Ano o nā polokina, i hana 'a me ka' ole

E like me ke kumumanaʻo o Oparin-Haldane ola ma luna o mākou Honua Ua hanau mai ka coacervate droplets. Ua hoi ua he kumuʻiʻo lātoma. Oia hoi, ka mea hiki ke manao ia mau Nine Inch - i ke kumu o nā mea a pau ke ola e nei i keia la. Akā, he aha ka mea i ho i kumuʻiʻo hale? He aha kūlana e pāʻani ai i loko o ke kino a me ke ola o nā kānaka? He aha 'ano o nā polokina nei? E ho'āʻo i ka maopopo.

Nā polokina: mau manaʻo

Mai ka viewpoint o Nine Inch 'ole, lātoma o ka waiwai ma ka ninau o ke kaʻina o ka'amino nāʻakika ua hoʻopili pū ma kaʻakika'amino paa.

Kēlā me kēia'aminoʻakika i mau ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu:

• carboxyl-COOH;
• he'amino hui -NH _2.

Ua therebetween a ua hana ia ma ka pili o kekahi mau nā lātoma. Pela kaʻakika'amino hoopaa i ka palapala -CO-NH. kumuʻiʻo lātoma ke komo haneri, a me na tausani o ia mau pūʻulu, ka mea e hilinaʻi ma luna o ka mau waiwai. Ano o nā polokina, ua loa like. I waena o lākou nei ka poʻe i pihaʻi me ka nui'amino nāʻakika no ke kino, a nolaila, pono e kino i ka ai. Aia nō kekahi? Ueo i i nui oihana i loko o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi a me kona cytoplasm. Catalysts kekahi paka liluweloʻano - nā'ūhū, i mea i kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma. Ka mea, e hoʻomano hoʻohana i loko o kanaka ola, aʻaʻole e komo i loko o ka biochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke ola kanaka.

Ke hakakino kaumaha o ka hui i ka ninau i ka ÷ kekahi mau na umi i ka miliona. No ka mea, o ka helu ana o lātoma huahelu i loko o ka polypeptide kaulahao infinitely nui a me ka hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke 'ano o ka mea i ho'ākāka' waiwai. Ke kumuʻiʻo i loko o kona maʻemaʻe palapala, i loko o kona maoli conformation, hiki ke ike i ka wa e noonoo pono i ka hua manu i loko o kona maka ano. Light-yellow aniani moakaka manoanoa colloidal nui, a ua aia i loko o ka yolk - ka mea, o ka makemake waiwai. Ke oia ua olelo mai e pili ana i ka ole-momona e eiooaa? Ka waiū, o ia huahana Ua aneane maemae kumuʻiʻo i loko o kona kino ano.

Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole a pau o na kumuhana i huiʻia i ka ia māhele 'ole. I huina, he eha i ka hoʻolālā lātoma. Ano o ka kumuʻiʻo hale a nānā 'ia e kona waiwai, a kamailio e pili ana mall ka manaʻo pohihihi. Mākou i ike i ka nui spatially pohihihi nā lātoma undergo rigorous aaioee i loko o kānaka a me nā holoholona.

Ano o ka kumuʻiʻo hale

I huina he mea eha. mea kūpono ai kela mea keia mea o ko lakou noonoo.

1. Helu. He Heʻike mau laina kaʻina o ka'amino nāʻakika ua hoʻopiliʻiaʻakika'amino paa. No māhele Kai,ʻaʻohe helix. I ka helu o ka inbound loulou i ka polypeptide i e mai ai i kekahi mau tausani. Ano o nā polokina me ka 'ano like' ole - glitsilalanin, insulina, histone, elastin, a me na mea e ae.
2. Secondary. Ua maupaʻa mau polypeptide kaula hao i i ka hoʻoluli helically a e aʻo i kaʻoihana i kēlā me kēia 'ē aʻe' ana e haʻalele hana. Pela ma waena o ia i hoʻomaka ai hydrogen makaukau na kaula paa paʻa ana ia lakou i kahi hookahi. Pela ua hana i ka hookahi kumuʻiʻo lātoma. Ano o kēia 'ano i nā kēia nā polokina: lysozyme, pepsin a me na mea e ae.
3. Tertiary conformation. Ua he densely piha compactly ohi ia i loko o ka'ōwili hao haumāna 'ole. Eia, he mea'ē aʻe ke ano o na AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, i hou i ka hydrogen paa ana - keia mea i ka van der Waals AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN a me ka electrostatic attraction koa, hydrophilic-hydrophobic ihe. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka hale - albumin, fibroin silika kumuʻiʻo a me ka 'ē aʻe.
4. Quaternary. Ka loa eiiieaena 'ole, i mea he oi polypeptide kaula hao ka hoʻoluli i loko o kaʻoni iho, olokaa iho la i loko o ka mea poepoe, a hui pu iho i loko o ka globule. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike e like me insulina, ferritin, hemoglobin, collagen, kahaki pono ia i ka conformation o na nā polokina.

Inā mākou e noonoo a pau o nā lāliʻi o ka hakakino 'ole, mai ka Nine Inch wahi o Hawaii, ke Ka Ikepili i ka lōʻihi manawa. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ma ka mea, o ka mea kiekie oia ka AEI, ka oi paʻakikī a me ka hookahuli ai i kona 'ole, i ka nui ke ano o ka hana kūleʻa ike i loko o ka lātoma.

Denaturation o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma

Kekahi o ka mea nui wale Nine Inch waiwai o na polypeptides o kā lākou hana, e uhai ma lalo o ka aoao o kekahi mau olelo a Nine Inch paha ia. No ka laʻana, he ākeaʻano o ke kumuʻiʻo denaturation. He aha mea kēia kaʻina? He mea no ka make ana o na kanaka maoli kumuʻiʻo 'ole. Ia mea, ina o ka palapala lātoma i he tertiary 'ole, ma hope o ka hana ana o kūikawā Luna ia, e lukuia auanei lakou. Naʻe, i ke kaʻina o ka'aminoʻakika residues ma ka lātoma koe kōna. Denatured nā polokina i koke losing i ko lakou kino a me ka Nine Inch waiwai.

He aha konohiki ke alakai i ke kaʻina hana o ka luku ana o conformation? Aia i kekahi mau.

1. Ana wela. Ma luna hahana maoli nō kēia, he gradual hoʻololi iho o ka quaternary, tertiary, haumāna 'ole o ka lātoma. Visually, e mea hiki ke malama, no ka laʻana, heʻike mau frying ia i hua manu. Ke kūpono "kumuʻiʻo" - he iniiaiie 'ole o ka albumin polypeptide, a i noho i loko o ka maka huahana.
2. Ka pāhawewe ke.
3. I ka hana o ka ikaika Nine Inch konohiki: nāʻakika, alkalis, paʻakai, kaumaha i eliiaʻi, nā'uheheʻe (e laʻa me, waiʻona mai ke kino, la o Etera, benzene, a me na mea e ae).

Kēia kaʻina ua i kekahi manawa kapa kuʻi nukeliu lātoma. Ano o ka denaturation o nā polokina hilinaʻi ma luna o ka agena, i ka hana o ka i ia hana. I ka Ia manawa, i kekahi manawa he mea kekahi nana e hoole kaʻina hana o ka noonoo. Kēia renaturation. 'Aʻole e hiki ke hoihoi hou mai i kona' ole, akā, nui no ka mea, ke hana ia a pau nā polokina. No laila, chemists mai Australia, a me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia i hoʻokō i ka renaturation o hoolapalapaia moa hua me ke kōkua o kekahi o na reagents a me ke ano o ka centrifugation.

Kēia kaʻina He nui no ka noho meaola i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o polypeptide kaulahao rRNA a me ribosomes ma keena.

Hydrolysis o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma

Par me ka denaturation o nā polokina ano o kekahi Nine Inch waiwai - hydrolysis. 'O kēia kekahi o ka make ana o na kanaka maoli conformation, akā,ʻaʻole i ka iniiaiie' ole, a me ka loa mai ai i ke kanaka'amino nāʻakika. An nui hapa o digestion - ka hydrolysis o ke kumuʻiʻo. Kind hydrolysis kēia mau polypeptides.

1. Nine. Ma muli o ka hana o nāʻakika paha alkalis.
2. Liluwelo ole enzymatic.

Naʻe, ka mea i loko o ke kaʻina koe ua hoʻololiʻia a me nā mea i kalele iho ma ka ano o ka kumuʻiʻo hydrolysis e lalau wahi. E like me ka hopena o ka'aminoʻakika e hana, a i kaʻi aku e nā mea a pau keena, nā loko a me nā'aʻaʻa. Ko lakou hoi hou 'komo ai i ke komo ana o ka hoʻololi kemikala o puke polypeptides, i ka poe i koi' ia kekahi meaola.

I hana, ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma hydrolysis kaʻina ua hoʻohana 'ia i kekahi manawa no ka loaa makemake'amino nāʻakika.

I ka hana o nā polokina i loko o ke kino

ʻano o nā polokina, carbohydrates, bipi kūpaluʻia, ua nui eiiiiiaiou no ka mea maʻamau ola o kekahi halepaahao. A me keia o ia hoʻi, i ka mea a pau meaola. No laila, i ko lākou kūlana ua wehewehe ma ke degere kiʻekiʻe o ka nui a me ka ubiquity loko ola mea i loko o na mea he nui i ka mahalo. Aia i kekahi mau walaʻauʻana oihana o ka polypeptide nā lātoma.

1. Catalytic. Ua Ua lawe mai nā'ūhū i i ke kumuʻiʻo 'ano o ka' ole. About ia olelo hope.
2. 'Ole. Ano o nā polokina a me kā lākou mau hana i loko o ke kino kuhikuhi pili i ka 'ole o ka halepaahao ia iho, kona ano. Eia hou, na polypeptides i loko o kēia kūlana, hana i ka lauoho, kui, pūpū o mollusks, manu hulu. Ka mea, i kekahi mau kiwikā i loko o ka halepaahao kino. Cartilage i komo i kēia mauʻano o nā polokina. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: tubulin, keratin, actin, a me na mea e ae.
3. Hoʻokonukonu. Kēia hiʻona hoike mai ai ia ia iho i loko o ke komo ana o polypeptides ma keʻano o ka hanaʻana e like me Ekolu, unuhi, ke kelepona hele kalapona, splicing, mRNA a me nā heluhelu. paani ae la lakou a pau he mau manamana nui o ka mea hoʻokonukonu.
4. Maika i. He kuleana pili i ua hanaʻia e nā polokina aia ma luna o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. Ka mea, ke hoʻouna i kekahi mau lepa, mai kekahi pa alima a hiki i kekahi, a me keia hiki aku i ka pou'aʻaʻa pu. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: cytokines, insulina, ulu kumumea, a me na mea e ae.
5. Ka halihali. Kekahi ano o ko nā polokina a me kā lākou mau hana i ka mea hana, mea wale nui. Kēia hana, no ka mea hoike, i ke kumuʻiʻo hemoglobin. Ua hāpai oxygen ma amo mai ka halepaahao, e,? A? I loko o ke koko. ia mea paʻa mau no kanaka.
6. Hope paha papaʻa. Oia polypeptides loaa i ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona like me ka kumu o oocytes hou ka mana a me ka ikehu. Kumu - globulins.
7. Hawaii. A mea pono, o ka oi aku no protozoa a me koʻohune. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i hiki ke neʻe wale nō me ke kōkua o ke flagella paha cilia mea. A me kēia mau organelles mea inherently aohe mea e like nā polokina. 'O kekahi mau polypeptides e like penei: myosin, actin, kinesin, a me na mea e ae.

Ka mea, ua maopopo i ka hana o nā polokina i loko o ke kanaka kino, a me ka mea e noho ana, ua nui lehulehu a me ka mea nui. Kēia keʻae i kekahi manawa hou ia me ka pili 'o Randy hiki ole e noʻonoʻoʻia e mākou, ke ola ma luna o mākou Honua.

Ke aiiay hana o nā polokina

Polypeptides ke hoomalu aku i kekahi mau ololi: Nine Inch, physical a me ka liluwelo. No ka laʻana, ina i ke kino e e hooweliweli like me ka mea hoʻomaʻi a bacterium me ka haole ano, na immunoglobulins (nā mea'aʻaʻa) mai ia ia "ma o ka kaua", hoʻokō i ke kūlana aiiay.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ke kino ai 'ole, aia no he nui kūlana ka hoʻokani, no kekahi laʻana, fibrin a me ka fibrinogen, i ka pae'āina i loko o ke koko clotting.

ai nā polokina

Kind o dietary kumuʻiʻo e like penei:

• piha - ka poe i pihaʻi a pau nui'amino nāʻakika;
• hemahema - ka poe ma a he mea he hapa'aminoʻakika haku mele 'ana.

Eia naʻe, no ka mea kanaka kino, he nui a me ka poe a me na mea e ae. No ka mea mua pūʻulu. Ua noa, oi loa aku hoi i manawa no, pili? Acaeoey (wā kamaliʻi a me ka adolescence) a me ka puberty pono malama i ka ikaika nui o ka kumuʻiʻo i loko wale. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua hulina ua uhi oihana i hana kēia mau mea kupaianaha nā lātoma, a ua ike no ua aneane ole kaʻina,ʻaʻohe biochemical naoh i loko o mākou hiki ole ke hana me ke komo 'ana o nā polypeptides.

A no ke aha la oe Pono lā kēlā me kēia, e hoopau ia i ka kela la i keia koi o ke kumuʻiʻo, a i na ma ka hope o nā huahana.

• hua;
• ka waiu;
• e eiooaa? me ka waiū;
• ka ai a me ka iʻa;
• mohihi;
• soybeans;
• mohihi;
• peanuts;
• me ka hua palaoa;
• ota;
• papapa a me ka 'ē aʻe.

Inā e hoʻopau i kela la 0,6 g. Polypeptide no kg o ke kino ke kaupaonaʻana, a laila, i ke kanaka e, aole loa e he shortage o kēia mau hui. Inā he lōʻihi manawa i ke kino, aole i loaa ka mea e pono nā polokina, ka maʻi i, he inoa'aminoʻakika pololi. Ua hiki aku i ka loa metabolic kāna hana, a me ka hopena, nui no hoi na maʻi puʻuwai.

Nā polokina ma ka halepaahao

Loko, ka mea liilii loa mall pa alima o nā mea ola - e hoʻi nā polokina - keena. A ka mea hana ia aneane a pau o ka mea ma luna o ke kuleana pili i. Kuhikuhi ho okumu i keena cytoskeleton oia hoi o microtubules, microfilaments. Ua lawelawe 'ana e malama i ke kinona, e like me ka amo ma waena o organelles loko. No ka kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma, nā kaha a mawah, neʻe likeʻole Ion, i huiʻia.

Ka nui kūlana o nā polokina i loko iho i loko o kaʻili lahilahi, a aia ma luna o kona ili honua. Eia ka mea e, a ua lawe mai mea loaʻa a me ka hōʻikeʻana oihana, e lawe 'ana i loko o ka hana o kaʻili lahilahi wale. E kū koa, a pela pāʻani i ke kūlana aiiay. He aha ano o nā polokina i loko o ka halepaahao hiki e wahi a hiki i keia hui? Aia, ua nui na ano he kumu hoʻohālike, ke haawi aku i kekahi mau.

1. Actin a me ka myosin.
2. Elastin.
3. Keratin.
4. Collagen.
5. Tubulin.
6. Hemoglobin.
7. Insulina.
8. Transcobalamin.
9. Transferrin.
10. Albumin.

Ma nā mea a pau he mau haneri o kekahi mau ʻano o nā polokina, a i mau neʻe i loko o kēlā me kēia halepaahao.

Ano o nā polokina i loko o ke kino

Ka mea e, o ka papa, he nuiʻano. Inā mākou e ho'āʻo i ka somehow puunaue a pau na nā polokina i loko o nā pūʻulu, ka mea hiki ke huli a puni e like me ka Mea Maluna.

1. Globular nā polokina. He mau poe ma ka tertiary 'ole, a laila densely hoʻopūʻukiʻuki globule. 'O kekahi mau hale a nā: immunoglobulins, ka hapanui o nā'ūhū, he nui hormones.
2. Fibrillar nā polokina. Ho i pololei kauoha filaments ka pololei māhele symmetry. Kēia pūʻulu o nā polokina nā ka iniiaiie a me ka haumāna 'ole. No ka laʻana, keratin, collagen, tropomyosin, fibrinogen.

Nui, e hiki ke lawe i ke kumu o ka lākou o nā kailaʻae no ka Mea Maluna o nā polokina i hiki mai ma ke kino. Single hakuʻole.

nā'ūhū

Liluwelo catalysts o kumuʻiʻo ano, i ka wikiwiki i nā mea a pau i hana biochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Normal kūkaʻi o ka waiwai wale ,ʻaʻole e hiki ole kēia mau hui. A pau na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka hoʻololi kemikala a me ka hālāwai hope, i kaʻaha kanaka o nā lātoma a me kā lākou replication, Ekolu a me ka unuhi, a me ka 'ē aʻe e lawe mai ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mea i ho'ākāka' ano o ka'ūhū. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o kēia nā lātoma nā:

• oxidoreductase;
• transferase;
• catalase;
• hydrolase;
• isomerase;
• lyase a me na mea e ae.

I kēia lā, e hoʻohana 'ia nā'ūhū ma maʻamau o ke ola. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka holoi ana me ka pauka, i pinepine hoʻohana ai-kapaʻia nā'ūhū - i loaʻa i liluwelo catalysts. Ka mea, hoʻoikaika i ka pono o ka holoi ana ma lalo i hoakaka ia ana wela ana. He oluolu e nakinaki i ka lepo (particles) a lawe mai ia lakou mai ka ili mai o nā'aʻaʻa.

Eia naʻe, ma muli o ke 'ano o ke kumuʻiʻo nā'ūhū hiki ole tolerateʻoi aku ka wai wela a koke i kona'ākilikai pahaʻakika ai'. No, ma keia hihia, no ka denaturation kaʻina hana, e kānāwai.