Aoao a me nāʻano o ka EYI

he nui helu o microbes ola i loko o ke ao nei,ʻike makaʻole i ka maka kanaka. Kekahi o ia mai i oweliweli i kekahi pilikia, oiai kekahi poe hiki i likeʻole maʻi. He aha nō na aoao a me na kumu o ka EYI o ka maʻiʻaʻai, he mea - he nīnau i hewaʻiʻo noonoo.

Maʻiʻaʻai: keʻano papa hana a me ka pololei o ka EYI. decryption hua'ōlelo

Ma keia 'epekema, epidemiology, hoʻohana i ka manawa "maʻiʻaʻai". Kēia manawa Kû ka pilikia o ka maʻiʻaʻai mai ka mea kanu, holoholona, a me kanaka kino ma kekahi pathogens. O nā protozoa, koʻohune, nā mea hoʻomaʻi, a no laila, ma luna o. E. nā mea palahēhē pū i hiki i kulike ai me kekahi maomeka. Ma lalo o kēia mauʻano o ka hui malu pu ana o ka hana i ho'ākāka 'aoao, e hoʻoneʻe pathogens, mai ke kumu a hiki i ka susceptible meaola.

Poe akamai i kuhikuhi i eha EYIʻano papa hana :

• fecal-ku una ha;
• aerosol-aerogenic;
• transmissible;
• bloodborne.

Kēlā me kēiaʻano papa hana hoʻokō i loko o kekahi mau aoao (aoao). Kēia kau pili i ka kumumea i hōʻoia 'anal o ka maʻiʻaʻai i loko o ka susceptible meaola i loko o kekahi ana.

ka EYI alanui ano o ka fecal-ku unaʻano papa hana

Nā mea palahēhē i ho'ākāka 'ia i kēia EYIʻano papa hana, kapa intestinal. Ke causative Agena o ka mea nona ke ola i loko o ka digestive nenoaiu. Na? Aneie microorganisms loaa pu me faeces. Ke hou meaola pathogens komo iloko o keʻano o nāʻaoʻao. Eia nā 'ano, e ke hoʻouna i intestinal maʻiʻaʻai.

• wai (ua hoʻohaumiaʻia ka wai, i ka wa i hoʻohana);
• ai (ma ka hua,ʻai, ka iʻa, ka waiu, ua hoʻohaumiaʻia ka lau, hua, a me ka hua);
• Hoʻokaʻaʻike-hale (ma keʻano o ka hale 'ikamu).

Ma ka wai, i ka meaola i aie i ka pololei LIKE i loko o kona mau feces a ua hoʻohaumiaʻia lepo. I ka wa ai a me ka hui '-hale EYI? Ooia ai a me ka hale' ikamu i pinepine iho mailoko o hope o ka maʻi kanaka e lawelawe nei i ka kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai, ka mea e hoopa ia mau mea. An nui kūlana ma ka EYI o pathogens paani nalo. Pathogenic microorganisms kiʻi i na wawae o ka insect ka me feces.

Kumu maʻiʻaʻai me fecal-ku una EYIʻano papa hana

One ike kanaka maʻi - ka hī koko. Kēia maʻi, a ua wehewehe aku ma lesions gastrointestinal syndromes a mau infectious intoxication. Ka maʻi ia lŘlŘ ma muli o ka hi koko koʻokoʻo no i ka genus Shigella. Aoao o ka EYI - wai, ka ai a me ka hui '-ko ka hale ona.

Currently, me ka hi koko diagnosed ma kaʻawale hihia. Maʻiʻaʻai ia lŘlŘ:

• aie i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka wai mai ka muliwai, pūnāwai, kolamu, Aia ma unsatisfactory hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka oaoieei ana;
• i ke ano o insufficiently hoʻokō 'ai (ʻino, maka).

Ua mea no hoi e hiki outbreak - pae maʻi. Wai maʻi'ōkuʻu i kena ae la ma kāna hana o ka decentralized a me ka centralized ka wai lako. Hoʻokaʻaʻike-ohua outbreaks pinepine ana i kamaliʻi ma muli o ka 'aʻe' ana o Anati-'ōkuʻu? Eia (no ka laʻana, ma muli o ka poorly hana disinfection ana).

EYI alanui i ka wa a ka aerosol-aerogenicʻano papa hana

Ua hooliloʻano papa hana loaʻa paha kekahi mau inoa. Ma ka hana kūikawā moʻokalaleo ka mea, he mau 'ikamu i wehena,ʻehu, drip. Ma hope o ke kālailai ia, ua hiki ike i ka aerosol-inhalatory EYIʻano papa hana wehewehe aku ma IIeEeAIEUAA o ka pathogen ma naehana nā loko.

Microorganisms hiki ke pū i hiki i nā kēiaʻaoʻao (aoao):

1. Airborne. Ke causative Agena Ua hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka puʻu, kiheʻana, e kamailio pu ana. Droplets o iho mailoko o mucus i loko o ka 'āina, a laila, i ke ea i loko o ke kino ola.
2. By inhalation o ka lepo. Me keia EYI iaoia ola kanaka mailoko o hope, inu o airborne ka lepo (particles) i loaʻa i ka maʻiʻaʻai.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka maʻi me ka aerosol-EYIʻano papa hana inhalatory

Maʻi palū mea he na maʻi o ka mea hoʻomaʻi ano. O ka papa kuhikuhi pololei o ka EYI - airborne. I ka wā o ka maʻi e loli ai i ka luna naehana'āpana. A hiki aku ka mea hoʻomaʻi komo ke kanaka organizmzdorovogo, symptoms e like me ka luhi, headaches, Muscle a me ka olelo eha. Kino mehana. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, i ka hoʻomanawanui iki mai ohumu o nasal congestion, nui puʻu, maloo cough.

Airborne lepo hoolilo iaoiaeii mea auaneʻiʻoukou ulaula kuni - A streptococcal maʻiʻaʻai, punctate wehewehe aku ma ka poʻe noʻonoʻoʻole, eha loa puʻu, a me na hoailona o ka intoxication. At maʻi pathogens i excreted kanaka ahonui sputum, pus. Ka mea, ua nui loa hoʻopale i? Aneie aʻe. Kēia wehewehe i ka manawa kūpono o ka maʻiʻaʻai ma lewa a me ka lepo.

EYI alanui wā Transmissibleʻano papa hana

No ka transmissibleʻano papa hana o ka EYI mea typical hale pathogens i loko o ka püÿali koko. Ma ke ola i ke kino o ka maʻiʻaʻai komo ma arthropods (ʻuku lele, ka makika, makika, ticks, lele). Nā moku halihali mokulele i maheleia i loko o kekahi a me ka nonspecific. Ka mua pūʻulu nā arthropods, a lawe aku no hoi i kekahi mau maʻi. No ka laʻana, ka mea i ho'ākāka 'vectors o ka malaria ma ka makika, typhus - na uku hoi kekahi. Ka lua o ka pūʻulu nā nahu e hali ana i huʻi intestinal nā mea palahēhē, typhoid, hepatitis A.

Transmissibleʻano papa hana hiki e ho'īli:

• anthroponoses (? aieeeua a me ka kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai mea wale nō ke kanaka);
• Zoonoses (? Aieeeua a me ka kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai nō ka holoholona);
• anthropozoonosis (i ke kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai hiki e nā holoholona a me nā kānaka).

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka maʻi transmissible i ka EYIʻano papa hana

Kekahi o ka maʻi lele-hanau maʻi - malaria. It anroponoznoe maʻi kena ae la ma protozoa o ka genus o Plasmodium. pū i hiki Pathogens mai ka maʻi i ola kanaka ma ka makika pili ana i ka genus Anopheles. Ka mea hou nāna i infectious wale i ka wa a ke koko ikea 'īnea i ano o ka pathogen - gametocytes. No ka laʻana, ma Tropical malaria ia ia lŘlŘ e pili ana i ka hebedoma ma hope o ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ka parasitaemia a mau mawaena o ka makahiki.

Kekahi kumu o ka maʻi transmissibleʻano papa hana o ka EYI - i ka ino. Ke causative hope paha o Yersinia pestis (paa bacterium hoʻokino laau). Ke kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai i ano e na rodents, a me ka lawe - heʻuku lele. Mau koko-keikihipa omo nā mea kolo ma hope o kaʻaiʻana ua hoʻohaumiaʻia ke koko i loko o ka digestive'ōnaehana hoʻomaka e hoonui ino microbe. Pathogens loaa a hoʻopiha i ka lumen o ka digestive Tube. Ma mahopeʻaki o nā holoholona a me kānakaʻuku lele luaʻi pathogens, a hoʻolako pela mea hoʻohaumia.

transduction alanui hoʻomaopop 'ana i bloodborneʻano papa hana

Bloodborne EYIʻano papa hana i ano o na maʻi: mea koʻohune, fungal, mea hoʻomaʻi, protozoan, parasitic. Pathogens komo i ke kino i loko o naʻano likeʻole. No ia kumu, ma laila nō ke kēiaʻaoʻao o ka EYI:

• vertical;
• parenteral;
• transplantation;
• ka moe.

Vertical pololei o ka EYI mea ku pono i ka anal o ka pathogen i loko o ke kino o ka fetus, mai ke kino mai o ka hapai wahine ma ke keiki. No ka mea parenteral ala ua wehewehe aku ma ka lawe ana mai 'inikua kaʻina hana. No ka laʻana, ma kekahi hihia, kanaka e iho mailoko o loko o ke kahua niho oihana, kahi i kekahi kauka hoʻohana he pili-sterile kani. Transplant EYI iaoiaeii ua hoʻokō ka wā transplanting na nā loko. Hope ala hoʻomaopop 'ana i ka maʻi i hiki ma moe ke keakea ole.

Eia hou kekahi, he mea hiki ke kālā līkaia no EYI papa hana. I ka mea maʻiʻaʻai ia lŘlŘ ma ka hui 'ana me nā pathogens a me ke kahi i hoʻolaunaʻia ma ma luna o ka ili o ka ili a me ka mucous membranes (e laʻa me, scabies)

Kumu maʻi me ka bloodborne EYIʻano papa hana

O kēia 'inikua a me ka nohona pilikia mea i na kanaka mai i ike a kāpae'ōlelo i nāʻaoʻao o ka EYI o nā kiʻie ho'īli nā mea palahēhē, e i hoomaluia i ka manawa o ka huikau ka loulou. I mea no ke aha la STD ua loa pinepine diagnosed e lapaau.

An kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai me ka bloodborne EYIʻano papa hana o HIV. I ka wā o ka maʻi e loli ai i ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu. Ua i nā uhaʻi ia i lalo, a hiki i ke kahua o kōkua iā ia, (lilo immunodeficiency maʻi pale). Pathogen - he mea hoʻomaʻi o ka retrovirus ohana. Ke kumu o ka maʻiʻaʻai hana maʻi kanaka.

Moe a me ka vertical EYI epekema i walaʻauʻana (maoli) i loko o kēia maʻi. ʻimi hoʻopunipuni alanui (parenteral a me ka transplant) ua ka hoʻokō pū 'Imi. A hiki aku ka mea hoʻomaʻi komo ma loko ma wawahi ai i kaʻili a me mucous membranes me ka pākōlea a me ka lapaʻau 'ana i ke kaʻina hana, lāʻau papa hoʻomalu, hana uhi honu ma nonsterile ana.

nosocomial nā mea palahēhē

Pakahi aku la ia noteworthy i haukapila-lilo nā mea palahēhē (HAI). He He mea nui pilikia. I ka poʻe hopu nosocomial nā mea palahēhē ma ke komo i ka haukapila a imi mālama '. Nosocomial nā mea palahēhē i nui poino ke ola. Eia hou, e hoomahuahua i ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka lapaau, a me ka noho ana i loko o ka' inikua kula, kumu complications, a me kekahi manawa, a hiki alakai i ka make.

Nā Papahana O Ka EYI i like 'inikua wahi uku paha. Pathogens komo i ke kino o ke kanaka me ka kūlohelohe (faecal-ku una, aerosol a me inhalatory) oleʻimi hoʻopunipuni (ma invasive pākōlea a me ka lapaʻau 'ana i ke kaʻina hana)' o ia hoʻi. Nosocomial nā mea palahēhē i hoʻomaka ai,ʻaʻole wale nō ma muli o ke 'ole-ana i kona akua o ka hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe-hygienic a me Anati-'ōkuʻu? Eia, akā, no hoi, no ka ka muli o microorganisms hoʻopale i chemotherapeutic ai', antibiotics, a me adverse? Aneie aʻe.

Ma ka hopena, e pono ke kūʻai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ia no i na mai auaneʻiʻoukou i kekahi mau aoao (ki ina hana) o ka EYI o nā mea palahēhē. Ike e pili ana i pehea ka maʻiʻaʻai i, e mea hiki ke pale aku i ka hanana i kekahi illnesses (no ka laʻana, mai hanaʻino huahana, ae ho'āʻo anaʻaʻahuʻoluʻolu ke keka, e alakai i ka olakino Aloha Hawaii a me ka hele aku i ka lāʻau).