Aia He manawa he 'oihana Holiday i loko o nāʻoihana. Aiaʻo ia a me na kanaka e hana ana ma ka kŰia. Day surveyor a cartographer kaulana i loko o ka malama mua o ke kupulau o kela lua Sunday, nānā 'ole o ka mea ia coincides me nā icai paha ole. No laila, i ka 2009, hele mai la ia ma ka March 8. No ka mea, ÿo ka mea e ole hui ia lakou iho me ka kartosostavitelstvom keia Holiday hele unnoticed, i mea loa hewa. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ina oe e nana, i ka hana ana o cartographers a me surveyors mea nui no kela mea keia mea o mākou.
Pehea i hana ai i ka hookahakaha
I ka hoʻolauleʻa surveyor i loko o Rusia, ia i ho'ākāka 'ia i ka Peresidena o ka paa, i kakau i ka makahiki 2000, ma 11 November. Mahina ua i wae mai ma ka iho. Ua ua ma March 1720th Great King Peter I kauoha ke kānāwai ma luna o ka pono a me ka malama ana o cartographic hana i loko o nā wahi likeʻole o ka Lūkini moku'āina. A ma March 1919th ano ka Soviet ke aupuni i loko o ka maka o ko People ka Commissars kakauinoa ke kānāwai ma luna o ke kukuluia'na o VSU (Geodetic kia'āina '). Surveyor ka Day ma Ukraine hui me ka auwina la kanaka hulihonua , a hana ma April, o kela mea keia mua Sabati o ka mahina. I kekahi manawa ka mea, e kau mai maluna April 1, a coincides me ka lā o kaʻakaʻaka. Aia i kekahi papa hana e hoʻolauleʻa ai i ko lakou mau oihana Holiday surveyors a me cartographers, March 15, ma ka hanohano o ka manao paa o People ka Commissars, paʻi i ka 1919 ..
kahiko cartographers
Manaʻo kuhihewa i ke aloha i ka mea wale koi 'ia ka pepa, e hooholo i ka mea ma luna o ka honua. Me ia, e hiki i hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka mōʻaukala o ko mākou Honua! Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka mea mua nui a emi kūlike loa kiʻi, iaono?ʻikeʻia i loko o ka 14-15 kenekulia AD. Akā, ka mea, ola lōʻihi ma mua o ka hanau ana o Kristo. An hoohalike no keia mea i ke kāleka o ka Helene nä känaka 'epekema Ptolemy, a outlines na âinapuni a pau, a me Antarctica, i maopopo i nanaia. Hope o kana mau hana i hoʻohana ma na mea he nui cartographers o ka Middle Ages. Palani nä känaka 'epekema Orontsy Feeney (Oronteus Phynius) hoʻi i loko o 1531 hoʻolauna i ke ao palapala o Antarctica, oia hoi, aneane 300 makahiki mua kona kūhelu puka! E like mamua, i ka 1513, Antarctica i ua poe ma ka palapala 'āina o Piri me Rei, he'akimalala, he haumana a me ka loa poʻokela luna o Constantinople. Aia he'ē aʻe compilers, a ia mea waiwai i olelo ia i ka lā cartographer a me ka surveyor. Lākou haʻalele mākou i kekahi palapala 'āina o ka coldest'āinapuniʻole i loko o ke ao nei me ka hau, a me ka mea kiko'ī wahi o ka muliwai, o ic ?? a me nā puʻu, ma i kēia kānakaʻepekema i aʻo wale i loko o ka 20th kenekulia.
Nei o Atlantis
Hon Plato i VI kenekulia BC, e nane aku oe i ka nane e pili ana humankind Atlantis. No ka mea, hiki wawe no ka huli i kekahi mea i loko o kekahi kihi o ka honua, a laila, i loko o ka 'ē aʻe. Mahalo i ka palapala kahiko o Antarctica, i houluuluia me kupaianaha pololei, ua he mana o ke ola o ka mea haule ka noho ma laila. Hana i ike ole ia mai cartographers i noho eono a oi miliona makahiki aku nei, a mai i kuhi i kekahi manawa, e hoʻolauleʻa surveyor a me ka cartographer, ua aeia laekahi kānakaʻepekema i ka e na mea he nui discoveries. Mahalo i ko lakou mau pepa, ike ia no ka ua loa ai mehana aniau, kokoke i ke Kaiwaenahonua i ka manawa lōʻihi ma Antarctica. Aia kahe ka muliwai, verdant nā mahinaʻai. Ma lalo o ia mau ana, ia mea he kahiko noho maikai ana ke ola, ma ka pelapela. Ma ka 20th kenekulia, ua mālama 'epekema ma ka icy'āinapuniʻole hawewe, hohonu noiʻi,ʻepekema mānoanoa o ka hau, a i Eia kekahi laʻana. Haʻawina ua hoopaa ia na cartographers kahiko unuhi ae la oia i kona mau pepa me ka kamahaʻo pololei. Pehea ka mea, i hana ia me kekahi laekahi hoʻoluku mea IKE OLE IA.
kŰia ha ki ina hana like
Kēlā me kēia palapala 'he maka aha wahi (me longitude a me ka latitu). ʻO wai lā ka mea e hooholo i ka me longitude i chronometer. I ka mua o ia mea i invented i loko o ka 18th kenekulia, John Harrison. Prior i keia, na drafters o ka me longitude o na pepa me ka nānā 'ia ma ka malama ana i ka Pu o ukali, a me ka laula - ka hene o ka honua i ka mālamalama ma luna o ka moana lipolipo. Location mea i paa visually, a me ka mamao ana kaula a ma nā huila. Kona pepa la mai ka mea e kū'ē'ē ', a laila, hoonuiia e ka lōʻihi o ka Park ma ka helu ana o Hope. Akā, ma ka mea e käkuhi i ka outlines o ka mamao âinapuni, ka mea, ua pono ai kekahi, e hiki ia lakou a me ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina iā lākou, mai ka kiekie nui. Ano ka mea, ua hana me ke kōkua o Honolulu kiʻi, ka hoʻohana 'ana ukali, a mamua? Ua koe he mea pohihihi pehea kanaka i noho ai oi aku 5-6, a me millennia aku nei, e hoʻokele ai i ke 'ano pololei huki i ka outlines o na âinapuni i ike ia ia.
nā holo kai
Ma ke kenekulia 13th, invented i ka panana, a nui kōkua ai i nā ka hana o cartographers. I ia manawa mea he aina palapala 'āina,ʻaʻole wale nō, akā, i ke kai, a i hoʻohanaʻia luina. He kēia moe i loko o ke kumu Hristofora Kolumba. Me ka hooulu ana o ka hoʻokele, a me ka Hekikai o ka miomio mea kŰia ha nui hoʻonui a hou. Many Hawaii kaumaha huakaʻi kaua, e makaikai iʻike aina. E like me ka hopena, ua lilo oi kūlike loa na pepa, ua hoi ka mua poepoe honua. Ua Ua hanaia e ka German Martin Behaim. A iki ma hope, Gerhard Mercator a meʻAberahama Ortelius i ke ao nei ka mua Hawaiian Edition. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka 'epekema o cartography i invented Mercator. Ma ka lā o ka surveyor a me ka cartographer, he nui loa e hōʻike 'ia i kona inoa. Ka mea, ua i kēia haumana hoʻolauna i ka'ōnaehana o Leeuwerikplein nāʻikepili a me ka palapala'āina nā wānana waiwai. Ma ka 18th kenekulia i hoomaka ai e ana i ke kiekie o ka mea ma luna o ka ilikai, a ia i ka hoʻomaka o ka 'äina.
Cartography i loko o Rusia
Ma Rusia, e like me ia ma nā'āina a ke kino, Ua pili nui a hiki i ka muliwai wahi ike, o ic ??, ulu lāʻau, na kulanakauhale a me na alanui ma waena o lākou. O Ivan Grozny hoopuka ia i mea no ka compilation o ka piha unuhi wahi. Ka hopena ua i ka ai-kapaia "Big unuhi", ma ka manawa nalowale. Mākou hiki wale kākau manaʻo ma keia hana. Akā, mālama kope o ka palapala o Siberia, i hoike no ka Peter Godunov mau kauoha i ka 1667. A me Fyodor Godunov, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka "Big unuhi" i kona palapala' āina. A oiai ke alii, oia kana a he mau o ka mahina, i ka cartographer ua maikai loa. Peter I, no ka mea, o ka olelo paa a mākou i hoʻolauleʻa ai i ka surveyor i loko o March,ʻaʻole wale hapai i ka baton o Lūkini cartography, akā, i i kēia pukana kekahi o ka mea nui i loko o ka moku'āina. E hana i ka hana o Petero au kono haole mea kahakaha, aʻu i hoouna aku ai i ka mea maikaʻi i nā luna a me nā surveyors (Kozhin a me Urusova). Hope, ka mea i paʻiʻia ka mua Hawaiian Edition Rusia me 19 palapala o kaʻokoʻa i nā wahi.
kēia cartography
Cartography Ua loli Hawaiʻi, a ma hope o Peter I. Paul I waihoia mai i kēia hana i ka oihana koa Oihana, Alexander au hoʻokumu i ka pūʻali o ke koa surveyors, a me Rotehama au i aponoia i ka hoʻokumu o ka Pulkovo Observatory. Nā Papahana a me ka 'ike loea hou kŰia ha mau i ka hoʻoikaika' ana. I ka iwakalua kenekulia hoomaka cartographers e pili lithographic a photochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana i nā kiʻi o ka mea. Electronic Technology hana mea hou i hana muaʻole plotters, nā mīkini paʻi, scanners, Honolulu noi no hoi hou i ke kaʻina hana o ka pili ana pololei palapala. Ano, me ia ia mea hiki ole ia i noonoo ai i ko kakou ola. Maps mau motorists a me iauaeoia oo? Ecia, kanaka hulihonua, a kūkulu. Surveyors e kuka no kā lākou mau mea, inventories, palapala, aeaciui ai a me nā alanui. Ua haule Day Surveyor 2014 i 9 Malaki, i ka pono ma hope o Women ka Day. Ka Peresidena hoalohaloha na surveyors a me cartographers o ka aina, a iini iho la ia hou ka pomaikai o ka hana.
Mau hoohiwahiwa i ka surveyor a me ka cartographer
Ma na alanui o ke kulanakauhale a me na kauhale hiki pinepineʻike kanaka me ka i hoowalaniaia mai ai, 'ilikai a theodolite. Lakou lawe ana, ho oholo i ka pololei Geographic wahi o ka mea, hana i ka huina paa. Hoalohaloha ia ia ma luna o lākou 'oihana Holiday hiki e pono olelo, akā, hiki e poetry. No ka laʻana, kēia mau mea:
Surveyors, atlases a me nā palapala a pau na compilers,
He oiaio ka invaluable kou hana,
Ua oe i kela kuia honua i noho ai,
Kahawai a me na muliwai e kahe ana ma ka mea,
A haneri manawa e ana, hoʻokahi haneri manawa a kikoo
A huki mai i ka palapala 'āina o nā ao,
Lealea me ka malie-hahau pinepine puunaue,
E nānā iho i ka pilikia.
No laila, e ka oe pinepine ka minoʻaka
Kahalewai a me ka hoʻopaʻi e malama mai kaʻino,
E pau kou mau manao i hana ai,
A oe i lawa ka pomaikai no ka haneri makahiki!