Hoohehee maemae au ia: walaʻauʻana ki ina hana like

ʻaila kā a me maoli kinoea, kēia kū hoʻokahi nā minelala hao, ua nui kumu o hydrocarbons. Maka kaʻaila - he luna 'hui o hydrocarbons a me nā hui. Hoohehee maemae au ia i nā hualoaʻa ma huahana a i laila, pili i nā mea a pau nāʻoihana o ka hana, ikehu, mahiai a me nā hale o.

Ka maka aila ua kaawale i eiiiiiaiou ma ka mea fractional distillation a me ka holo. I ka haku mele 'ana o ka loaa hapa hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka haku mele' ana o ka palapala maka aila.

Hoohehee maemae au ia ae kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao: fractional distillation, e hoʻoponoʻia, ńlua a me ka luaipele lapaau.

Fractional distillation o ka mua aaioee ka anu u, i hoʻokaʻawale ia i loko o hapa, kinoea, malamalama, a me ka meakino kaumaha aila. Penei, ka iniiaiie aaioee o kaʻaila e leie aku e koke kuhikuhi i ka loa waiwai hapa.

• Ke kinoea hapa o ka simplest unbranched hydrocarbons: butane, propane a me ka ethane.
• Kakolina a malamalama hapa - ka läÿau, o kela malamalama hydrocarbons, me ka lala, a unbranched alkanes.
• Wahie aila koe ma hope o distillation o nā mea a pau i ka māmā hapa 'ē aʻe.

E möakäka hou ano hoohanohano a ua hana e ńlua. Pela ka mea, he splitting o ka maka aila macromolecular i huiʻia i loko o uuku, haʻahaʻa baila aʻela i mahele i typical. He mea nui ka hana o ka aaioeeʻo ia ka mea e hiki ai e loaa ka hou dala o haʻahaʻa-hoolapalapaʻaila kā hapa, o ka pono no ka a, o ka oi aku ma ka kakolina, o ke koa kiʻekiʻe.

• Ka hana hoʻohana kekahi mauʻano o kaʻuʻina: catalytic, thermal a me ka hoʻoponoʻia. Ma ka thermalʻuʻina o kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaupaona ana i huiʻia o nā mea kaumaha aila hapa i hiolo i lalo i loko o haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha ma lalo kiʻekiʻe mahana. Hoohehee maemae au ia ma nā thermalʻuʻina a me ka catalytic e haawi i ko ka läÿau, o unsaturated, a paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons. Ma Laʻana octadecane ńlua kaʻina hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma ma ka haʻilula:

C ₁₈ H ₃₈ -> C ₉ H ₂₀ + C ₉ H ₁₈

Ma mahana mai ka 1000 ° C kumu thermal decomposition o kiʻekiʻe-hakakino kaʻaila, i laila ka hana i kūpono kou mālamalama alkenes a me ka onaona hydrocarbons.

• Catalyticʻuʻina i wahi ma kŘpa a haʻahaʻa mahana, a pau ka hōʻeleu mea i ka läÿau, o ka alumina a me ka silica i. ¶ A i loko o keia hihia i ka läÿau, o paʻa kūhohonu loa a me ka unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hoohehee maemae au ia keia hana ua hoʻohana 'ia e paka kbps kakolina.
• E hoʻoponoʻia nā loli i ka 'ole o nā lātoma a me ka hiehie ia i loko o nui poʻe. Iloko o ka mea haʻahaʻa a i hoopahaohao haahaa hakakino kaumaha aila hapa, ma ka pau kiʻekiʻe-kaha kakolina mahele.

Natural a pili kinoea - i ka läÿau, o ka methane (90% ma ka leo) a me kona hea ka homologues, like pono me dala uuku o impurities.

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka aaioee kinoea - i kakauiaʻi maloko hoʻololi ' paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons i unsaturated, i hiki hope ke hoʻohana' ia ma Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala.

Penei, ka aila a me ke kinoea aaioee mau hiʻohiʻona nō ka loa nui huahelu o likeʻole aila huahana, no i ka hopena o ka Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala huli mai i ka nuiʻano o ka waiwai i i hoʻohana ma o ka likeʻole ma o nāʻoihana.