Catalyticʻuʻina o ka aila

Catalyticʻuʻina o ka aila (unuhi mai English - splitting) -ʻanoʻenehana kaʻina ke hoʻololi, e hoʻonui i ka kakolina hua ma kūikawā aaioee o eiiiiiaiou o kaumaha aila hapa. A hiki i ka iniiaiie aaioee o ka huahana ua loaa i ka 5-14% o ka awelika huina kaumaha o ke kakolina. Ka mea e like ai o ka wahie ma hope o straight-holo i ka distillation 'aʻole i panai ai i na koi o ka' ike loea hou kēia.

Ke catalytic ńlua kakolina haawi aku, piʻi pū, a hoonui ae i kona mea e like ai.

Aia he mau ke ano o ka thermal (catalytic)ʻuʻina o: wai a me ke kinoea pae. No ka mea feedstock mua o ke kaumaha aila, i ua hanaiia i loko o ka umu ahi ma 600-625 ° C ma lalo o ka manaʻo koikoi e kokoke ana i ka lewa. Ke kinoea-pae catalyticʻuʻina ua lawe mai ma lalo o ka ia keia, aka, ia mea he maka mea no ke kinoea aila (poe aila). Ma ka thermalʻuʻina o ka 'ole o macromolecular carboxylic alkanes pepe pilina a me ka hana lātoma o haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha hydrocarbons, komo pū i loko o ke kakolina mahele:

S10N22 - S5N12 + S5N10.

Ke'ī mai, mai ka kiʻekiʻe-decane e hana mau waiwai (paʻa kūhohonu loa a me ka unsaturated hydrocarbons) me ka lalo hakakino kaumaha.

Catalyticʻuʻina ua lawe mai i loko o ke alo o ka hōʻeleu (ho'ā 'ia ka lepo a me aluminosilicates) ma ka wela o 470-530 C ma lalo o ka puʻe o mai 70 a hiki i 370 kPa. I ka papa kuhikuhiE maka mea no ke kaʻina hana o ke kinoea aila, kakolina hua me ka nui kaumaha o ka aila hiki a hiki i 30-40%. No laila, i ke-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ke kakolina - o ka pilikia a me ka manawa-e hoopau ana kaʻina. No ka hoʻoikaika 'ana ua weheʻia ka mea e like ai o ka huina hoonui, mai kona' ole alkenes a me alkynes, i kekahi manawa, lawe mai i ka 30% o ka nui o ke kaumaha.

Ma ke ano o ka hoʻonaʻauao kū hoʻokahi loea, ke kakolina hua i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka distillation o ka aila hiki e mai i ka 80 pakeneka. No ka Loiloi i ka mea e like ai o ka wai a wahie i octane. E like me ka wahie hāpana me kiʻekiʻe antiknock waiwai i koho isooctane a 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.

Kona octane manaoia like me 100. E like me ka hāpana me ka haahaa malama antiknock waiwai o ka n-heptane: S7N16, octane helu (Ron), a ua manaoia like ia 0. No ka hoʻoholo 'ia' inideka detonation waiwai hoohalikeia me na waiwai o ke kakolina läÿau, he isooctane a me N-heptane.

No ka laʻana, he huahana me ka octane helu o 80 mai ka ia detonation ka waiwai, e like me ka läÿau, o 80% isooctane a me 20% N-heptane. Ke kiekie o ka octane, i ka maikaʻi i ka mea e like ai o ka wahie. Mahuahua keia anakahi hoola wahie, a ho'ōla mana o ka maloko'ā engine. Ke huahana ua hou, a me nā eiiiiiaiou, me hydrocarbons a me ka molekumu o kemikala, a me antidetonators (waiwai i ma ka palena iki nā hoʻohui like (i oi aku mamua o 0.5%) hoʻoikaika antiknock waiwai o ka wahie). Mua hoʻohana no kēia mau hana tetraetilplyumbum. Aie i ka mea i keia waiwai ka loaʻawahia, ka mea i UAIAaIN e kekahi antiknock, na mea i hanaia o ka margantsevoorganicheskih pili 'o Randy. Mau waiwai i emiʻawahia i ko kakou kino, a e ka mea e hiki ai i ka paka wahie me ka octane hoʻokahi haneri a me ka iwakālua,ʻelima haneri a me kanakolu huahelu.

kakolina? iecaianoaaiiuo enehana

Ma ka pololei distillation loaaʻi kakolina me octane mai i 91. kēia iaoia mea i keia la - he hana maʻamau, no ka mea, o ka hua o ke kakolina mea haʻahaʻa. E hoomahuahua i ka hua o ka wahie a me ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i kona mea e like ai me ka hoʻohana hou distillation, catalytic, thermalʻuʻina, e hoʻoponoʻia, etc.

Kēia mau kiʻina hana hoomahuahua i ka hana koina, manawa a me nā kumu waiwai, akā, wale ka mea i emiʻino wale i hiki i ke kaiapuni kakolina. E hoomahuahua i ka octane o kēia lā pinepine hana i kekahiʻano o Nine Inch (waiʻona mai ke kino, organometallic i huiʻia, la o Etera, etc.).