Halogens - ia ... halogen hui

Eia ka mea heluhelu, e loaʻa ka 'ike ma luna o ka Halo, me ka Nine Inch hehee wale o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina D. I. Mendeleeva. Ka maʻiʻo o ka pauku, e ae oe e lilo kama'āina me kā lākou Nine Inch a me ka physical ka waiwai, i loko o ke ano maoli, nā kiʻina hana o ka palapala noi a me na mea e ae.

General 'ike

Halogens - a pau na oihana mua o ke Nine Inch o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina i ka mea i loko o kaʻumikumamāhiku o ka hui. E like me ka papa hana no ka classifying ka stroma mea a pau oihana mua o ka hiku o ka pae, i ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroups.

Halogen - e hehee hiki ke pane koke me ka aneane nā waiwai alodio type koe i kekahi dala o ke nonmetals. A pau o kēia mau mea ikehu oxidizers, no ka mea, ma lalo o na rula o ke ano maoli, e mālama iā ia e ia ma ka hui ano me nā waiwai. Anakahi halogens reactivity emi me ka mahuahua o ko lākou mau ordinal helu.

Halogens kēia hehee wale nō: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine a artificially hanaia tennesin.

E like me ka olelo mua, a pau na halogens - ua oxidizing me ka okoa waiwai, he okoa a pau o ia mea non-ke hooheheeia. Mawaho ikehu 'ilikai i ehiku electrons. AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka ionic mea paa a me ka paʻakai. Aneane na halides a pau, koe nae fluoride, e hoike mai ai ia ia iho e like me ka hoemi hope paha, i ka oxidizing ke degereʻAha 7, akā, i kēia pono i ka mea pāʻani aku me nā kumu mua me ka nui loa o ka electronegativity.

hiʻona etymology

I ka makahiki 1841, Kuekene chemist J. Berzelius kona makemake nui i ka hoike ana o ka makahiki halogen, Ua haawiia ia mau mea i ka manawa F, br, I. naʻe, a me ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o ka manawa ma ka pili ana i ka holoʻokoʻa pūʻulu o ka oihana mua, i ka 1811, Kelemānia nä känaka 'epekema a me . Shveygger ia hua'ōlelo i kapa chloro manawa iho unuhi mai Greek like "solerod".

'ātoma 'ole a me ka degere o ka'okesaside

Ka hoʻonohonohoʻia o ka pā huina'ine iwi o'ātoma halogen mea: astatine - 6s ² 6p ⁵ iodo - 5s 5p ^{2 5 2} 4p 4s bromo ⁵ chloro - 3s 3p ^{5 2,} fluoro 2s ² 2p ^5.

Halogen - na kumu mua ua ma mawaho huina'ine iwi type ehiku electrons e leie aku ia i "ko Hawaiʻi keiki" paʻa huina'ine iwi i ka lawa ole no ka piha. Nō kāu, ka'okesaside degere ua hoikea mai oia, e like me -1. Cl, br, au, a At reacting me nā kumu mua me keʻano kiʻekiʻe, hoʻomaka e hōʻike i ka maikaʻi'okesasideʻano +1, +3, +5 a me +7. Fluoride i kekahi mauʻano o ka oxidative -1.

E lulu aku hoi

Ma muli o ia kā lākou kiʻekiʻe loa o ka reactivity o halogens mea i hookuu ia ma keʻano o ka hui. Prevalence i loko o ka honua i ka pńpa emi i kulike ai me ka mahuahua ma ka'ātoma kahahńnai mai F a hiki i I. Astatine honua ka pńpa i loko i nā mea a pau ana i loko o nā huna a me tennessin hanaia artificially.

e loaʻa Halides ma ke ano maoli loa pinepine i loko o ka hui o halides, a me ka iodine i kekahi lawe i ka palapala o ka potasiuma a paʻakai iodate. Manawa i kona solubility i loko o ka wai makana i loko o ka moana wai, a brines o maoli kumu. Na F - liilii 'elele o ka halogen a oi pinepine i loaʻa i loko o ka pōhaku o sedimentary type, a me kona papa kuhikuhiE kumu - he kalipuna fluoride.

Helu e like ai ano

Halogens a me kekahi i kekahi, hiki e loa okoa, a me ka mea, i ka i kēia physical waiwai:

1. Fluorine (F2) - he kinoea o ka malamalama melemele kala like 'ole, ua kekahi mau pahiʻoi, a o keʻano ukiuki ala, a me ka mea,ʻaʻole ma lalo i ka mīkini'opihia ma maʻamau ana wela ana. Ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o -220 ° C a me ka baila aʻela i wahi -188 ° C.
2. Chlorine (Cl ₂₎ He kinoea i compressible i Ambient wela, i ka wā ma lalo o puʻe, ua he kńnaka, pungent ala, a me ka lenalena-uliuli waihoʻoluʻu. Heheʻe hoʻomaka ma -101 ° C a me ka mai hehe ma -34 ° C.
3. Bromine (br _2), - he yiaeaiiacaaeneiie, a kaumaha wai a me ka mea eleele-eleele waihoʻoluʻu a me kaʻoi fetid ala. Ua heheʻe ma -7 ° C a me ka maʻi hēhē ma 58 ° C.
4. Iodine (I ₂₎ - he paa type konohiki i ka pouli ohoʻeleʻele, a me ia mea ano mea hao alohilohi, honi loa pahi. Heheʻe kaʻina hoʻomaka ka wā o ka 113,5 ° C a me ka maʻi hēhē ma 184.885 ° C.
5. Pohihihi keia Halo - ka astatine (At _2), a mea he paa, a mai ka uliuli-ʻeleʻele ano me ka mea hao alohilohi. Ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi hoʻopili like i puni 244 ° C, nā kapuahi e hoʻomaka a me ka hope o hiki 309 ° C.

Ke Nine Inch 'ano o nā halogens

Halogen - na kumu mua me ka kiʻekiʻe loa oxidative hana i diminishes ma ke ala e hiki aku, mai F a hiki i At. Fluorine, e like me ka K'lauea Luna o halogens, hiki ke pane koke me nā ano o ke hooheheeia, me ka Ma waho aʻeo ka kekahi i ike. Ka hapanui o ke hooheheeia ka poeikohoia komo i ka lewa o ka fluorine undergo noho'na makaainana i ulu'ā, pela ka hoʻokuʻu 'wela i loko o nui dala.

Me ka hookauwa ana'ku fluorine paio hahana maoli nō ka mea hiki ke pane koke me ka hailona ana ole-ke hooheheeia, e like me h2, C, P, S, Si. Keʻano o ka naoh i loko o keia hihia mea exothermic, a hiki e ukali e ka Naita. Pii kai, F hiki aku ai i oxidize halogen ka i koe, a me ka olohelohe ia lakou i ka pāhawewe, ka hehee ai mea hiki ia, a 'aʻole pane koke me ka kaumaha kinoea inert ano.

I ka interacting ana me ka luna 'type i huiʻia, fluorine mea he nui mikiʻala naoh, e laʻa me, oxidizing ka wai, ka mea hiki i ka Naita.

Ke kū'ē i kekahi e chloro, o ka oi aku i loko o ka noa moku'āina. ha awina nui o ka emi o fluorine, akā, e mea hiki ke pane koke me ka aneane pau loa ka noʻonoʻo 'ona, akā, naikokene, oxygen, a me ka hanohano kinoea mai i pane koke me ia. Interacting me ka hydrogen, paio hahana maoli nō ka chloro a maikai kau hana burnoprotekayuschuyu naoh pu ma ka Naita.

Eia hou reactions a me ka hakahaka Cl ke pane koke me ka hailonaʻana o ka luna '-type' ona. Hiki, e pau ka br a me au ma ka paio hahana maoli nō o kekahi hui i hana ia e ia me ka metala a hydrogen, a i pane koke no hoi me kona'ākilikai waiwai.

Bromo chemically emi hana ma mua o chlorine a fluorine, akā nōʻano maopopo hoike mai ai ia ia iho. Keia mea no ka hapanui o ka bromine br ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka wai, no ka mea, ma keia ano o ka degere o ka loiloi mua lehulehu ma nā like aku ana ma luna ma mua o Cl. Hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kemika, o ka oi aku ke aloha. Ua hiki e ia ka pono i loko o H ₂ O a me ka hapa 'ia' pane koke me ia.

Halogen-iodo hehee ai 'ano apau loa i ka mea waiwai au ₂ a me ka hiki o ka pane koke me ka H ₂ O, ua hoʻopau ma ka iodide pāʻoihana, ho okumu i luna' anions. I ka hapanui o ka halogen au i kekahi i loko o ia mea, aole ia i pane koke me ka hapanui o nā 'elele o ka' ole-ke hooheheeia, a lohi reacts me ke hooheheeia, ma keia hihia ia mea pono e hoʻa'ā i. Mai ka hydrogen reacts wale waiho kokoke ana i, pili ihola, a me ka naoh mea endothermic.

Pohihihi keia halogen astatine (At) hōʻike reactivities o ka emi iodine, akā, hiki ke pane koke me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. E like me ka hopena o ka dissociation i hoʻomaka ai nā anions a me cations.

noi

Halogen hui i hoʻomanoʻia ia ma ka ke kanaka i loko o ka likeʻole ma o nā kulekele. Natural cryolite (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ ua hoʻohana 'ia e hoomakaukau Al. Bromine a me ka iodine me na mea waiwai mau hoʻohana mea lāʻau lapaʻau a me Nine Inch hui. Ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā māhele no kaa pinepine hoʻohana halogen. Lights - keia mea kekahi o ia mau wahi. Qualitatively koho i ka mea no ka mea nui kēia hapa o ka mīkini, like me nā headlights ka mālamalama i ke alanui i ka po, a me ka papa hana no kaʻimiʻanaʻoʻoe a me nā motorists. Kekahi o ka mea maikaʻi lua pono hana, e ho okumu i xenon headlights noʻonoʻo. Halogen aka iki emi iki mahope o ka mea e like ai i ka inert kinoea.

Good Halo - mea fluorine, he mea hoʻonui olelo hoʻohana ma o ka hana o ka toothpastes. Ua kōkua e pale aku i ka hanana o ke kahua niho maʻi - kahua niho caries.

Oia i hehee ai-halogen e like me chlorine (Cl), loaa kona palapala noi i loko o ka la hoomalolo HCl, pinepine ia i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke aloha 'ona e like me ea, laholio, kemikala olona, make, a me nā'uheheʻe a me ka e like. D. A e hoʻohana i ka chlorine i huiʻia me ke loloʻa konohiki olonā, a me ka pulupulu i nā puke, pepa, a me ka mea o ke kaōhiʻana koʻohune i ka inu i ka wai.

Aʻo! ʻawahia!

Ma nānaina o ka reactivity kiʻekiʻe loa o halogens pono kapaiaʻawahia. 'O kēia loa pono ke hiki e hui i ka naoh i hoike ma ka fluorine. Halogens i ikaika, a kńnaka waiwai hiki o ka hana ''aʻaʻa AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN.

Fluoride i ka hui a me aerosols ua manaoia kekahi o ka loa palena papaha pilikia ano o ka halogen nā palapala i na mea e ae e noho ana mea. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i ka mea, ua poorly ike ma ka honi, a haha wale i mea e holo kiʻekiʻe nā hoʻohui like.

Summing mai

Me mākou keʻike, na halogens nō he mea nui loa o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, ka mea, i nui na waiwai e oko i loko o ke kino a me ka Nine Inch ano,'ātoma 'ole, i ke degere o ka'okesaside, a me ka hiki, e pane koke me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a non-ke hooheheeia. Ka hana hoʻohana keʻano o ke ano, HEN, mai mea hoʻonui i pilikino kou niho me nā huahana a me ka hoʻopau 'ona hoʻololi kemikala o ke aloha kemika paha bleaches. I loko nō o ka mea i kekahi o na aoao maikai e malama a me ka hana i ka malamalama i loko o ke kaa headlamp mea xenon, halogen, aole nae ia mea i emi iki mahope o a me ka mea no hoi i lohe nui ia, a i kona mau pono.

Ano, e ike i ka mea a ka Halo. Crossword me kekahi ninau e pili ana i kēia mau waiwai no oe mea hou he hindrance.