"History" o Herodotus: Ka mua scientific study o global moʻolelo

"History" o Herodotus - ke kaulana Helene nä känaka 'epekema a me ka hele - ua manaoia e ia i ke ao nei ka mua akeakamai mōʻaukala hana. Hui pūʻia i loko o kona hele ana nui mea ma luna o ke kumu, hana kemika, pili kūpono loa, ola a me na aoao o na kanaka likeʻole, i palapala mai ai i ka pono kīvila kanaka hana, a hiki i kēia lā i kekahi o na kumu nui kumu o kahiko mōʻaukala. I ka pololei o na mea he nui o ka 'ike i haawiia mai ma ka Helene mea kākau o ka eiwa-ma luna o nāʻaoʻao o ka hana, ua ua pinepine ae la oia hoopaaia e archaeologists, anthropologists, a me geographers o hope hanauna.

Ka mua o Herodotus: logographs

Ua Ua manao ia o ka muli o ka mōʻaukala me ka 'epekema hiki i loko o ke kaiāulu kahiko. Prior i keia, kanaka i ho'āʻo mau aoao likeʻole e wehewehe i nā hanana i i wahi mamua aku nei nō (examples i ka moʻo o ka buke o ka Baibala, nā moʻolelo a me nāʻoihana aliʻi). Mau hana, ma mua ma ka 'epekema mōʻaukala hana, i kapaia "historiography".

Loa ma mua ka mea i palapala "mōʻaukala" Herodotus, ke kahiko Greek mōʻaukala Ana Aina, i poe e na hana o ka logograph - kākau, hiehie i ka hōʻikeʻiaʻana o maoli hanana me nā kaʻao a, kaao a me Leeuwerikplein ano o ka wahi, a i alakaʻi ia. First logographʻana i Cadmus o Mileto, e noho ana i loko o ka VI kenekulia BC. I kēia mau lā 'epekema no hoi i ike i na inoa o Hecataeus o Mileto, Akusilaya Argos, Charon o Lampsacus, Xanthus o Lydia.

Nā hana o kēia kākau ua auaneʻiʻoukou nō palapala. ʻOiai ka mea i kākau i loko o Ana Aina, ka mea, e hoola i ka puu o ka Mohai o Helene poetic olelo. Sources no ka logograph, ua moʻolelo manao a me ka poetry, i nāʻoihana a me nā moʻolelo a me kā lākou mau loina, e like me nā moʻolelo o ka huakaʻi, kalepa, na luina e kipa mamao hele. Chronological kūkulu hilinai ma logographs he loa ai paʻewa, akā, ka mea, ua i ka mea mua e e hoʻohana i ka hōʻikeʻano o ka mōʻaukala hanana papa helu o nā aliʻi a me nā luna, hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o "makahiki", ua like ia i ka haneri makahiki a ekolu "hanauna". Ka uku nui noonoo i kaʻao a me na kuauhau, ka mea, e hoi ia i ka mea waiwai mōʻaukala mea, me ka nui loa Mamua ma kela ethnological a me ka Leeuwerikplein, ao ke ano. Naʻe, i ka papa kuhikuhiE mea no ia ua mālie,ʻaʻole i ka huli ana o mōʻaukala oiaio a me ke akamai o ia hoʻiʻana, no laila, na hana logograph nō noʻonoʻo 'ole-iao?, A me ka kakou kamailio ana fiction.

Herodotus: Kawaihae

Ka hana mua i ua manaoia e e Home Land, i hana mai i ka Helene nä känaka 'epekema a me ka poe akeakamai Herodotus. Mōʻaukala i malamaia i ka nui o ka 'ike e pili ana i ke Kawaihae o keia nui kanaka.

Manawa o kona ola ua manaoia e e 484 (5) - 425 makahiki BC. He Ua hānauʻia i loko o ke kūlanakauhale Doric o Halicarnassus (i loko o ke komohana o Asia Minor) i loko o ka ohana waiwai a me ka hanohano. I kona wā'ōpiopio,ʻo ia komo i loko o ka paio pili aupuni o ka aristocracy e kū'ē i ke aliʻi-Wiliama, i i loaa i loko o keia, a me ka a me na mea he nui'ē aʻe i pio e hele i loko o ke pioʻana.

Initially, Herodotus noho ma luna o ka mokupuni o Samo - kekahi o ka loa influential a richest o ka Ionian mokupuni, ke kaōhiʻana i ka holoʻokoʻa komohana hapa o ke Kaiwaenahonua kai. Akamai a me ka hoʻonaʻauao kanaka opiopio koke aʻo i ka mōʻaukala, ka 'ōlelo, ke aupuni o keia aina, a me ka hiki pono ke noho ma Terogulio, e ola - akā, wae iho la oia, e hele, e hele no hoi ia.

ka hele ana Herodotus

Na mea kuka poe e kākauʻana i ka mōʻaukala o Herodotus ka Helene-Peresia kaua. He makemake e wehe paha i ka mea huna o ka Peresia kaua koa - e maopopo pono pehea kēia nunui-lāhui a me ka nunui-lingual kaua ke kamaʻilio ai maikai. Ka Nohona Pili mea mai,ʻaʻoleʻoe iʻike a me ka mea i ole e'ōlelo aku nā kānakaʻepekema, e hai aku, la oia i kekahi wahi lihi iki o ka manawa lilo ma ka hele - kiai ana, manaʻo, hōʻike no, pü ana me kanaka.

Ma mua, ua hele aku la i Kupero, a me Turo, i kahi ana i kamailio mai ai me ke kahuna, a laila, hele i ka hema - i loko o ka Gaza ka wehe, mai a hele aku la i Aigupita. Hele aku ia i ka muliwai a hiki i Siena, la oia i kona hele ana a hiki i ke Kaiula, i ka ike, lohe, a ike me kou mau maka i ka nui i hiki e pili ana i ke ao nei - ma ka mea imi ia Herodotus.

I ka moʻolelo no kona noho malihini ai hoomau ma ka hikina: i nä känaka 'epekema Ua lanakila he mamao loa mai Libua a hiki i Asuria, Babulona a me Ecbatana. Ma hope iho o ia, hoi aku la a hiki i Asia Minor, hou i ka akau ma ka Hellespont, a me ka aina o ka Hawaii Black Sea kahakai, ana i olelo mai ai i ka Olbia - Mileto lēpela. Au kipa Herodotus a Greek kūlanakauhale i loko o ka Balkans. Kona noho malihini ai, ua hookupaa iho la ia ia i ka inoa o na kanaka, ka poe i ike i loko o ia mau wahi. I ka 444 BC, hele aku la i ka 'Olumepika ma Atenai, kahi āna i heluhelu akea kā lākou mau hana. No keia mea, i loaa mai i ka poe Helene i ka uku nui no ia mau manawa - lima i umi talena (ma kahi o ekolu haneri kilograms o ke gula).

Ma hope iho o kēia hanana, la oia i kaʻeleu loa i loko o ka hoʻokumu Greek panalāʻau ma Furiyah. Holoʻokoʻa i hele mai ma ka moʻomeheu o na kanaka, oia lilo iho la i ardent kākoʻo iā ia, o ko lākou aupuni, i kupa, a hoomau iho la oia e noho i loko o ka panalaau ia. He ma Furiyah hanohano ma waena o 430-425 makahiki BC, a me ka make, a koe no kekahi wale, akā, me ka nui hana o ka mua nä känaka 'epekema-kakaolelo ike i ke kanaka - Herodotus.

"Mōʻaukala": hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

Nā hopena o ka lakou mau hana nä känaka 'epekema hui i loko o hoʻokahi ekolu-dimensional hana, kākau i loko o ka, lei' ōleloʻeleu ana, e hookupaa aku ana i ka mea kākau o ka halawai nui o ke akamai i loko o ka nō Ke 'ano moʻokalaleo o ka moʻolelo. e pili ana i na hana ana i ka noiʻi loaʻa wale ka hola, ma waena o 427-421 makahiki BC.

"History" o Herodotus i loko o ka palapala a mākou iʻike ia i kēia lā, ua haku o eiwa buke, a me (formally) he hookahi hooponopono. Kēlā puke ua me ke kuleana ma hope o kekahi o na Helene Muses. I ka māhele o ka kikokikona o ka puke i hiki mai ai ma hope me ka hopena o na hana Pili'ōlelo Alexandria aaioee. Introduction kekahi mau 'ike e pili ana i ka inoa o ka mea kākau o ka hana, a hōʻike mai i ke kumu manao o kana hana.

Ka palapala o Herodotus wehewehe o ka Greco-Peresia na kaua a me na aoao o na kahiko kanaka. Ua loaʻa he wahi lihi iki o ka 'ike e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o ka'āina kahiko (Lydia, Media,ʻAigupita, Peresia, Scythia), kā lākou pilina me ka Helene, a me kekahi i kekahi. Hoʻohuiʻia i ka hōʻike o nā hanana a me kona mau manaʻo ma luna o ka luna, me ka "makua kāne o ka moolelo" Herodotus mua reacted o loi i na kumu hilinaʻi ma loko o ka palapala o kana hana, e like me systematized kūʻiʻo. E wehewehe i ka mea nui a me ka Leeuwerikplein anthropological iki aʻe hoʻiʻo ia i hoʻohana mua na loina i ana ia ia iho.

"History" o Herodotus: waiwai

Mai hooikaika Herodotus i kapaia kekahi henua heluia, o ka poe i ukali aku ana ma kona mau kapuwaʻi, ae noke nei i ka möhala i ka 'epekema o ka mōʻaukala. Kekahi kapa aku la i ka mea kākau nui o ka "makua kāne o ka moolelo", kekahi hoopii ai ia ia no e moe ana, loaa ia makou ka hewa, a misinterpreted hanana.

Eia naʻe, he nui akeakamai haʻawina hana i ka kenekulia hope, a me ka - ma luna o nā mea a pau - ka hulikoehana discoveries i hōʻike i ka hapanui hookolokolo o Herodotus hōʻike i loko o kona "History", huli mai e e oiaio. I keia la, i kana hana i ka nui maikai,ʻaʻole wale Home Land, akā, i loko o ka noʻeau, nohona kanaka, ka palapala, ai ke aloha, Herodotus mea kekahi o ka loa hana hoihoi mea kākau o ka kahiko.