Hui naikokene. mall o ka naikokene

Ka hānau keiki e nitrate - i unuhi mai i ka Roma hua'ōlelo Nitrogenium. Kēia inoa naikokene - Nine Inch hehee ai me ka'ātoma helu o ka 7, poo 15 la pae ma o ka mana loa o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. Ma ke ano o ka poe noonoo ole waiwai haku o ka honua puunaue ea eke - lewa. Aʻano o ka naikokene hui i loaʻa i loko o ka honua ka pńpa, a me ka mea i lohe nui ia noho meaola i loko o na hana, koa, ka mahiai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

No ke aha la ka naikokene kapaia "ka hakui o" a me ka "lifeless"

E like me ka moʻolelo o ke kemika paipai mua, loaa ae nei i kēia mea waiwai Henry Cavendish (1777). Iao? Ae ea ma anal na lanahu no omo o ka naoh huahana hoʻohana mekala 'åkilikai. E like me ka hopena o ka hana a nā kānaka noiʻi loaʻa colorless a me ka odorless kinoea, unreacted lanahu. Cavendish kapa ia "kńnaka ea" no ka hikiʻole, e malama hanu a me ka'ā.

Hoikehonua, Nine e wehewehe i ua reacted o oxygen me ka lanahu, carbon dioxide i ua hana. Ka i koe, "stifling" o ka lewa ua no ka hapanui loa o na nā lātoma N _2. Cavendish a me nā kānakaʻepekema i ka manawa e pili ana i keia mea uaʻaʻole iʻike, eia nae naikokene a me ka nitrate hui laila i hoʻomano hoʻohana i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Ke nä känaka 'epekema hai e pili ana i ka hana kinoea i ka colleague e hoʻomaka like ho okolohua - Joseph Priestley.

I ka Ia manawa Carl Scheele hukihuki lakou i ka noonoo ana i ka ike ole ke keʻena o ka lewa, akā, i pii ole mai i ka pono wehewehe i kona kumu. Wale Daniel Rutherford i ka 1772,ʻike ihola ia i ka makana ho okolohua "kńnaka" "'ānai" kinoea - naikokene. Kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema manaoio kona discoverer - ia nō mea hoopaapaa moʻolelo o ka 'epekema.

15 makahiki ma hope o Rutherford ka ho okolohua kaulana chemist Antuan Lavuaze i manaoia e puku i ka makahiki lewa "hao" pili i ka naikokene, ma ka 'ē aʻe - Nitrogenium. Ma ka manawa ia i ho'āʻo ai i keia waiwai, aole ia e kuni i ka mea, 'aʻole i kākoʻo hanu. A laila, aia i ka Lūkini inoa "naikokene", a ua ho'ākākaʻia ma naʻano likeʻole. Pinepine aku nei au i ka manawa o ia hoʻi, "lifeless". Mahope haʻawina ua hōʻoleʻia kāna i ka laha manaoio e pili ana i ka waiwai o ka waiwai. Naikokene i huiʻia - nā polokina - ka nui macromolecules i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ke ola meaola. I mea e? Ieoaeunoai kanu omoʻia, mai ka lepo mea pōhaku no kou kino e pono ai oihana mua - ^2- Ion NO ₃ a me NH ^4+.

Naikokene - he Nine Inch hehee ai

E maopopo i ka'ātoma 'ole a me ka waiwai e kokua i ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana (PS). Ke kulana o ka Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina hiki hoakaka nukelea malama, helu o protons a me neutrons (nuipa helu). He pono nō ia e lohe ai i ka waiwai o ka'ātoma nuipa - keia mea kekahi o na kumu nui 'ano o ka hehee ai. manawa, o ka helu hoʻopili like me ka helu o ka ikehu pae. Ka pōkole mana o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina Group helu hoʻopili like me ka helu ana o electrons i loko o ka mawaho energaticheskom pae. Hōʻuluʻulu i nā ikepili i loko o ka mau 'ano o ka naikokene ma kona kulana i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana:

• Kēia mea he pili-mea hao hehee ai o loko o ka luna akau kihi o ka SS.
• Nine hōʻailona: N.
• Property helu: 7.
• Pili'ātoma nuipa: 14,0067.
• Haʻilula yiaeaiiacaaeneiie hydrogen hui: NH ₃ (ammonia).
• Ano he kiekie'okesaside N ₂ O _5, i mea like me ka valency o ka naikokene V.

'Ole naikokene'Ātoma:

• nukelea kauoha +7.
• Ka helu o nā protons: 7; ka helu o nā neutrons: 7.
• Ka helu o Energy pae: 2.
• I ka huina helu o nā electrons: 7; E haʻilula: 1s ² 2s ² 2p ^3.

Details aʻo i ka pilina paʻa isotopes № hehee ai 7, kā lākou nuipa a helu - 14 a me 15. ka maʻiʻo o ka malamalama nā'ātoma o i mea 99,64%. Ke nuclei o pōkole-noho kālaiōewe mea i 7 protons, a me ka helu o nā neutrons loli aʻe nui: 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.

Naikokene ma ke ano maoli

E like me kekahi hapa o ka lewa nā lātoma i keia honua wahī alodio waiwai, kona haʻilula - N _2. Ka maʻiʻo o ka naikokene kinoea i loko o ka lewa mea e pili ana i 78,1 ka leo%. 'okanikaʻole i huiʻia o ka Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ka Honua ka pńpa - likeʻole'amoniuma paʻakai, a nitrates (niter). I huiʻia o ka haʻilula, a me ka inoa o kekahi o ka mea nui 'ona:

• NH _3, ammonia.
• NO _2, naikokene'okikene lua.
• NaNO ₃ paʻakai nitrate.
• (NH _{4) 2} ¶ _4,'amoniuma sulufahate.

Ke valence o ka naikokene i loko o ka hope elua i huiʻia - IV. Lanahu, ka lepo, ola meaola i pihaʻi me N nā'ātoma i nakinakiia palapala. Naikokene mea he ke keʻena o ka'amino nāʻakika macromolecules, DNA a me RNA nucleotides, hormones a me hemoglobin. I ka huina o ka maʻiʻo o ka Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ke kanaka kino kīnā 2,5%.

na mea waiwai

Naikokene i loko o ka palapala o ka diatomic nā lātoma - ka buke nui a me ke kaumaha o ka lewa lewa. Waiwai nui, nona ka haʻilula o N _2,ʻaʻohe ala, waihoʻoluʻu a me kaʻaiʻana. Kēia kinoea Ua oi ma mua o 2/3 ea honua wahī. Ke kinowai naikokene mea he colorless waiwai, ua like no me ka wai. Maʻi hēhē ma ka wela o ka -195,8 ° C. M (N ₂₎ = 28 g. / Mol. Simple waiwai iki uuku oxygen, naikokene, ea, kona pa apŘ mea kokoke i 1.

ʻO nā'ātoma ma ka lātoma hoopaaia e paa 3 kaʻana huina'ine hui. Ka hui hōʻike he kiʻekiʻe Nine Inch ia'ku, i distinguishes ia mai o oxygen, a 'ē aʻe gaseous waiwai. I ka naikokene lātoma ua Wāwahi i loko o kona constituent nā'ātoma pono e hoolilo ikehu 942,9 kJ / Mol. Hoʻokaʻaʻike o na hui ekolu o electrons ka loa ikaika, hoʻomaka e uhai ia ka wā enaena luna 2000 ° C.

kokoke 'aʻole i hoʻomaka ai ma lalo o maʻamau rula, o ka dissociation o nā lātoma i loko o nā'ātoma. Nine inertness ua kekahi, kena ae la ma ka naikokene piha wa e kaawale aku o ka polarity i loko o kona lātoma. Ka mea, pāʻani loa weakly i kekahi i kekahi, ma ia hana i ka gaseous moku'āina o ka mea ma ka maʻamau puʻe, a ma ka wela kokoke i ka mehana ea. Low Nine Inch ha awina o hakakino naikokene ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kekahi keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ka manao maalea, kahi hoi e pono e ho okumu i ka inert' ia.

Dissociation o nā lātoma N ₂ kānāwai ma lalo o ka aoao o ka pāhawewe lā i loko o nā keʻena ma ka lewa. 'ātoma naikokene ua hana, a reacts me kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a nonmetals ma lalo o maʻamau rula (phosphorus, luaipele, arsenic). Ka hopena o ka hoʻololi kemikala o na waiwai i aina kūlana loaa kahiko o ka'āina.

naikokene valency

Ka mawaho huina'ine iwi o ka'Ātoma hana i 2 ka 3 a me ka pa huina'ine. Mau hopena maikaʻi naikokene hiki haawi (particles) interacting me nā kumu i hoʻopili like ai i kona hoemi waiwai wā. E pili ana i ka nalowale octet i 3 huina'ine'Ātoma hōʻike oxidative hiki. Electronegativity naikokene lalo kona mea hao waiwai i emi haʻi mua ia o ka fluorine, oxygen, a chlorine. I ka interacting me kēia mau Nine Inch hehee wale naikokene haawi electrons (oxidize). Ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka hopena maikaʻi 'Ion ukali ma naoh a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a nonmetals.

Typical naikokene valence - III. Ma kēia hihia, ua hoʻokumu ka Nine Inch paa ana ma ka pā P-attraction o electrons a me ka hana ana o ka pono (paa) paʻa. Naikokene mea hiki ke ho okumu i kona mau pou-acceptor paa no i kona lone paʻa o nā electrons, e like me ka ka'amoniuma ion NH ^4+.

Noho ana ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua a me ka hana

Kekahi keʻena hoʻokolohua ki ina hana like ka nānā 'ana ma luna o oxidative waiwai o ke keleawe'okesaside. E hoʻohana i naikokene i huiia me ka hydrogen - ammonia NH _3. Kēia kaʻawaʻawa loa honi kinoea vzaimoddeystvuet me ka me ka pauka, keleawe'okesasideʻeleʻele. Ke kūpono naoh produces naikokene a ikeia mea hao keleawe ulaula (ula he lepo lā). Waiho ma luna o ka Tube paia waterdrops - kekahi naoh huahana.

Kekahi keʻena hoʻokolohua hana e hoʻohana i ka naikokene hui me ke hooheheeia - azide, no ka laʻana Nan _3. Loaa ma ke kinoea i aole e pono ia e ua holoiʻia mai contaminants.

Ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ua lawe decomposition o ka'amoniuma nitrite i ka naikokene a me ka wai. E hoʻomaka i ka naoh, paio hahana maoli nō ua koi 'ia, a laila, i ke kaʻina puka mai me ka evolution o ka wela (exothermic). Naikokene ua ua hoʻohaumiaʻia me impurities, no laila ka mea, ua ua holoiʻia, a maloʻo.

E hoomakaukau ai no ka naikokene i loko o ka hana:

• fractional distillation o ka wai a ea - he papa hana, a hoʻohana i ka physical waiwai o ka naikokene a me ka oxygen ma (kekahi baila aʻela i wahi);
• Nine Inch naoh o ka lewa me ka wela lanahu;
• adsorptive kinoea kaawale.

AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a hydrogen - oxidizing waiwai

'Oni' mau nō nā lātoma Aʻole 'ae' kekahi pololei hoʻololi kemikala o ka naikokene i huiʻia. E haʻalele nā nā'ātoma e pono ai i ka ikaika hahana maoli nō kēia a irradiation waiwai. Naikokene hiki ke pane koke me likiuma i mehana ea, me ka makanekiuma, kalipuna a me ka paʻakai, i ka naoh puka wale ma ka paio hahana maoli nō. Like metala nitrides i hana.

Ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka naikokene me ka hydrogen i wahi ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka puʻe. I kēia kaʻina hana pono i ka hōʻeleu. Ammonia loaa - kekahi o ka mea nui wale Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala. Naikokene, me he oxidizing Agena, hōʻike i loko o kā lākou Tri io'okesaside Hawaii:

• 3 (ammonia a me nā naikokene i huiʻia, hydrogen - nitrides);
• -2 (hydrazine N ₂ H _4);
• -1 (hydroxylamine NH ₂ OH).

Ka mea nui wale nitride - Ammonia - hoomakaukau i nui na mea ma ka hana. Ka nui pilikia no ka lōʻihi manawa i koe i ka Nine Inch inertness o ka naikokene. Kona kumu o ka maka mea, he mau nitrate, akā, hoomaka mea pōhaku ke koe nō, e hoole hoʻomaka koke i ka ulu ana o? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Ka nui e piʻi like ana o ka Nine Inch 'epekema a me ka hana pono i ua i ka mea i hanaia o ka ammonia naikokene fixationʻano hana ma ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole. Ma kūikawā kolamu mea ma ka pololei hoʻololi kemikala - he reversible kaʻina hana ma waena o naikokene loaa mai o ka lewa a me ka hydrogen. I ka pili ana e pono ai rula, i hoʻololi i ka equilibrium o keia naoh i kaʻaoʻao huina hoonui, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka hōʻeleu ammonia hua ua 97%.

AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka o oxygen - hoemi waiwai

I mea e hoʻomaka i ka naoh o ka naikokene a me ka oxygen, pono e ikaika paio hahana maoli nō. Loaa lawa ikehu uila piʻo , a me ka uwila hookuuia i ka lewa. Ka loa nui'okanikaʻole i huiʻia ma i ka naikokene mea i loko o kona maikaʻi'okesaside Hawaii:

• 1 (naikokene'okesaside (I) N ₂ O);
• +2 (NO o ka naikokene monoxide);
• 3 (naikokene'okesaside (III) N ₂ O _3, HNO ₂ nitrousʻakika, nitrite paʻakai e pili pū);
• 4 (naikokene'okikene lua (IV) NO _2);
• 5 (naikokene pentoxide (V) N ₂ O _5, HNO ₃ nitricʻakika, nitrates).

Ka waiwai o maoli ai 'ia

Mea kanu omoʻia'amoniuma Ion a me nitrate anions, mai ka lepo hoʻohana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o Nine Inch reactions o ke aloha nā lātoma ma na keena mau holo. Ka lewa naikokene nodule koʻohune hiki assimilate - microscopic ē aʻei ho okumu i nodules ma luna o nā aʻa o legumes. E like me ka hopena, i kēia pae o ka mea kanu i loaa mai i ka i koi 'o na pu ki, ia enriches i ka lepo.

Ma Tropical makani ino mai ai i hoʻomaka ai'okesaside naoh o ka lewa naikokene. Nā oxides i mea hoʻoheheʻe e lilo nāʻakika, kēia hui o ka naikokene komo i ka'āina i loko o ka wai. Aie i ka pōʻaiapuni o ka hehee wale ma ke ano maoli, ua mau hoʻolakoʻia kona me ke koe i loko o ka honua i ka pńpa, i ka lewa. Complex ke aloha nā lātoma i loaʻa ka naikokene i loko o kona haku mele 'ana, i ke kūlana e koʻohune ma'okanikaʻole eiiiiiaiou.

mea hiki ana

Ka mea nui wale naikokene i huiʻia no ka mahiai - He lahui wailana paakai. Kemu mea kanu urea nitrate (paʻakai, potasiuma, kalipuna),'amoniuma i huiʻia (ammonia ka wai, koloriside, sulufahate,'amoniuma nitrate).
Inert waiwai naikokene kanu i hikiʻole i ka hoʻokemu ia mai ke kēpau waho i ka pono e e nui nā māhele makahiki nitrates. e hiki ke hoahu macrocell mana "no ka wā e hiki mai", a degrades ka mea e like ai o ka huina hoonui wahi o ka laau meaola. Oi nitrates i loko o ka lau a me nā hua paha i kaʻapu kōheoheo i loko o kānaka, i ka ulu ana o malignant hikoko. Ma waho aʻeo i ka mahiʻai, e hoʻohana naikokene i huiʻia i loko o nā hana:

• no ka makaukau o ka medicaments;
• no ka Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala o kiʻekiʻe-hakakino i huiʻia;
• ma o ka hana o ka pōkā pahū mai trinitrotoluene (TNT);
• no ka mea? iecaianoaaiiie o ka make.

NO'okesaside loaa hoʻohana 'ana i loko oʻoki kino, o ka waiwai mai ka analgesic hopena. Loss o ka waiʻona ma ka wā ana kinoea i kekahi 'ia i ka mua noiʻi naikokene Nine Inch waiwai. No laila, aia ua kekahi e like me ka inoa "ʻakaʻaka kinoea".

Ka pilikia o nā nitrates ma mahiʻai huahana

I ka paʻakai o ka nitricʻakika - Nitrate - iloko o ka singly hoopiiia anion NO ^3-. Aka hoʻohana i ka inoa kahiko o ka pae o ka waiwai -'amoniuma nitrate. Nitrates i hoʻohana 'ia e fertilize mahinaʻai, ma ka hale hoʻoulu mea kanu, nā mahinaʻai. E lawe mai ia i loko o kakahiaka wai mua kanu, ma ke kau - ma ke ano o ka wai, e ai ana. Ma o lakou iho, i ka waiwai, aole ia i ho oweliweli i ka pilikia nui i kanaka, akā, i loko o ke kino, ka mea, ua hoohuliia mai i loko o nitrites, laila, i loko o nitrosamines. Nitrite NO ^2- Ion -ʻawahia (particles), ka mea i'okesaside o ferrous hao i loko o ka hemoglobin nā lātoma i loko o ka trivalent Ion. Ma keia wahi, i ke kumu nui waiwai o kanaka a me ka holoholona koko mea e hiki ke lawe aku i oxygen, a wehe i carbon dioxide mai na nā'aʻaʻa.

Ka oi mea pepehi nitrate mea hoʻohaumia o ka ai no kanaka ola:

• malignant hikoko i kupu mai ma ka huli ana o ka nitrates i nitrosamines (carcinogenic);
• ka hooulu ana o ulcerative colitis,
• hypotension paha hypertension;
• naau ole;
• kahe ana ke koko kāna hana
• lesions o ke akepaa, o ka pancreas a me ka hooulu ana o ka mimikō;
• ulu ai keʻaʻa puʻuwai ole;
• anaemia, hoʻopōʻino hoomanao, maliu a me ka akamai.

Ke i ka wā hoʻokahi 'ana o kekahi mau huahana me ka nui nā māhele o nā nitrates hiki aku ai i ka huʻi kaʻapu kōheoheo. Nā kumu ke e kanu, inu i ka wai, makaukau-i ai mau kiaha. Pulu i ka wai maemae a me ka sayings hiki emi i ka'aiaola ka maʻiʻo o ka nitrate huahana. I ka noiʻi i loaʻa i kiekie nā māhele o ka pilikia i huiʻia mālama i loko oʻiliahi a me ka hoʻomehana honua kanu? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Phosphorus - hehee ai Pnictogen

Nā'ātoma o Nine Inch oihana mua i loko o ka ia vertical kolamu o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana, ho'āʻo, he pono ole waiwai. Phosphorus ua ke aupuni 'o ke kolu o ka manawa, e pili ana i ka hui 15, e like me naikokene. 'Ole nā kumumea like nā'ātoma, akā, ma laila nō oko ao ka waiwai. Naikokene a phosphorus ho'āʻo io valency a me ka'okesaside moku'āina III i loko o lākou i huiʻia me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia a me hydrogen.

He nui phosphorus reactions ke hoomau aku ma ka ano o ka mahana, he chemicallyʻeleu hehee ai. Ua reacted me ka o oxygen, e lilo P ₂ O ₅ kiekie ae'okesaside. Ke koʻana koko pāʻoihana o keia mea i na waiwai o kaʻakika (metaphosphoric). Oiai paio hahana maoli nō orthophosphoricʻakika ua loaa. Ua Ho'ākāka 'He iiiaanoaa o ke ano o ka paʻakai, he nui no a nō ka mea pōhaku fertilizers, no ka laʻana superphosphates. Naikokene a me ka phosphorus hui kuahene nui i kekahi hapa o ka pōʻaiapuni o ka mea a me ka ikehu ma luna o mākou Honua, hoʻohana 'ia i loko o hanalima, mahiʻai a me nā mahinaʻai.