Luaipele (lat luaipele.) - nonmetal hehee ai. Ka Nine Inch hōʻailona S, ka pūkaʻina helu i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina - 16 Valence luaipele i waiho hiki mua këia i ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma. Kona waiwai ua nānā 'ia me ka nānā i ka waiwai ae pani,,ʻo a hoʻopili aku i ka helu o nā nā'ātoma a me nā pūʻulu. Hope, loaʻa i ka noiʻi kekahi kūlana o ka negatively i hoopiiia (particles) (electrons) i loko o ka hanana o ke Nine Inch hoopaa.
Valence o ka luaipele: a pau nā'ātoma lakou aloha ia kona waiwai?
Most like Nine Inch hehee ai ma ka Honua mea ma ka 16th wahi. Ua lŘlŘ i loko o ka palapala o ka melemele nā pōaka a me he lepo lā i loko o nā pōhaku kokokeʻeleu a me ka AEeOEXAaI lua pele. Ka maikai i ike maoli i huiʻia - sulphides a me sulphates.
Helehelena o ka oihana mua a me ka 'ona:
- Ikaika nonmetal.
- By electronegativity (EO) a me ka hiki, e,ʻo electrons luaipele e haawi i ko wale fluorine, oxygen, naikokene, chlorine a me ka bromine.
- Ua reacts me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a nonmetals, hemahema hoi a me ka luna 'i huiʻia.
Ka oko ao ma na waiwai hilinaʻi ma luna o ka 'ole a me ka moku'āina o ka'Ātoma, i ka likeʻole i loko o nā loina o EO. E mākouʻike mea e ia i loko o ka valence o ka luaipele i huiʻia. Lākou Nine Inch hana hilinaʻi ma luna o ka 'ole o ka mana envelopes, i ka helu a me ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha i ka pahale mawaho electrons i loko o ka'Ātoma.
No ke aha la valency meaʻokoʻa?
Ka pilina paʻa isotopes i maoli luaipele me ka nuipa a nui o ka 32 (loa, he pono ole), 33, 34 a me 36. kēlā o kēia mau'Ātoma nuclides 16 kekahi mau olelo ikaika mai, papa mai protons. I ka wa kokoke i ka nucleus neʻe me ka weliweli ka mämä holo o ka 16 electrons. Ka mea, e infinitely uuku, negatively hoopiiia. Emi o Laielohelohe i ka nucleus (looser) 6 mawaho (particles). Kekahi mau 'ole a pau o ia i komo i loko o ke kahua o keʻano o ka Nine Inch hoopaa. E like me kēia manaÿo valence o ka luaipele me ka nānā 'ana i ka helu o ka hana, he pono ole (ka ponaʻana) huina'ine hui. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ki mawaho (particles) e komo i loko o ke kaʻina hana, na poe ma kekahi wahi a puni ka Nine Inch hōʻailona.
E like me ka valence hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma?
Me ka 'ole ke hōʻike pae a me sublevels (s, p, d) ka hoʻohana' ana i ka ikehu kiʻikuhi mai a ka valence o ka luaipele mea e kaukaʻi haʻilula. Mau oppositely kuhikuhi pua nô hui kaulua, hoʻokahi - unpaired electrons. Ka mawaho makahiki ka sulfur'Ātoma orbitals ano o (particles) 6 a me 8 mea e pono ai ke kumupaʻa o ka octet noho mō'ī. Valence iwi hoʻonohonohoʻia Hōʻike 'haʻilula 3s23p4. Electrons paʻa hapa, ahu iho i ka nui hookoe o ka ikehu, i kumu no ka lolelua ka moku'āina o ka'Ātoma. I mea e loaʻa ai kumupaʻa o ka ka sulfur'Ātoma koi mau hou io (particles). Ka mea, hiki e loaa i ke kahua o ka covalent makaukau na kaula paa a me nā kumu a no i ke omo o ka elua noa electrons. Ma keia hihia, luaipele mea he valence II (-). Ka Ia cia hiki ke loaa hoʻohana i ka haʻilula: 8 - 2 = 6, ma 6 - o ka pūʻulu helu ma a ka hehee ai.
Kahi loaʻa nō i huiʻia ma i ka valence o ka luaipele o II (-)?
Hehee ai,ʻo ole loa e kaili electrons mai nā'ātoma me ka haʻahaʻa electronegativity waiwai e like me Pauling pālākiō. Valency II (-) ua hoike mai ia ma sulfides o ke hooheheeia, a nonmetals. An nui pūʻulu o ia hui ua loaʻa i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o nā pōhaku a me nā minelala hao i ka nui mea hiki nui. Mau nā pyrite (FeS), sphalerite (ZnS), galena (PBS), a me nā waiwai. hao sulfide nā pōaka i kekahi kiʻi Hoa waihoʻoluʻu a me ka alohilohi. "Naaupo ka Gold" mea pōhaku pyrite ua pinepine kapa. No ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, mai lākou i eliia lawe calcining a me ka ho'ēmiʻana. Hydrogen sulfide H2S i ka ia lolouila hale, e like me ka wai. Ke kumu o H2S:
- ua hookuu ae i ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o nā polokina (e laʻa me, moa hua);
- Ua akula nô ia me ka lua pele;
- Ua accumulates ma maoli wai, kaʻaila;
- hookuu ia i loko o ka voids i loko o ka honua o ka pńpa.
No ke aha lā i ka haʻilula valent ka sulfur'okesaside SO2?
Haʻilula'okikene lua Hōʻike i kekahi ka sulfur'Ātoma i loko o ka lātoma palapala hoopaa i ka mau o oxygen nā'ātoma, kela mea keia mea o ka a pono e 2 a hiki i ka huina'ine octet. Ke kūpono hoopaa mea ma ke ano maoli he Polar covalent (EO hou ka oxygen). Ke valence o ka luaipele i loko o kēia hui i ka waiwai o IV (+), no ka mea, o ka luaipele'Ātoma huina'ine 4 e hoʻoneʻe i ka i oxygen nā'ātoma elua. Ke haʻilula hiki ke palapalaia e like me: S2O4, akā, e like me na rula e e hoemi ma ka 2.'okikene lua ia mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai 'ano apau loa sulfurousʻakika Ion i nawaliwali. Kona paʻakai - sulphites - ikaika hoemi konohiki. SO2 kinoea i ka waena i loko o ka ? Iecaianoaaiiie o sulfuricʻakika.
A waiwai luaipele hōʻike kona kiekie loa valence?
'okesaside a SO3 S2O6 - colorless wai ma ke anawela ma lalo 17 ° C, ia hoopaakiki hoi. Ma ka hui o SO3 o ka valence o ka o oxygen II (-), a me VI (+) luaipele. Higher'okesaside hoike mai i loko o ka wai, a 'ano apau loa i ka ikaika dibasic sulfuricʻakika. No kekahi mau manamana nui i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie kaʻina hana i kekahi waiwai i kapaia "ka berena o ka Nine Inch hana." Nui kūlana i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka laau lapaau a pauʻakika paʻakai - sulphates. E hoʻohana i hydrated kalipuna (gypsum), paʻakai (Glauber ka paʻakai), makanekiuma (English ole awaawa paakai).
Ke kahua o keʻano o ka Nine Inch ka ponaʻana i komo 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, ka mea owaho no electrons. Mākou i kapa aku ai i ka hiki valence luaipele, i haawiia e ka mea, he pohihihi a me ka poe hui: I (-), II (-), II (+), III (+), IV (+), VI (+). A lua o maikaʻi valence hehee ai loaʻa iā ia kekahi monoxide ¶ I. Ka loa, he pono ole cia II (-), IV (+), VI (+) hōʻike luaipele i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka pae o ka waiwai me ka hanalima, mahiʻai a me ka' inikua nui. e hoʻohana 'ia kona i huiʻia ma ka hana o fireworks.
Ka nui pilikia o ka hopu ana o neoneo kinoea, a me nā palapala i kānaka, a me ka papa o ka sulfur oxides IV (+), VI (+ ) a me ka hydrogen sulfide. Hoʻokumu 'enehana no ka aaioee o kēia mau neoneo kinoea, a loaa ia lakou, mai ka sulfuricʻakika sulfates. No keia hopena, Nine Inch mea kanu i kukulu kokoke kila o nā mea wili paha i loko o ka ia wahi. E like me ka hopena, ua hoemiia ka nui o ka mea hoʻohaumia, he mea emi "sulfuricʻakika ka ua."