Ke kelepona hele 'ole mai o nā mea a pau meaola ola i? Kālaimeaola: ke kelepona hele 'ole mai o ke kino

E like me ua ikeia, ke kelepona hele 'ole i kokoke a pau meaola ma luna o mākou Honua. Holo nōhie, a pau aeee i ka like 'ole. 'O kēia ka mea liilii loa mall a me ka ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima o ka meaola ola. Na keena e i kekahi hana, a nolaila i ka oko i loko o kā lākou 'ole. Ma na hihia a pau, ka mea hiki ke hana me kuokoa meaola. Ke kelepona hele 'ole nā mea kanu, holoholona, fungi, koʻohune. Eia naʻe, loaʻa nō kekahi oko ao ma waena o lākou a me ka mall ooieoeiiaeuiuo naehana. Ma keia 'atikala mākou e nānā i ka ke kelepona hele' ole. Grade 8 nā i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ke kumuhana. No laila, i ka 'atikala e e hana hoihoi no nā haumāna, e like me ka pono me ka poe i wale hoihoi i loko o kālaimeaola. Kēia hōʻike e e ho'ākāka 'ia ma ke kelepona hele' ole, na keena o nā meaola, mea like a me nä mea ma waena o lākou.

I ka moolelo o ka halepaahao pähola 'ana o ka' ole

People mai i mau i ka ka mea, he o meaola. Ka mea i ka hanaʻia o nā keena a pau nā'aʻaʻa ua lilo ike kŘpa nei. Ka 'epekema e Pilikanaka ia, - kālaimeaola. Ke kelepona hele 'ole o ke kino i ho'ākāka' ia ma mua ma kaʻepekema Manuela Schleiden a me Theodor Schwann. Ua hiki i ka 1838. A laila, i ka pähola 'o ke kelepona hele ' ole mai o ka ia ai:

• holoholona a me nā mea kanu a pau ano o aeee i hana;

• ka mea ulu ma ka ho okumu i hou keena;

• aeea - ka uuku pa alima o ke ola;

• kino - he ohi o ke keena.

ʻO kēia kumumanaʻo o ka loaʻa o kekahi mau 'ē aʻe ai, a he uuku hou:

• aeea hiki ke hana wale mai maternal keena;

• multicellular meaola aole no o ka poe noonoo ole 'ia paha o nā keena, a mai loko'aʻaʻa, nā loko, a hui nenoai;

• keena o nā meaola i ka like 'ole;

• aeea - he luna ''ōnaehana iloko olaila o ka uuku ooieoeiiaeuiuo naehana;

• aeea - ka mea liilii loa mall ka mokuna i hiki ke hana me ka kuokoa kino.

ke kelepona hele 'ole

No ka mea ke kelepona hele 'ole i aneane pau loa e noho ana meaola, ia mea pono e noonoo i ka mau' ano o ka 'ole o ia hehee ai. Mua, ua maheleia ae la na keena a pau i loko o prokaryotic a me ka eukaryotic. I ka hala he mea ka kāna mau 'ōlelo e malama i ka aaiaoe ike waiho i loko o ka DNA. Ma prokaryotic keena, ia mea i ka ia, a me ka DNA lana ka uku ole ia. All eukaryotic aeee i kūkulu like penei. Ka mea, i ka iwi - i ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi, ana aia puni ka hou aiiay hoʻonaʻauao. A pau i mea i loko o laila, koe wale no ka Kernel - ia Aloha cytoplasm. Ua ninoieo o hyaloplasm, organelles a me inclusions. Hyaloplasm - o ka papa kuhikuhiE mea pōaka waiwai, i mea no ka lilo o ka halepaahao i hoʻolilo 'ia a me ka hoolako mai a pau o kona hakahaka. Organelles - he paʻa nā hale i hana i kekahi mau oihana, oa hoolako e pōʻino oihana o aeee ... Inclusions - he hale paʻa ka hoʻonaʻauao, pāʻani i ke kūlana, akā, e hana ai ka manawa.

Ke kelepona hele 'ole o ke ola meaola

Ano, ua helu na organelles i ka ia no na keena o na mea ola ma luna o ka Honua, koe wale no ka koʻohune. Ua mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, cytoskeleton. No ka mea koʻohune ano o wale i kekahi o kēia mau organelles - ribosomes. A e nānā i ka 'ole a me ka hana o kēlā me kēia organelle kaawale.

mitochondria

Ka mea, i ka intracellular hanu. Mitochondria hana like me ka ano o ka "mana", ka hana ikehu i mea e pono ai no ke kelepona hele haʻawina, e hele ia mau 'ole' ē aʻe Nine Inch reactions. Ka mea, e dvumembrannym organelles, oa i mau lāʻau malumalu - haole, a me ka wahi lulu. Aia ma lalo ia o ka'ōpū mai - like hyaloplasm i loko o ka halepaahao. Ma waena o nā membranes ma waho a ma loko i hana cristae. Keia pa i loko i nā nā'ūhū. Mau waiwai i pono i mea e e hiki ke lawe mai i ka Nine Inch reactions ma i ikehu ua hookuu, ka pono halepaahao.

ribosomes

Ka mea, e kuleana no ka kumuʻiʻo pūnao -ʻo ia, no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka hui ana o keia papa. Ribosomes komo o nā māhele - subunits, nui a me ka meaʻuʻuku. Keʻili lahilahi i loko o keia organelle ua nalowale. Subunit o ribosomes hui wale koke ma mua o ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala kaʻina, ka mea i hookaawale ia ma ke koena o ka manawa. Nā waiwaiʻaneʻi i i ke kanaka ma muli o ka 'ike i palapala ia ma luna o ka DNA. Kēia 'ike ua haawiia i na ribosomes hoʻohana tRNA like amo' aneʻi DNA kela manawa mea makemake e loa impractical a me ka weliweli - uaʻoi aku ko lākou kiʻekiʻe i makemake ai paha poino.

Golgi kiʻi

Kēia organelle Ua haku o nā puʻu o palahalaha poʻina nalu. Launch organelle moe ana ma ka oiaio i ka mea 'ohi a modifies kela waiwai a me' oe e komo i loko o ke kahua o lysosomes.

endoplasmic reticulum

Ua Ua maheleia i loko o malimali a me ka ino. First kūkulu mai palahalaha paipu. He mea kuleana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie i loko o ka halepaahao o steroid a me lipids. ua no laila, kapa Roughness no ka mea, ma luna o nā paia o nā membranes, a i ka mea, ua i haku, he poe lehulehu ribosomes. Ua hanaʻia i ke kuleana pili i amo. Oia hoolilo o ribosome nā polokina synthesized ma laila, a hiki i ka Golgi nakeke.

lysosomes

kū no ka mea, odnomembrannye organelles i pihaʻi me nā'ūhū e pono ai no ka manaʻo o Nine Inch reactions e hana ana i ka intracellular pūnao. Ka nui loa ka helu ana o lysosomes malama i leucocytes - aeee i hana'ōnaehana paleʻea kuleana pili i. Keia ua wehewehe ia e ka mea i ka mea, e lawe mai phagocytosis, a hoʻoikaika e hōʻuluʻulu i ka haole kumuʻiʻo, a pono i ka nui nui o nā'ūhū.

cytoskeleton

'O kēia ka hope organelle, i mea, he pono ole i ka fungi, mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Kekahi o kona papa kuhikuhiE oihana mea e malamaʻi i ke kelepona hele shape. Ua Ua hana o microtubules a me microfilaments. Ka mea mua o ka puha Tube o ka tubulin kumuʻiʻo. Lākou alo ma ka cytoplasm o kekahi organelles ke neʻe a puni o ka hīnaʻi manu. Eia hou, na microtubules hiki i komo o ka cilia a me ka flagella o unicellular. Ka lua o ke keʻena o ka cytoskeleton - microfilaments - he o contractile nā polokina actin a me ka myosin. Ma koʻohune, keia organelle mea IeAUPIIe, IAa IO kahi e. Akā, i kekahi o ia i wehewehe aku e ke alo o ke cytoskeleton, akā, oi primitive, hoʻonohonoho i like paʻakikī me ka fungi, mea kanu a me nā holoholona.

Plant aeea organelles

Ke kelepona hele 'ole o nā mea kanu i kekahi peculiarities. Ma waho o ka luna organelles a me vacuoles mea i ike plastids. Ke kahiko i manaoia no ka hoʻomāhuahua ma loko o ka waiwai a me hoʻokali kūpono, e like me ka mea, hookaawale ia, mai ka halepaahao aie a hiki i ke alo o ke anuanuʻili lahilahi pa a puni pinepine ole i ke Akua. Ka loli i mea i loko o ka vacuole, kapa aeea SAP. Ka mea opiopio kanu keena initially i he mau wahi ia vacuoles, a, me kona poe oo hoi merge i loko o hoʻokahi nui kekahi. Plastids i maheleia i ekolu hoailona ia mea: chromoplasts, leucoplasts a me chromoplasts. Ke kahiko i wehewehe aku ma ke alo o kaʻulaʻula, yellow aʻalani pigment. Chromoplasts ma ka hapanui o na hihia pono e,ʻo huali waihoʻoluʻu insect pollinators a me na holoholona o ka pae'āina i loko o ka laha ana o ka hua a me ka hua. He mahalo i kaʻikepili organelles pua a me nā hua i kaʻano o ke komo'ōniʻoniʻo nona. Chromoplasts hiki ke hana mai i ka chloroplasts, i hiki ke malama i ka Akuma ka, ka wā o nā lau huli melemele a me kaʻulaʻula malu, e like me ka wā o ka oo ana o ka hua, ka wā i nā nalo loa omaomao. Next nānaina plastids - leucoplasts - manaoia no ka ho'āhu 'ona e like me pia, i ka momona, a me kekahi mau nā polokina. Chloroplasts lawe kāʻamaʻai kaʻina hana ma i kanu loaa no ia lakou iho i ka mea e pono ai ke aloha 'ona. O na nā lātoma eono o ke kalapona'okikene lua a me ka wai e like me na halepaahao i loaa i kekahi lātoma o ka monakō koko a me eono oxygen, a ua hookuu ia i loko o ka lewa. Chloroplasts i organelles dvumembrannymi. I kā lākou mua he thylakoids, Hoʻohui 'ia ma o ka Luna Prix. Ma kēia mau hale, a me ka mea, he chlorophyll, 'aneʻi hele ka naoh o ke kāʻamaʻai. Eia kekahi, i loko o ka'ōpū mai e hoi i ko lakou chloroplast ribosomes, RNA, DNA, kūikawā nā'ūhū, ka pia mānoanoa ko a me lipid droplets. i kapa muaʻikepili organelles stroma.

hiʻona Fish

Ke kelepona hele 'ole i kekahi mau meaola. I ka wā kahiko, i hui ka mea, i loko o kekahi aupuni me ka mea kanu hoʻokahi wale nō ma ko lākouʻano, akā, loaʻa mai me ka Hekikai o ka oi holomua 'epekema i keia,ʻaʻole e hiki ke hana. Mua, Fish, e like mea kanu, e ole autotrophs, ka mea, i ole hiki ia lakou iho i ka paka ke aloha mea, a wale ai hoomakaukau-i. Ka lua, ka fungal keena hou like i ka holoholona, nae ka mea, i kekahi mau hiʻona o ka mea kanu. Fungal keena, e like me ka pono i mea kanu, ua puni i ke anuanu pā pōhaku, naʻe ka mea, aole no o ke kelulose, a me ka chitin. Keia mea i ole e hōʻuluʻulu holoholona kino, no laila, na Fish, a ua manaoia kaumaha ai. Ma waho aʻeo ia na organelles i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna, i mea mau i nā mea a pau eukaryotes, he mea no hoi he vacuole - keia mea i kekahi similarity o fungi me nā mea kanu. Akā, me ka 'ole o ka plastids ma fungal aeea ua malamaia. Ma waena o ka pā pōhaku, a me ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi mea lomasoma, nona oihana i ole i ua maopopo maopopo. Ke koena o ka 'ole o fungal aeea kohu i holoholona. Eia kekahi organelles ma ka cytoplasm like inclusion lana e like me kaikea droplets, glycogen.

holoholona keena

Ka mea, i wehewehe aku e nā mea a pau na organelles i i ho'ākāka 'ia ma mua i loko o kēia' atikala. Eia kekahi, ma luna o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi mea glycocalyx - he iwi iloko olaila o lipids, polysaccharides a me glycoproteins. Ua komo ma ka amo ana o 'ona ma waena o aeee.

kāna mau 'ōlelo

O ka hana ana, ma ka hou ana i mau organelles, holoholona, mea kanu, fungal aeee i ka nucleus. Ua Ua hoomaluia ma nā pūpū, a i ili. Ka'ōpū mai ninoieo o ka karyoplasm (nukelea SAP), kahi o ka lana chromosome ua kākau lākou hereditary ike. Nō hoʻi ka mea, i ka nucleolus, i mea kuleana no ka ho okumu ana o ribosomes a me RNA hoʻololi kemikala.

prokaryotes

Kēia nā koʻohune. Ke kelepona hele 'ole o ka koʻohune Ua oi primitive. Ka mea, i ole nucleus. Ke cytoplasm kekahi mau organelles e like me ribosomes. A puni i ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi o ka halepaahao paia o ka murein. Ka hapanui o prokaryotes ua hoomakaukau organelles ana - ka hapanui flagella. mucous mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku - hou containment i e hoʻonoho a puni o ka halepaahao pa like hoʻi. Ma waho o ka kumu o DNA nā lātoma i loko o ka cytoplasm o koʻohune i plasmids ma i ike ua palapala, mea kuleana no ka mahuahua ia'ku i adverse ana.

Mai nā meaola i kukuluia mai aeee?

Kekahi manaoio i ka ke kelepona hele 'ole mai o nā mea a pau meaola e ola ana i. Akā, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole oiaio. Aia He He aupuni o ke ola meaola e like me nā mea hoʻomaʻi. Ka mea, e aole no o ke keena. Kēia meaola kekahi mau ka capsid - kumuʻiʻo iwi. Loko o ia mea he DNA paha RNA, a hoʻopaʻa i ka uuku nui o aaiaoe 'ike. A puni ke kumuʻiʻo iwi mea hiki no hoi ia e ke aupuni 'lipoprotein kapa superkapsidom. Nā mea hoʻomaʻi hiki ke hoonui wale i loko o ka haole keena. Eia kekahi, ka mea i hiki hoi ke crystallization. E like me 'oe ke' ike, ka hōʻike i i ka ke kelepona hele 'ole mai o nā meaola e ola ana i pololei ole.

e like papa

Once mākou ua nānā 'o ka' ole o nā meaola, e hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo. Pela, ke kelepona hele 'ole, i ka papaʻaina.

Eia, paha, a me nā mea a pau. Ua hookolokoloia mākou i ka ke kelepona hele 'ole o ka meaola e ola ana ma ka Honua.