He aha ka cuneiform? cuneiform o Mesopotamia

Kekahi o ka loa pohihihi, a me ka maikai loa kahiko o Mesopotamia noʻonoʻo. No laila, ka mea i kapaia o Helene, ka mea, ua ike no hoi makou me Mesopotamia. Kēia wahi, a ua aia ma waena o ka nui? Aiiioe? Elua, e haawi ana i ke ola i ka māhele 'āina. Kekahi o ia mea Kika, ka mea 'ē aʻe - na o Euperate. Aia ua nunui kulanakauhale me kūikawā kānāwai, kū hoʻokahi oihana, ka hoʻomana a me ka worldview. Ma keia aina i oi aku mamua o eono tausani makahiki aku nei, Ua hanau au i ka'ōnaehana o ke kākau 'ana i kapa like cuneiform o Mesopotamia.

No ke aha kakau iho la auka?

Ko kākou mau kūpuna, he mau loa observant, no ka mea ae ia e ola mahope aku o ka pilikia ana. A ua hiki ke hakuloli i ke ao nei a puni ia, lawe mea e pono ai, mai ia mea. Inā Aigupita ulu ma ka nui loa papyrus a hiki loaa na pohaku, e kikeke ana ia i ko lakou mau huapalapala, ma Mesopotamia ka mea, ua ole. Akā, ua he lepo mai i kukulu i ka hale, a me ka hana i nā ipu. Kupa ike pehea pulu mea imprinted ko läkou 'o nā holoholona, no laila, e ho'āʻo e hana ia, e lawe memo. Akā, e kikoo aku luna 'hoailona ma luna o ka lepo i ke koikoi, ka mea, ua nui maʻalahi e kaomi ma luna o ka mea dents oi koʻokoʻo me ka triangular kumu. Pela i hele mai i ka cuneiform kaulana o Mesopotamia, i lawe mai iā mākou he nui lāliʻi e pili ana i ka mea pohihihi kanaka o ka aina.

pālolo puke

No laila, he aha ka cuneiform, ua ike. Ano, e ka kamailio iki e pili ana i mea e kākau ma luna o na kamaaina kahiko o Mesopotamia. "Books" heʻokoʻa. Inā lepo pancake Ua manao no nā haumāna kino i loko o ka palapala (a me nā kula, he mau i loko o nā kūlanakauhale o Mesopotamia), a laila ka mea, ua i maloo. Ma hope o nā papa, e holoi palapala a hoʻohana hou una honua. Akā, ka mea hiki ke maloo i loko o ka lā, a laila, ua waiho hou i ka 'ike. Nui o na papa io i ke ahi i loko o ke ahi, a ua waiho waho ma ka hale aliʻi.

Nā haumāna i ka poe i makemake e aʻo i ka palapala kahiko, mua i ao mai ai i nā 'ana i kūpono o ka hana ana i ka lepo o na papa io. Ia mea i oluolu, mahope mai o ka lako i ka hailona o impurities, mai a e maemae ia. Next, ka mea, ua pono ia i ke kaula, laina e cuneiform hoailona hele smoothly. A wale laila, ke kākau'ōlelo, hele akula ia extrude "na palapala."

I ka laha ana o ka mea pohihihi huapalapala

Clay ua he nike mea, ole i nā Hoʻohana o ka heluna kanaka. No laila, i loko o Mesopotamia palapala au i kama'āina i ole wale i ka waiwai, a me ka aeia no caste (kahuna), akā, i nā maka'āinana. Paha i ka mea i kākau ai no ke aha la malaila a pau, i haku poem, a me ka'ōlohe wiwoʻole.

Kokoke e nā mea a pau e ike mea cuneiform. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i lohe nui ma ka Middle Hikina - ka Sumerians, o ka Asuria, me ka Peresia, ko Babulona. Paha keia kahiko kakau'ōnaehana makemake e hoopili ma laila i kēia lā, akā, ua loaʻa iā ia hoʻokahi nui drawback. Clay puke kiʻi, ua kaumaha a me ka bulky, pela ka mea, ua hiki ole ke lawe aku.

Cuneiform palapala ma Europe

Old World aʻo ka cuneiform, oi ma mua o ekolu haneri makahiki nei. No ka mea manawa mua i ka pohihihi na hoailona ma ka palapala o ka paukūʻia hoʻolauna i ke ao nei, a hiki i ka Italia hele ma ka inoa o Pietro della Valle. He palapala iho la i ka puke e pili ana i kona hele ana i loko o ka Middle Hikina, a ia depicted i ka malihini penei, a ua ike ia ma ka lepo papa i loko o Peresia. Makamua cuneiform palapala i loa okoa mai ka'ōlelo Hawaiʻi, i mea lawelawe ma Europe, pela ka mea, ua ole i manaoia palapala nenoaiu. Akā, ma manawa, o ka Western honua o ka lepo o na papa io ua lilo increasinglyʻana. No laila, ka mea, ulu nō keʻano o ka pono o ka lehulehu a me kaʻepekema.

A nui ka helu o ka lepo o na papa io, archaeologists loaaʻi ma ka kahua o ka mea kahiko Peresia kapikala o Persepolis kaʻao puhi Aleksandrom Makedonskim, a me kona punahele - Athens hetaera Helena. E like me ka mea maopopo loa, i ke ahi lepo ua wale noho ikaika, no laila, i ka loa waiwai hale waihona puke o ke kahiko i ka i holo. Eia naʻe, ma ia manawa i kekahi ke heluhelu i ka pohihihi hoailona imprinted mākaukau poe kakauolelo.

i ka mea huna i hoikeia

Mōʻaukala cuneiform oi aku mamua o hookahi tausani makahiki. Akā, o ka poe i ma luna o ka lepo o na papa io pohihihi hoailona, lōʻihi make, a me kā lākouʻike - ua nalowale. ʻepekema, e nana i kahiko na buke, e ike i ka mea loaʻa ka loa waiwai ike. Akā, auwe, i kekahi hiki ke heluhelu ia. Ho'āʻo 'o ia e decipher auka a me cloves ia ma ka outset o nucleation Assyriology' epekema. A eia ka mea hope, o ka ki i ka Puzzle i ua loaʻa! Naʻe, ka mea hiki loa nei, i loko o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia.

Ka mua ho'āʻo e decrypt i hanau hua, lawe German linguist George Grotefend. Ua Ua pinepine kapa ano akamai hoʻokahi pō i kekahi, no ka mea, ua "i loko o ka hoopaapaa" i i ka hiki ole i hana, a hana ia. Alaila, hoi aku la oia i kona maalea - ia i hana i ke kumu. Akā, i ka hoʻomaka o ka ahuoi oia i cryptography.

I ka 1872, nānā 'ole o Grotefend English mea kahakaha Dzhordzh Smit ua hiki ke heluhelu i ka hoailona, i olelo mai ke kaiakahinalii. Wai nui no hoi i hoouna aku i nā akua, akā, kokua aku la lakou i kekahi kanaka e, e like me ka Mea Paipala Noa, ola ia kanaka. Keia hana ua laila komo i loko o ka 'epekema i kapaia "The Song o Gilgamesh."

An invaluable na makana a hiki i keia i Genri Roulinson, he koa mea pili loa. Ka maopopo mua i kona ola,ʻo ia aʻo a mānewanewa ka monumental palapalaia maluna penei o nā aliʻi Peresia ma ka Behistun pohaku a me ka mauna Elvand. Ka mea, aia no iloko olaila he nui helu o kupono inoa (nā moʻokūʻauhau o nā aliʻi), no laila, e kōkua unravel i ka ekolu cuneiform palapala'ōnaehana, kona 'ano apau loa ekolu.

kahi o ka epilogue

No laila, maopopo mākou i keia cuneiform, i ka pōkole huakaʻi i kona'āina - ma Mesopotamia. He aha aʻe hoomanao mākou i kēia aupuni, a i lōʻihi hoopohoia i oblivion? Ka nui, e hoike ana, hoʻowahāwahā i ka hooholo ia ana o millennia, kona ko läkou 'i koe ma ka makuahine honua. A i loko o ka naʻau o ke ola mooolelo o na kanaka, ka poe e noho ana ma waena o ka Tigris a me Euperateʻiʻo nō o kēia kanaka. Mākou a pau e hoomanao i ke kulanakauhale kaulana o Babulona, i mea kaulana no kona nunui ramparts a me ziggurats, ornate mau'īpuka a me nā kiʻi. Ma kēia kūlanakauhale,ʻo nā mea hina o ka halekiai kaulana, a ka Baibala i olelo mai. Pono, ka mea i ike e pili ana i Nineva, i ke kulanakaukale, i kahi au e makemake ole e hele i ke Kristiano i ka mea pono? He mea hiki ole i ke hōʻike i kaʻAsuria, kona koa he ole wale akamai a me ka wiwoʻole, akā, i loa ukiuki. A, o ka papa, no Persepolis, ka cradle o ka Peresia aupuni a pau, mai a me ka lehu ahi koe.