ai.

ʻume mākenēki semiconductors

I huiʻia me kaʻume mākenēki Ion o ka europium a me ka manganese i 'ikeʻume mākenēki a me ka semiconducting ka waiwai. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ia 'ano o ka semiconductors - europium sulfide, selenide europium a me ka paa pāʻoihana, ua Cd _1-m HI _m Te. Ka maʻiʻo o kaʻume mākenēki Ion e loli ai nā waiwai ho'āʻoʻume mākenēki waiwai e like me ferromagnetism a me ka antiferromagnetism. Semimagnetic semiconductors - mea he paakikiʻume mākenēki semiconductors pāʻoihana i pihaʻi meʻume mākenēki Ion ma haʻahaʻa lehulehu. Ua paa pāʻoihana,ʻo ka noonoo ana o kou nānā ana a me ka nuiʻia o ka hiki noi. No ka laʻana, ma ka Akä naÿe i ka ole-ʻume mākenēki semiconductors, ka mea, ke hiki aku i ka miliona manawa nui Faraday kuapo.

Ikaika magnetooptical 'ole oʻume mākenēki semiconductors i kā lākou hoʻohana no ka'ōnohi modulation. Perovskites, e like HI _0,7 Ca _0,3 O _3, kona waiwai i oi i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia-mea uholo uila hoʻololi, i pololei kaukaʻi ma kaʻume mākenēki kahua i nā hualoaʻa ma ka kŰia o ka nunui magneto-resistivity. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia ma ka Radio,'ōnohi manaʻo, a i noho mana ana ma kaʻume mākenēki ke kahua, he hawewe waveguide na manao ona.

mea uholo uila ferroelectrics

Kēiaʻano nā pōaka ua wehewehe aku ma ke alo i loko o kā lākou uila mau minute, a hanana o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu polarization. No ka laʻana, ua waiwai nō semiconductors alakai titanate PbTiO _3, barium titanate BaTiO _3, germanium telluride, GeTe, ke tina telluride SnTe, a ma haʻahaʻa mahana i ferroelectric waiwai. Kēia mau mea i hoʻohana ma nonlinear'ōnohi, piezoelectric nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo, a iaiyoe na manao ona.

Aʻano o ka mea uholo uila lako

Ma waho aʻeo ka mea uholo uila pono i haiia ae maluna, ua nui'ē aʻe i mai i hāʻule ma lalo o kekahi o kēia mauʻano. I huiʻia o ka haʻilula 1-3-5 oihana mua ₂ (AgGaS ₂₎ a me ka 2-4-5 ₂ (ZnSiP ₂₎ hana i kekahi chalcopyrite aniani 'ole. Hoʻokaʻaʻike tetrahedral hui analogous semiconductors 3-5 a 2-6 pūʻulu me ka kiniki blende aniani 'ole. Hui i kuahene mea uholo uila hehee wale 5 a me 6 pūʻulu (like i like me ₂ Inā _3), - ka mea uholo uila i loko o ka palapala o ke aniani a me aniani. Chalcogenides o bismuth a me ka antimony e hoʻohana i ka mea uholo uila thermoelectric nā mīkini uila. I ka waiwai o kēia 'ano o ka mea uholo uila o loa hana hoihoi, akā, ka mea, ua i loaa hiʻona no i ka mea i kaupalena' noi. Naʻe, ka mea e ka mea ola, keʻae i ke alo oʻaʻole i maopopo hoʻokolokolo i ke kahua o ka mea uholo uila ke kālaikūlohea.