Una 'ole Haole. Una 'ole Haole mauna

Hoikehonua, una 'ole o ka Caucasus i hana ma kahi o 25 miliona makahiki aku nei i ka Tertiary wā. I kēia ka mea, ua pelupelu ia mauna, i no ka mea, o na 'ā ina keʻano o ka hanaʻana ma ke kamepiula ho'ā' lua pele. Ka mea,ʻo ka mea ia makahiki like me ka Alpino, a me ka haku o ka gneiss a me ka māpala.

kekahi mau 'ike

Una 'ole Haole mea he nui deformation ciia, ma kekahi manawa, ua kekahi hookui hookahe koko ana a me ka Arabian Eulńsia papa. Nā mauna i hanaʻia ma muli o ia ka neʻe o âinapuni. Kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka Arabia Una, kaomi Africa, neʻe maila i ke kūkulu'ākau ma kekahi mau kenimika.

No keia kumu, o ka māhele 'āina ua pinepine kŘpuna olai, no ka mea, o ka a ka Caucasus poino. Una 'ole hoʻololi ka lohi ma muli i ka puu hua palaoa i ana, pepehi kanaka aeuiiai ieaia? Ma ka honua. No ka laʻana, i ka 1988 ua he weliweli pōʻino i loko o'Ararata, a pepehi 20,000 kanaka, a me kekahi 500.000 ua lilo ko lakou mau wahi.

Ole

Ho okumu papu ihola akau i hana mai Paleozoic pepe iho la ka pōhaku. Ka mea, i imbued me aa koko o kaʻakika ka pelemaka a me ka poe kanaka nunui pā. Ka mea, i haku no māpala, quartzite a me ka shale. Ma ke awawa o ka muliwai Alikonovki kokoke Kislovodsk oe hiki ke 'imi i nā pōhaku loa kahiko o ka lapa.

Una 'ole o ka Caucasus Mountains e lawe mai ai i ka ili o ka' ulaʻula a me ka a pink granites, nona na makahiki ua oaeuiinoe ma 220-230 miliona makahiki. I Mesozoic ana nou i luku iho la lakou, no ka mea, o ka mea i hana i ka pńpa, ahu iho, nona ka mānoanoa mea e pili ana i 50 mau mika. Kona haku mele 'ana nā feldspar, pōaka a me Mika.

Here 'oe ke' imi a me geodes - 'ā ina me ka ho okumu ia ma ke ano o ka paʻa cavities ma sedimentary pōhaku. Loko o ka waihoia mea pōhaku waiwai ma mua o 'ano apau loa o ka symmetrical papa. Ma ke aha ka pā ili o ia cavities i e hanaʻia o nā pōaka, hakuʻala-ihi, incrustations a me nā mea pōhaku 'Ohi a. The Haole geodes i kekahi manawa huli pohihihi keia mea Celestine - mea pōhaku aniani moakaka uliuli hue.

sediments

Akā, ma ka hema kumu e hiki ke loaʻa sedimentary pōhaku i hanaʻia i ka wa o ka Canyon, a Cretaceous Reservoir. Mua, ua i ke kai, a me ka manawa i koe limestoneʻeleʻele a me ka melemele, dolomite a me ferruginous sandstones ula hue.

'Ole Haole mauna i maupaʻa palapala moʻopane o nā pōhaku likeʻole, e like me travertine, ikea mai ma hope o ke omoāea o ka mea pōhaku wai. Ma kēia mau pōhaku iā 'oe ke' ike i ka okoa ko läkou 'o ka lau a me nā lālā i ola miliona o ka makahiki aku nei.

'ole

Una 'ole o ka Caucasus mauna huahelu i hookaawale ai i ka'ōnaehana i loko o elua o ka lapa. Kekahi o ia ua kapaia ka Nui, a me ka kekahi - e e uuku. Ma waena o ia e moe me nā kula.

Ka mea i oi aku Caucasus ua iʻikeʻia ma ka North Caucasus (oi pinepine ua hoʻohana 'ia i ka manawa i loko o Rusia, e kapa i ka kūloko republics o ka Hui). A hiki i ka aoao hema ka mea, ua mahele ana i ke kualono. Eia iho ka mea, he māhele i kapa e like me ka Caucasus. I ka mea nana i hookuu loaʻa i ka mokuna oʻekolu nō'āina: Georgia,'Ararata a me Azerbaijan.

Kanaka hulihonua i kahińuli mauʻano nui wahi: ka Scythian anuu a me ka intermountain wahi.

oi aku Caucasus

Oi Caucasus hiki no 1100 ei mai akau-komohana i ka hema-hikina. Kona maoli palena nō kaʻEleʻele a me Caspian moana. Kahi o loa heluʻai hiki ke kapaia Anapa i loko o ka Krasnodar'āina, a me ka mauna Ilhydag kokoke Azerbaijan Baku.

Kēia mauna'ōnaehana ua maheleia i loko o kekahi mau wahi. Mahele ana Laulā ( 'ole ka mea i oi aku Caucasus) i ke kiekie o ka 3 i ka 5 tausani mika. Eia nō ka mea kiekie loa kuahiwi maʻEulopa. Una 'ole i hana Haole sublime Landskap.

Hoʻouku? Ieoaeunoai o ka hoʻouka ninoieo o ka mea pōaka hale ilalo o ka elemakule kahiko - keia mea i ka papa kuhikuhiE ke kualono. Kona kāna mau 'ōlelo ua hoopuniia e ka'ōpio uhi, oia hoi o ka hou? Ueo. Ka mea, nāna i hana nā mea ma ka 'epekema ua kapaia "'ēheuʻolua e hoʻokiʻekiʻe aʻe." A huina o elua -'ākau a me ka hema.

Ka mua ua haku o hoʻokomo kālā i loko o ka palapala o wrinkles. Ka mea, pepe iho la ka pohaku o Mesozoic a me Cenozoic makahiki. Young'ēheu ua i hanaʻia o ka mānoanoa o ia mea hoʻokomo kālā, a nō ka kumu o ka nui 'ā ina aʻo nui i loko o ka māhele' āina. Ke 'ole ka ia i ka pōhaku e pepe i loko o ka luna' a me ka lehulehu pā. E uhi mai ia a me ka ia wawahi i loko o kekahi mau apana hou. Eheu haawiʻepekema ike mai i ka mea, penei i ke kumu nui nuipa a o ka mauna ke kualono e neʻe hema. i uhi mua sediments ma kaikaina a nalo ma lalo o ka wai o ka Azov,ʻEleʻele a me Caspian moana.

Ma ka Paleozoic au i ka'ākau hapa o ka Caucasus ua suburb, kahi no ka'āinapuniʻole a me ka kai Paleotethys. Ma mua ka mea, ua noho malie he wahi i ole lua 'ole' ā ina hana o ke 'ano no ka i ka mea, e ka' Akelanika. Eia naʻe, ma manawa i ke kulana i loli, ka mea na keʻano o ka hanaʻana i lakou i manao ai.

uuku Caucasus

Ka lua o ka nui lapa e like puni. Eia na welau o ka Caucasus. Una 'ole o ka māhele ninoieo o kualono, lua pele Hawaii a me plateaus. Kekahi koena unuhi mai ka mea i oi aku Caucasus o ka nele o ka hoʻokahi kū'ē. Ma ka aka, he nui na mea uuku kualono intersect, i mea no ke aha la he nui nui o nā awāwa. Aia mea i nui hauneneʻe a me ke kilohana kuahiwi. Ke kumu waiho i loko o ka mea ana i kēia māhele mea tectonically loa opiopio. High kuahiwi i ole i hana.

Eia e huli ana i ka hoʻoneʻe māhele o ka Alpine-Himalayan kāʻei, i mea ke kumu o ka mea uuku loa Caucasus i ka nui oi luna 'ā ina' ole i kū'ē i ka "nui hoahānau". Ua hoʻomaka ka hema o ka 'ē aʻe una. Inā ka North Caucasus i aneaneʻaʻohe lua arcs a sagging,ʻaneʻi kā lākou mea o ka nui i oi aku.

I ka 'ā ina moolelo o ka māhele' āina

I ka 'ā ina moolelo o ka uuku Caucasus mea hiki ke wehewehe mai i kekahi mau hiʻona e hoʻopili like me nā mea a pau i keʻano o ka hanaʻana lawe wahiʻaneʻi ma miliona o ka makahiki.

Mamua aku nei nō i kēia wahi waiho i ka una suture, a me ka nui kai o Tethys. Ke kūloko pele haʻawina i loko o ka hohonu o ka wai, oia ka mana nui ma ka Honua i loko o ka Mesozoic ka'āina. Ocean Ua hoʻopuniʻia e kekahi mau microcontinents. Over manawa, ka mea pono hoopuniia lakou i ka wai ÿauÿau, mahele ia i loko o kekahi mau apana. Ma ka huli ana o 85 miliona makahiki aku nei i hana i ka hookahi'āinapuniʻole i loaʻa na manawa he nui, ua malalo i ka una loli.

Gondwana, i i neʻe mai ke kūkulu'ākau mai, ua ke kumu i ka nui moana makahiki emi mai a hiki i ka poe liilii, nui. I nalowale papa anuʻu loa kai pele a me nā mokuna mua o ka'āhihi âinapuni.

Scythian anuu

An nui hapa o ka lapa o ke keiki Scythian anuu. Ua he a mau palaoa. Lower - i ke kumu, a hooku iho la, mai ka Paleozoic pōhaku o ka molekumu o (makahiki, 230-430 miliona makahiki). Ka luna papahele ua kapaia ke kapa. He mea kaikaina, a he o nā pōhaku o Mesozoic a me Cenozoic au (65-250 miliona makahiki). Kēia nā sediments o ka lepo a me ka kalepona. Ma ka waena hapa o ka mālama '-Caucasus, a hoʻopili like i ka Stavropol Teritori, i ka hookumu ana ua hookiekieia, a hou aku i ka hikina a me ke komohana hoʻomaka ana e poho iho ia.

Scythian anuu ma kona hema palena welau a mau deflections - Kuban, Terek, Kusari-Divichenskim. Here 40 miliona makahiki aku nei, o ka make ana o ka pōhaku, no ka mea, o ka mea i hanaʻia, ke strata molasse hoʻokomo kālā. Ma kēia wahi, o ka oi aku nani i loko o ka Caucasus. Photos o ka kūloko mea pōhaku wai a me gorges i breathtaking. He mau aina hoʻonaniʻia Lermontov, Aia i loko o ka olua kaulana.

Ka makamake nui hanana a me ka haku mele 'ana o nā pōhaku a me ka' ole o ka pńpa hōʻike 'ana i kēia wahi hoʻohana i ka ho i ke kai. Ua hiki ma kahi o 230 miliona makahiki aku nei. Hawaiian pa alima Ua ala hou, a uhi lepo. Kēia hale e hina ma hope o ka muli o ka puu nui Caucasus. Alaila kupu mai la delamination, iʻikeʻia ma luna o ke kahua o ka nunui ipu no ano honua kahi pōhaku. Kēia kaʻina mau i keia la, a e wehewehe i ka pinepine au i na ino.

INTERMONTANE e kū'ē i

Ua Ua Aia ma ka hema o ka puu nui Caucasus. I ka au wā wale nō i hanaʻia i ka Alpino (ma kahi o 200 miliona makahiki aku nei), ua he hoala hehee ai o ka honua i ka pńpa. Ua ua He kalepona anuu mea e like me ka uuku'āinapuniʻole. Naʻe, a me ka hoʻomaka o ke kahua o nā mauna (30 miliona makahiki aku nei), keia wahi ua hoomaka ana e sag, a haule iho la. Ke kai, a i ua ma ka waena konu o ka 'ole i nā disintegrated i Black Sea, a me ka Caspian Sea.

Mau mea mau interrelated māhele. Mea lākou una 'ole. Caucasus (Table nui ike ua poe lalo) hiki ke maheleia i ekolu Hoʻohana. Kēia Azerbaijani a Keokia aeie, a Dzirula mea pōaka massif i hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou.

Mōʻaukala o ka like a me ka waiwai

Aie i ka i ana i na keʻano o ka hanaʻana me nā hale Haole 'ae' ia e hōʻike iʻaneʻi okoa kumu waiwai. Na kanaka e noho ana ma ia mau wahi i loko o ka wā kahiko, ua aoia i ka paka a me ke kō ia. Hiki nō huli nui ko läkou 'o kanaka haʻawina i loko o ka hoʻopoina mines o ke gula, he kala, kēpau, keleawe, kaʻaila, lanahu, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Local kūʻai he subsoil e pili ana 200 milliardov palela 'aila a me ka kūlohelohe kinoea. Ua nui ke koe nō, a e mau no kekahi mau makahiki.

Ka ukupanee i loko o ka 'ole o keia aina i mau ola - kanaka makemake e maopopo ma laila nō nā kumu waiwai. Nā ho'āʻo mua i noiʻi i ka geology o ka Caucasus no a hiki i ka XVIII kenekulia, ka wā 'epekema huakaʻi kaua, i hoouna mai ai iʻaneʻi, kaulana nō e Lomonosov.

Ma ka XIX kenekulia 'aneʻi i haalele mākou no ka anamanaʻo Musin-Pushkin, Dubois de Ka Monpere. Naʻe, i ka makua kāne maoli o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka geology o ka Caucasus ua manaoia e ia i ka German hoʻomalu Hermann Abikh. He i Russian kupa a me ka pinepine aku a hiki i kaʻaoʻao hema o ka'āina i loko o ka 60-ies o ka XIX kenekulia. Ke kumuhana o ka ao ka mea, ua una ole Haole mauna. No ka mea, o kona mau discoveries lehulehu, ua lilo iho la i honorary lala o ka St. Petersburg Academy o Sciences.