E like me ka proliferating keena. I ka ulu a me ka hoʻonuiʻana o ke keena

Paha i hou pinepine aʻo i loko o ke kula o ka kālaimeaola manaÿo o ka aiiu ma mua o ka halepaahao. No ka mea, ua wahahee 5 ma maoli mōʻaukala ka papa, a laila, kamaʻilio ma ka 6 replicates like me ka? Ueo a me ka halepaahao mahele kona ki ina hana like. I ka 7th, a 8th papa i aʻo ai mai ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ka mea kanu, holoholona, a me kanaka kumu. Grade 9 nā noonoo o na keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hana i loko o ka mea,ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hakakino 'ole. Ma 10 a me 11 o ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo, ai ka loaʻa a me ka evolution.

Ua kūkuluʻia ka papahana i alanui no ka mea, o kēia mau meaʻuʻuku nā hale, "na ālai 'hale o ke ola," i ka loa nui kumu o kekahi meaola. All nui oihana, keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a me ka ulu kūpono 'ana, me ka ho okumu - na mea a pau e pili ana i ke ola, lawe mai e ia, a ma ia mau mea. No laila, i loko o kēia 'atikala e nānā mākou i ka manaʻo nui o nā'ōlelo, ke kelepona hele kūpono' ana a me ka mōʻaukala o ko lākou loaʻa.

i wehe 'keena

Mau mall (particles) e like uuku ma ka nui. No laila, no ka mea, kā lākou loaʻa ka mea, i ka lōʻihi manawa a me ka hana ana o ka ho'ākāka 'ia' enehana he. No ka mea manawa mua i ka ke kelepona hele 'ole o ke ola kanu'aʻaʻa ike Robert Guk. I ua i ka 1665. I mea no ia e noonoo, oia invented ka microscope mua. Keia mea, oia kekahi e uuku ano i ke kālā no kiʻiona na manao ona. Kaupalena naʻe, ka mea, ua like me he mau hoonohonoho ma waena o ka loop, e haawi ana i ka mea ulu.

E ho ohana i keia mea, ke nä känaka 'epekema noʻonoʻo i ka māhele o ka Cork laau. He aha ka mea, ike aku la ua i ka hoʻomaka o ka hooulu ana o ka helu o nā sciences a me kālaimeaola i ka mau. A iiiaanoaa o ka paa i abutting keena o ka hola like ka nui a me ka shape. Hooke kapa ia cella, a 'o ia hoʻi "aeea".

A laila i ka helu o ka discoveries i ae i ka ike i ka ulu, loaa a me ka hopena ma kekahi mau sciences komo i loko o kā lākou mau mahele.

1. 1675 - nä känaka 'epekema Malpighi aʻo i kekahiʻano o ka halepaahao shape, a hiki i ka hopena i ia mea loa pinepine puni a me ka'ololaha Oe piha ke ola wai.
2. 1682 - N. ulu Malpighi hookupaa iho la ia i ka mea, ua ulu, a me kekahi aʻo i ka 'ole o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi.
3. 1674 - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek wehe na keena o ka koʻohune, e like me ke koko a me ka sperm 'ole.
4. 1802-1809 GG. -. Sh-Brissot a me ka Mirbeau Zh B. Lamark paipai i ke ola ana o ka similarity ma waena o nā'aʻaʻa a me ka holoholona, a me ka kanu keena.
5. 1825 - wehe i ka Purkinje aeea nucleus moe manu.
6. 1831-1833 GG. - Robert Brown hōʻike mai ke alo aku o ka nucleus i kanu keena, a hoʻolauna iā 'i ka manaʻo o ka nui o na wahi lulu haku mele' ana, kahi o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, like mua manaʻo.
7. 1839 - Theodor Schwann manao ia i haku a pau e ola ana meaola o keena, e like me aʻo Kīwala'ō o ka hala a me kela mea keia mea'ē aʻe (wā e hiki mai ke kelepona hele kumumanaʻo).
8. O 1874-1875. - Chistyakov a Strasburger hamama aeea multiplication epekema - mitosis, meiosis.

Ua lawe All hou discoveries ma ke kahua o ka halepaahao hale, i ko lakou mau oihana, a me ka kūlana o ka 'ano i loko o ke ola o ka meaola mai koke no i ka mālama nui kūpono' ana o ke kūikawā kiʻiona, a kau iho lako a pan.

aeea mahele

Kēlā me kēia aeea i loko o ka wa e ola ana i ka halepaahao kalapona - i ka manawa o kona ola ana, mai ka manawa mai o ka hānauʻana i ka make (a puunaue). Eia hoʻi, ka mea, aole ia i mea, e ka holoholona, a me kaʻai. Ke ola kalapona o ka ia no a pau o lakou, a me ka pinepine, i ka pau ana o kona keena eʻalo mai ma ka mahele ana.

O ka holo ana, i nā mea a pau meaola, kēia kaʻina mea'ālike. No ka eukaryotic a prokaryotic ia mea fundamentally okoa, eia no hoi kekahi oko ao ma ka propagation o ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona keena.

Like proliferating aeee? Aia nō kekahi mau kumu oʻaoʻao.

1. Mitosis.
2. Meiosis.
3. Amitosis.

Kēlā me kēia o ia ho i ka helu o keʻano o ka hanaʻana kūlana. A pau o kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ho'ākāka 'ia i ka multicellular meaola, nā mea kanu a me ka holoholona kumu. Ma unicellular nā'ōlelo lŘlŘ ma wale mahele ana i ka elua. Ie, ke kelepona hele nā'ōlelo kāu kiʻina hana mau i ka ia. Aia mea a me keia i kekahi mea e like me ke kelepona hele he pepehi anaʻia iā iho. Kēia pakiko-luku ana i keena kahi o ka mahele ana i keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Like proliferating keena, e like me koʻohune, uliuli-omaomao līoho, kekahi o ka simplest? Asexually, ka easiest iaoia: ka maʻiʻo o aeee ua papaluaia i loko o ka halepaahao pā i hanaʻia e kekahi transverse a lonikū hauling a me kekahi aeea ua maheleia i mau loa hou,'ālike maternal meaola.

Kēia kaʻina ua kapaia pololei aeea mahele. Hoonui ia, a me ka unicellular koʻohune, akā, ka mea mai, aole pili i ka mitotic paha meiotic keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka. Lakou ana wale i loko o ke kino o multicellular meaola.

mitosis

Ma multicellular mea kekahi mau ieeeea? O aeee. A imi kela mea keia mea o lakou, e hoʻopiha i kona ola kalapona, ka mea, ua haalele hua, aʻaʻole make ana. Keena paʻi ma ka mahele ana, akā, i kēia kaʻina mea ole a pau o ia mea i ka ia.

Somatic 'ole (i kapa i na keena a pau, koe germ) kā lākou hana i kohoʻia no nā'ōlelo a me amitosis mitosis. He loa hana hoihoi, capacious a me ka luna 'kaʻina, i kūpono, mai ka hookahi makua diploid aeee (a laila, he papalua kau o chromosomes) mau'ālike kana kaikamahine me ia diploid haku mele' ana.

Ka holoʻokoʻa kaʻina he o nā manaʻo nui:

1. Mitosis - nukelea fission a me kona holoʻokoʻa Contents.
2. Cytokinesis - ka mahele o ka protoplasm (cytoplasm a me nā mea a pau ke kelepona hele organelles).

Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hoʻomaka ai ka poʻe, e alakai ana i ke kahua o ke kiʻekiʻe-papa makua kope hoemi i ka nui.

Mitosis ninoieo o ka eha kūlana (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) a me kona noho ana ma mua o ka mahele - interphase. E hoomanao i kela au mamuli.

interphase

I ka ulu a me ka hoʻonuiʻana o aeee ua lawe mai ma ka ola o ka meaola. Naʻe, i nā mea a pau aeee i ka ia wā o ke ola. Kekahi o ia mau mea make i loko o elua a ekolu lā (koko aeee), kekahi noho hana ana wa e ola ana (ko mākou hopohopo).

Akā, ka hapanui o ka wa e ola ana o kēlā me kēia halepaahao ua waiho waho i ke kulana i kapaia interphase. He He manawa o ko lakou hoomakaukau ana no ka mahele ana o aeee i hana i kekahi oʻo, i lawe i 90% o ka manawa i ka holoʻokoʻa kaʻina.

Ke liluwelo manaʻo nui o kēiaʻanuʻu o ka hoʻomāhuahua o māhuaola, RNA a me kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala o ka DNA nā lātoma. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ma hope o ka mahele ana i loko o kēlā me kēia kaikamahine aeea pono e like me ka helu o nā organelles, waiwai a me ka aaiaoe mea, pehea ka nui o ua i loko o ka makuahine. No keia i hiki mai i kekahi a pāpālua hoʻi o ka hale a? Ueony, me DNA kaula makalii.

I mau, ke interphase ia lŘlŘ i loko o ekolu kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

• presynthetic;
• kemikala;
• postsynthetic.

Hopena: ka hoʻomāhuahua o māhuaola, ikehu a me ka DNA nā lātoma no hou ka mahele ana i keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Penei, keia anu u - mea wale nō i ka hoʻomaka o ke pehea aeea multiplies hou.

prophase

Ma keia ke kahua, na kēia nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana i:

• hoike mai i ka nukeleaʻili lahilahi;
• nalo (i mea hoʻoheheʻe) nucleoli;
• chromosomes e hiki ma lalo o ka microscope ma muli o ke kihi loa (helix) o ka 'ole;
• centriole lūlū aku i ka halepaahao auamo, me ka huki kālī a me ka ho okumu i fission.

Ma keia ke kahua o ka holoholona aeea nā'ōlelo meaʻaʻoheʻokoʻa mai ia o nā mea a pau e ae.

metaphase

Kēia pae Heʻano pōkole, wale ma kahi o 10 minuke. Kona kumu i mea e hoonohonoho ai ka chromatids ma luna o ka halepaahao equator. Oi kālī kekahi hopena hoopili centriole ma ka halepaahao auamo, a me ka 'ē aʻe centromere no kela a me keia chromatids. Ma waena o ka aaiaoe 'ole ua aneane ole e pili pū ana, a no laila, hiki wawe ka makaukau no ka disconnection.

anaphase

Ka shortest ke kahua o ka holoʻokoʻa mitotic kalapona. Ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka ma kahi o 3 minuke. I loko o kēia wā, kēlā chromatid hele i kona laau keena a me ke hoʻoholo 'ia me ka wiwoʻole hapalua o ia iho, haliu ae la ia i loko o ka maʻamau' ole o ka chromosome.

Naʻe, i kēia hoʻonaʻauao pono he kūikawā'ūhū - telomerase. Ua hala aku kona hoʻomāhuahua i loko o ka interphase.

telophase

Kēlā me kēia aeea laau i Konakele. Ke hoʻokō 'ia kona aaiaoe mea, i ua pohole ma ka nukeleaʻili lahilahi, ho okumu i ka nucleus. Nucleoli hōʻike. Ka a pau kaʻina e hookiekie ae ma kahi o 30 minuke. I ka mea hala loa o ka lōʻihi manawa. Kēia mea no ke kahua o ka nucleolar a me ka nukeleaʻili lahilahi pono ke kiʻekiʻe ikehu kāki, a me ka loaʻa nui o ka hale i nā puke - ka mahuaola (nā polokina, carbohydrates, nā'ūhū, bipi kūpaluʻia,'amino nāʻakika).

cytokinesis

Kēia kaʻina ke hoʻoholo 'ia i ka holoʻokoʻa mitotic kalapona. Protoplasm ua maheleia me organelles pololei ma ka hapalua, a me kēlā me kēia kaikamahine kanaka launa like ka ia me kona kaikuwahine. A laila, ma na keena hana hauling kumuʻiʻo (actin ano) i compresses 'ole ma, a haawi i ka mea i loko o nā like, akā, uuku ma ka nui hoʻohālikelike i ka makua keena.

Ma keia kahua, eia kekahi oko ao o ka holoholona keena, mai ka hoʻopulapula kanu aeea. Ka mea i ke kumuʻiʻo i kanu hale emi a me ka actin e mai nei. No laila,ʻaʻohe constriction ua hanaʻia i loko o ka waena, a me ke ana a pa, ma na kapa elua o i kaʻiʻo pepa ua waihoia. Kēia i hāʻawi mai i ka mea kanu aeea rigidity, ke kinoʻano o ka halepaahao pā pōhaku.

I ka ulu a me ka multiplication o keena ma ke alanui i hahai aku ma ka mea mau ola kalapona: specialization, ke kahua o nā'aʻaʻa, a laila, nā loko,ʻeleu hana a me ka puunaue, a me ka make.

Germ keena a me kā lākou'ōlelo

Ma ka ninau o pehea ka halepaahao reproduces, i ka pane hiki e haawiia i ke ano hoohanohano a o ka mea ia mea. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua noʻonoʻo mākou i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka mitosis ano wale no somatic hale. Oiai ka germ keena paʻi i loko o ka i kekahi mau mea okoa aku, a e aho, meiosis.

Kēia kaʻina hana o ke kumu no na mea e pōʻino oihana i loko o na holoholona like gametogenesis, oa moe nā'ōlelo. Ka hooulu ana o ka germ aeee ia lŘlŘ i loko o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Nolaila, meiosis - e oi eiiieaena, a capacious māhele ma mua o mitosis.

No ka aeea kanu meiosis - sporogenesis kumu, i mea, i ke kahua o ka wahine keena. I ka papa kuhikuhiE liluwelo kūlana o ka meiosis no nā meaola mea i like me ka hopena ia 'ano apau loa eha haploid (me ka hapalua a me ka hookahi kau o chromosomes) germ keena. No ke aha? I ma fertilization (kuʻi nukeliu o ke kane a me ka wahine gametes) hang nei diploid zygote loaa i loko o ka hou (wā e hiki mai embryo). Kēia eaaaony ka aaiaoe ka nohona o nā meaola, e alakai i ka'ōewe pu malu, i ka nānā aku, a me ka ka hoʻohuiʻana o ka hou hiʻona.

Ka 'ole o ke kaʻina hana o ka meiosis

Aia i mau papa kuhikuhiE māhele ma ka meiosis: hoemi a equational. Kēlā me kēia kekahi nā mea a pau o ka mea hookahi pae like ia o ka mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase a me ka telophase. E noonoo oe i kekahi wahi hou aku kela mea keia mea o lakou.

ka ho'ēmiʻana mahele

I ka lalo laina: he hookahi diploid keena kuahene mau haploid, a me ka hapalua huapalapala o chromosomes. kūlana:

• prophase I;
• metaphase I;
• anaphase I;
• telophase I.

Ma kēlā me kēia o nā kūlana i hai hou i ka ia huli ana, e like me ia i loko o ka lakou mau kapuwai ma ka mitosis. Eia naʻe, hoʻokahi like mea nō ma laila: i interphase mea ole a pāpālua hoʻi o ka DNA, ka mea, ua wale puunaueia ma ka hapalua, a me nā mea a pau. Nolaila, wale hapalua o ka aaiaoe 'ike hina i loko o kēlā me kēia kaikamahine halepaahao. Kēia keʻehi propagation o ka holoholona keena, a kanu pili i nā kiʻie hōʻikeʻike.

equational mahele

Ka lua o ka meiotic mahele, kūpono ana ma ke kahua o ke ahiahi mau keena, mai kela a me keia o ka mua kekahi. Ano, he mea eha'ālike haploid counterpart, a i ka moe holoholona a kanu keena. Kai equational mahele: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II.

Ke'ī mai, i ka ninau o pehea ka halepaahao replicates, ua heʻano huikau a me ka capacious pane. Ma hope iho o kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana, like me nā mea a pau'ē aʻe 'ia ma ke ola kanaka, ka mea i loa lahilahi, a i mai o ka ai iiiaanoaa o ke kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.