He aha nā mea i'ike'ia ma ke kālepa'ana i ke kenekulia 17? 'O nā'oihana'ē a'e a me ka'oihana home i Russia

'O nā mea i'ike'ia ma ke kālepa'ana ma ka kenekulia 17 ke lilo nei i mau kumu nui i ka ho'omohala'ana i nā'ano'oko'a pili waiwai. 'O ka'elemakule kahiko o nā lima li'ili'i ua lilo ia i mea'oi aku, a ua ho'okomo'ia ka hana li'ili'i i nā mea li'ili'i. He aha nā mea i'ike'ia ma ke kālepa i ka makahiki 17, pehea i hana'ia ai nā pilina hou ma Rusia a ma waho - e nānā kākou ma lalo nei.

'O ka mea hou i ka hana hana lima

Ma ke'ano o nā mea i'ike'ia ma ke kālepa o ka makahiki 17, hiki i kekahi ke ho'oponopono i nā kumuhana o ka ho'olālā'ana i nā pili pili. Ma mua o ka ho'omohala'ana i nā hana lima i hana'ia ma loko o ke ki'ikuhi o ka mahi'ai ho'omau -'a'ole hiki i ka mea hana ke ho'olako i ka nui o kona hua pono'ī - ua kauoha'ia nā mea like'ole. 'O ka ho'onui'ana i nā'oihana'oihana e hiki ai ke ho'onui i ka hana - hiki i ka mea hana lima ke hana i nā waiwai "no ka ho'ohana'ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana", e helu ana i ka mea kū'ai aku. Aia kekahi'oihana'oihana'oihana -'o kekahi mau māhele o nā'āina Lūkini e lilo i mea nui o kēia mau waiwai a me nā mea'ē a'e. 'O kekahi la'ana, kaulana kaulana'o Belozerye no kāna mau spoons,'o nā kānaka hana akamai'o Nizhny Novgorod i hana i nā hale ikaika, a ua hana nā mea lawai'a Vologda i nā lawai'a nani. No laila, aia nā kikowaena o nā'oihana'oihana.

'O nā'oihana mua

Inā kū ka'oihana māmā ma luna o ka hana pono'ī, a laila no ka ho'omōhala'ana i nā metallurgy, nā mea kaua a me ka hana hana minamina, ua makemake'ia ke kōkua'āina. Malia paha'o ia ke kumu i pili kokoke loa ai nā kūlanakauhale i Moscow - Tula, Kashira, Serpukhov - i lilo i mau kikowaena mua loa o ka lawelawe kaiaulu. 'O ka hana'ana,'o ia ka'oihana'oihana nui loa, makemake nui i nā kumuhana hana - no laila i ho'omaka ai e ho'ohana i nā hana i ho'olimalima'ia. 'O ka papahana mua, nāna i ho'ohana i ka hana a nā po'e pa'ahana,'o ia ke Cannon Court, i puka mai ma ka kenekulia 15. Ma ka kenekulia 17, ua hana'ia he kanakolu hanana kālepa. No ka manawa mua, ua ho'okumu'ia nā papahana o nā mea hanahana - nā Sveteshnikovs, Demidovs, Stroganovs a me nā mea'ē a'e.

Ka ho'onui'ia o ka'oihana pili kālā

He aha nā mea i'ike'ia ma ke kālepa ma Russia i ka kenekulia 17? Ua lanakila malū ka'āina i ka noho ka'awale'ana a loa'a ke komo'ana i nā kumukū'ai Pākē. Ua ho'omaka'ia kahi ho'okumu hou'ana o nā mā'oko'a a pau o Russian me kona mau kikohana ho'olālā kū'ai. 'O kekahi kuleana nui ma kēia hana i ho'okani'ia e nā hui nui - Arkhangelsk, Irbitskaya, Nizhny Novgorod. 'O ka po'e kū'ai mua aku - nā mea kū'ai nui, nā mea i kū'ai i nā waiwai i loko o nā pahu nui a kū'ai lilo aku i ka li'ili'i li'ili'i. Ho'omāhala'ia ka pockfoot - kū'ai aku i nā li'ili'i, nā'ilihu, nā'ili, nā ki'i kaulana a me nā mea nani i ka nani, hele nā mea kālai i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale e kū'ai ana i kā lākou waiwai i nā po'e noho. 'O ka puka'ana mai o ka'oihana, kālepa kālepa a me ka ho'oulu'ana o kahi pūnaewele mea'oihana -'o ia nā kumu nui, e hō'ike ana i ke'ano o nā'oihana pili i ke kalepa'ana i ka kenekulia 17 ma ka māhele home o Russia.

'O ka palapala kauoha kālepa

I ka ho'omaka'ana o ke kenekulia, ua nui nā hana o ka hana ma'amau i ka'oihana o loko, i kū i ka manawa o ka'āpana. Nui nā koi i koi'ia i ka ho'olako'ana i nā waiwai ma ke kālepa, kū'ai'ole i ka waiwai kūpono'ole a me ka uku. Akā, i ka makahiki 1653, ua ho'opuka'ia ka palapala kauoha a ka'Āina, kahi i ho'opau'ia ai nā pili pili waena, ho'olaha i nā rula o nā koina'oko'a. No laila, ua'imi nā kuhina tsarist e ho'ōla i ka'oihana i loko o ka'āina.

Nā kālepa'ē

He aha e noho ana i ke ano o ka haole kuai i loko o ka 17th kenekulia? 'A'ole wale ka ho'oulu'ana o nā kālepa Lūkini i ke kālepa pili kālā, akā ua hiki mua i nā mākeke o nā'āina o ka'ākau o'Eulopa. 'O ka mea pō'ino,'a'ole i loa'a ka loa'a'ana i ka Moana Baltic i nā hau i kēlā mau lā. Ua ho'ohana nā mea kālepa i nā mahina ho'okele o ke kauwela no ka hele'ana i nā kālepa o Sweden,'Enelani, Denmark mai nā awawa'ākau. 'O nā māhele komo mai a me nā mea kū'ai aku o nā'oihana'ē i ka wā i hala aku nei,'a'ole i loli, i ka like'ana me nā wā i hala, no laila, ua pa'akikī ke ha'i aku ma ka pō'aiapili o nā'oihana kalepa'ē a'e i nā mea i'ike'ia ma ke kenekulia 17. 'Oiai ka manawa mau,'o nā mea nui ka ho'oku'u'ana aku i nā mea'ai, nā momi, ke olonā, ka hemp, ka momona, a me ka'ili. Ua lawe aku'o Russia i nā waiwai maika'i, nā lole, nā mea'oihana'oihana, ka, kafe, nā mea'ala.

Ke kaua'ana i ka dumping

Akā, no ke aloha i nā uniona kālepa, ua lilo ke komo'ana o nā mea kālepa'ē a'e i kahi māka'i Lūkini. Ua pinepine lākou i ka ho'opilikia i nā kumukū'ai o nā kālepa Lūkini. Ua lohe nui na hoopii o Lūkini poe kuai, a ua aponoia i ka 1667. NewʻIliahi He mau rula, ma i na poe kalepa, he hou ka pono mamua, a kīvila ma ka Lūkini wahi lulu kuai. 'O ka po'e malihini wale nō ke hana wale i ka'aha kālepa kālepa nui a kālepa nui aku iā lākou. Ua ho'okomo'ia nā hana kūikawā ma luna o nā waiwai i lawe'ia mai, no ka mea,'o ka uku o ka waiwai o ka home a me nā waiwai i lawe'ia mai, ua like ia me ka equaled. Eia hou, ua ho'opiha hou'ia nā kuleana hou i ka waihona waiwai tsarist.

'O ka hō'ulu'ulu'ana, hiki iā mākou ke'ōlelo i nā'ano o ke kālepa i ka 17st century. Pokole, ua hoemi ia i ka muli o hou kuai ana lakou, simplification o ka rula o ke kuai, i ke kūpono 'ana o ke kipi kuai, ka mua a ho'āʻo paha e hoomalu aku i wahi lulu nā hoʻohua a me ka poeikohoia o ka kālepa papa o ka haole' ākeʻakeʻa. A me ka ho'ohālikelike'ana o ka uku o nā waiwai Lūkini a me nā haole'ē a'e ma o ka ho'okomo'ana i nā kuleana kūikawā i ho'oikaika i ka ulu'ana o ka'oihana'oihana.