Iwi kanaka. Anatomia: kanaka iwi. Kanaka kino iwi a me ka inoa o ka iwi

He aha ka ka haku mele 'ana o ke kanaka iwi i kā lākou inoa ma kekahi wahi o ka iwi, a oe e aʻo mai i nā mea i hoakaka ia ma ka' atikala 'ē aʻe. Eia hou, e hai aku mākou oe e pili ana i ko ka mea e interconnected a me ka mea kuleana pili i ua hana.

kekahi mau 'ike

Hooku iho la ia hui, o ka kanaka kino ua haku o kekahi mau nā'aʻaʻa. Ka loa nui o kēia mau mea i ka iwi. No laila, e noonoo pu mai i ka haku mele 'ana o ke kanaka iwi a me kā lākou mau physical waiwai.

Iwi'aʻaʻa ua haku o nā kumu o Nine Inch: ke aloha (ossein) - ma kahi 1/3 a me'okanikaʻole (kalipuna, posapahate Lime) - 2/3. Inā ia i ke kino, e kiola aku la iʻakika pāʻoihana (e laʻa me, nitric, hydrochloric, etc.)., Ka Lime paʻakai hoike mai i hoʻomaka koke, a koe ossein. He e aua i ka kinona o ka iwi. Naʻe, ka mea e lilo hou maʻemaʻe a me ka pahee.

Inā iwi puhi pono, na ke aloha 'ona puhi a me ka'okanikaʻole ku, noho. Ka mea, e malama i ke kinona o ka iwi a me kona paakiki. Oiai keia kanaka iwi (Hawaii photo hōʻike i loko o kēia 'atikala) loa fragile e ia. ʻepekema, ua hoike ia ka elasticity o ke kino hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka ossein he loko ona, a me ka paakiki a me ka elasticity - mai ka mea pōhaku paʻakai.

Hiʻona o kanaka iwi

Ke me ka hui pu ana o ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole mea o kanaka iwi i unusually ikaika a me ka resilient. He mea nō hoomaopopo ana a me ka makahiki-pili loli. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, kahi mau keiki liilii ossein nui aku ma mua o nā mākua. Ma keia manao, e kapa hoʻohanohano ma ka pakahi aku la ia'ōlewa ko lakou mau iwi, a no laila, nui kākaʻikahi uhai ia. Like no ka mua kanaka, ka mea, i ka lākiō o'okanikaʻole a me ke aloha 'ona loli aʻe i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka mea kahiko. I mea no ke aha la ke kanaka kūpuna i ka iwi lilo oi brittle, a emi laholio. E like me ia i kaʻilihune, aia no he wahi lihi iki o ka wa kahiko fractures a hiki i ka hōʻemi iki eha.

Anatomia o kanaka iwi

Mall pa alima kino, i mea hiki ma haʻahaʻa magnification microscope a me ke kiʻiona aniani, mea osteon. Kēiaʻano o ka'ōnaehana pokou papa ke aupuni 'concentrically puni ke kikowaena moana ma a na nā aʻalolo a me nā ipu koko.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka osteons i pili ole i kekahi i kekahi a ua hoʻopili loa. loaʻa nā wahi i wāhiʻia ma waena o ia mau mea, a ua hoopihaia me ka iwi interstitial lamellae. Ma keia hihia, osteons ka mea, i kau randomly. Ka mea, oo like me ka mea loiloi e haawe. No laila, i loko o ka lōʻihi iwi osteons laua dlinniku iwi i loko o cancellous - p ÷ haku i ka vertical iho (axis). A i loko o ka mea i lalo (e laʻa me, he iwipoo) - i kahahānai ai ia laua i kona ili honua.

A papa i kanaka iwi?

Osteons pu me interstitial papa hana i ka papa kuhikuhiE mawaena konu, ahu iho o ka iwi. Loko ka mea, ua pau loa ia uhi me ka loko, ahu iho o ka iwi papa, a me ka mawaho - ke waho. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea holoʻokoʻa hope, ahu iho ua komo iloko o ka moku koko, i holo mai ka periosteum ma kūikawā kaha. Incidentally, na osteons iloko a nui oihana mua o ka iwi e e hiki i ka maka kapa ole ma ka radiograph a oki.

No laila, e ka nānā i ke kino ai ka waiwai o ka iwi papa:

• Ka mua, ahu iho - he iwi ikaika.
• Ka lua - o ka hui ana, i uhi i ka mawaho o ka iwi.
• Ekolu, ahu iho - mea e wehe ai i connective'aʻaʻa e lawelawe 'ana me ka ano o "na aahu o" no na moku ke koko i ka mea pono no ka iwi.
• Hā - o ka cartilage e uhi ana i ka welau o ka iwi. Kēia mea ma kēia mau kino hoomahuahua i ko lakou ulu ana.
• I ka lima o ka papa ua haku o nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale. I Ina o ka ole o keia hehee ai mea i kūpaluʻia palapala neaiae receptors lolo.

Kanaka iwi, a he oiaio, ua pau o kona Keena Kalaiaina la, ua piha me ka iwi ka lolo (ulaula a me ka melemele). Red mea pololei nā i ka iwi a ho okumu a me ka hematopoiesis. E like me ka mea maopopo loa, ua pau permeated ia me na moku koko a me nā aʻalolo i hanai ole wale ia ia iho, akā, i ka loko papa o ke kino poe. Yellow iwi ka lolo ka paipai 'ana i ka ulu ana o ka iwi a me kona hoʻoikaika' ana i.

He aha nō i nā kinona o nā iwi?

E like me ka mea hiki ia, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka wahi a me ka ho'āʻo:

• Lōʻihi paha omo. Mau kumu mua i paukūʻolokaʻa waena kuleana me ka lua loko a me nā laulā welau o ka a i uhi ia me ka manoanoa ahu iho la ka cartilage (e laʻa me, kanaka wāwae iwi).
• Ka laula. It pectoral a pelvic a me ka iwi poʻo iwi.
• Pōkole. Mau kumu mua oko ole, nunui-faceted, a ua hoʻokōʻia ano (e like me, na pulima oʻu iwi, vertebrae, a no laila, ma luna o.).

Pehea e pili ana?

Kanaka iwi (kapa iwi mākou loaʻa ma lalo nei) ho i ka ai iiiaanoaa o kanakaʻanoʻano,ʻaʻole, a i pili i kekahi i kekahi. A i ka mea o kaʻikepili 'ikamu hilinaʻi nui ma luna o lākou pololei hana. Hoomaopopo discontinuous a ana pilina o kanaka iwi. E mākou noonoo ia i loko o aku au mamuli.

Ana i huiia. Mau nā:

• Fibroids. Nā iwi o ke kanaka kino i interconnected ma ka mea o ka anuanu connective'aʻaʻa naʻau.
• Iwi (oa iwi, ua hoola loa).
• Cartilage (intervertebral iwi kuamoʻo).

Discontinuous i huiia. O nā synovial, i mea, ma waena o ka penei kekahi wahi mea glenoid lua. i paa na iwi ma ka mea o kekahi e haapau nei i mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku, a me nā ligaments kākoʻo a me ka Muscle'aʻaʻa.

Mahalo i kēia mau hiʻona i ka lima, e hiki no i ka paka i ke kanaka kino i loko o ka noi iwi o ka lalo lala a me ka kumu i loko o mau. Eia naʻe, locomotor hope o ka poʻe hilinaʻi nui,ʻaʻole wale nō ma luna o ka mōhaiʻai i huiʻia, akā, no hoi ma ke aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale a me ka iwi ka lolo e hookomoia ma ka lua o kaʻikepili.

skeletal kuleana pili i

Ma waho mechanical e hana i kākoʻo i ke kanaka kino kinona, ka iwi mau hiʻohiʻona nō ka hele, a na nā loko hoʻopale ai. Eia hou kekahi, iwi'ōnaehana ho i ka wahi o ka hemopoiesis. Pela, i loko o ka iwi lolo, hou ke koko aeee i hana.

Eia hou, i ka iwi o keʻano o ka waihona o ka nui o ke kino a me ka kalipuna phosphorus. Ia mea ke kumu e Radio nui i kūlana ma ka pūnao o nā minelala hao.

Kanaka kino iwi a me ka inoa o ka iwi

Makua iwi ninoieo o ka hola oi ma mua o 200 hehee wale. Eia hou kekahi, kēlā hapa (poo, i na mea kaua, mau wawae, a no laila, ma luna o.) Includes kekahi mauʻano o nā iwi. It E e kaulana i ko lakou inoa a me ka physical ano lauwili nunui.

poo iwi

Ke kanaka iwi poʻo ninoieo o 29 wahi. Eia hou kekahi, kēlā me kēia 'Oihana poo kikowaena kekahi wale iwi:

1. Brainstorm 'Oihana, a he ewalu oihana mua:

• ka frontal iwi;
• auka;
• parietal (2 pcs.);
• occipital;
• kino (2 pcs.);
• latticework.

2. Recycle Oihana ninoieo o umikumamalima iwi:

• palatine iwi (2 pcs.);
• opener;
• zygomatic iwi (2 pcs.);
• kekahi a luna (2 pcs.);
• nasal iwi (2 pcs.);
• i ka lalo iwi;
• lacrimal iwi (2 pcs.);
• haʻahaʻa turbinate (2 pcs.);
• hyoid iwi.

3. nā iwi o ka waena pepeiao:

• hāmare (2 pcs.);
• he kua (2 pcs.);
• kuʻu kēpā (2 pcs.).

kino

kanaka iwi, nona ka inoa e kokoke mau hoʻopili like i kā lākou wahi aʻano,ʻo ka loa hoopuni? anoee nā loko. Penei, nā fractures 'ole' ē aʻe pathologies i hōʻike 'ano koke me ke kōkua o nā PalekanaEND_LINK hana like X-kukuna. It E e kaulana i kekahi o ka mea nui kanaka iwi o lakou na iwi o ke kino. Kēia nā ka holoʻokoʻa vertebral kolamu, a oia no 32-34 hookaawale i ka vertebrae. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mana a me ka wahi kaʻana like:

• thoracic vertebrae (12 pcs.);
• 'ā'ī (7 pcs.), me epistrophe a me Atlanta;
• lumbar (5 pcs.).

Eia kekahi, he torso iwi pili sacrum, coccyx, ka thorax, na iwi aoao (12 × 2) a me ka breastbone.

A pau kēia mau oihana mua o ka iwi i ke hoʻololi e hoʻopale ai i ka na nā loko, mai hiki mawaho ololi (paopao koke mai oia, bumps, punctures, a no laila, ma luna o.). It E e kaulana no hoi ia i loko o ka hihia o ka huʻi fractures o nā piko o nā iwi ke maʻalahi hanaʻino i ka pahee nā'aʻaʻa o ke kino, e alakai ana i ka ikaika maloko kahe ana ke koko, e alakai pinepine i ka make. No hoi, e like kino no kuʻi nukeliu Pono nui hou ma mua o ka poe i i aia ma ka lalo a me luna lala.

luna lala

Nā iwi o ka lima kanaka loaʻa i ka nui helu o ka poe liilii, hehee wale. Ma muli o ka mea maluna lala i hiki ke hana 'ikamu, hana ia, a no laila, ma ka iwi kanaka. E like me ka spine, kanaka lima i kekahi māheleʻia i loko o kekahi mau pauku:

1. luna lala kaei ninoieo o ke kōmi '(2 pcs,) a me ka clavicle (2 pcs.).
2. Ke noa hapa o ke keena lala i ka i kēia māhele.

• Poohiwi - humerus (2 apana).
• Forearm - ka ulna (2 apana) a me ka kahahānai iwi (2 apana).
• Palaki, a me kēia mau:
  - he na pulima oʻu (8 × 2) oia hoi o ka scaphoid, lunate, triangular a me ka pisiform iwi, a me ka trapezoid iwi, iwi trapezoid, capitate, a me ka hamate;
  - metacarpus oia hoi o ka metacarpal iwi (5 × 2);
  - iwi o na manamana (14 × 2), iloko olaila o ekolu phalanges (proximal, waena a me ka distal) i loko o kēlā me kēia manamana lima (koe nae ka manamana nui, a he mau phalanges).

All kanaka iwi hōʻike, a mea paakiki e hoomanao i ka inoa, ae e hoʻomohala Hawaii mākau a me ka lima i ka hana e walaʻau ma ka neʻe 'ana i mea nui i ka maʻamau o ke ola.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka constituent hehee wale o ke keena lala i malalo e fracture 'ole' ē aʻe poino oi pinepine. Eia naʻe, ua fused wikiwiki ma mua o kekahi mau iwi.

laloʻaoʻao

Kanaka wāwae iwi i loaʻa i ka nui helu o liʻiliʻi hehee wale. E like me ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o ka kēia na pauku ke kaumaha ma muli o ka wahi a me ka ho'āʻo:

• Ke kāʻei o ka lalo lala. Mau nā pelvic iwi, a he o ka ilium, ischium a me ka pubis.
• Ke noa hapa o ka lalo, palena, oia o ka puhaka, (femur - 2 apana; kneecap - 2 apana).
• Main. Ua ninoieo o ka tibia (2 apana) a me ka fibula (2 apana).
• Ua oki.
• Tareso (7 × 2). Ua he o nā'āpana poʻohiwiʻelua o ka iwi ma luna o kēlā me kēia: kuekue wawae, talus, navicular, medial auka, auka-hoʻokino waena, kīloi paʻewa auka-hoʻokino, cuboid.
• Metatarsus oia hoi o ka metatarsal iwi (5 × 2).
• Iwi mākia (14 × 2). Ka mea, e: phalanx waena (4 × 2) a me ka proximal phalanx (5 × 2) a me ka distal phalanx (5 × 2).

Ka loa, he pono ole iwi maʻi

Kilo kaua nō i lōʻihi, ua hoʻokumu 'ia ia mea osteoporosis. Ua Ua ka haiahū kūmau pinepine ke kumu no ka ulia fractures a me kaʻeha. Ke unofficial inoa o ka maʻi a hooku iho la kani e like me ka "noho malie aihue". O ke kumu ho i ka mea i ka maʻi hele unnoticed a me ka mea nui lohi. Mai na iwi i nā leaches kalipuna, i hiki aku ai i ka emi i loko o kā lākou nuʻa. Incidentally, osteoporosis mea oi, he pono ole i ka poʻeʻelemākule ole waena makahiki.

kūnewa iwi

E like me ka olelo ma luna, ma ke kahiko kanaka skeletal'ōnaehana ua undergoing mea hou. Ma ka kekahi lima, a me ka iwi poho hoʻomaka ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ka helu o ka iwi papa (i hiki aku ai i ke kūpono 'ana o ke osteoporosis), a ma ka' ē aʻe - redundant ho okumu hoike aku i loko o ka palapala iwi nodules (a no laila,-kapa osteophytes). Nō hoʻi, he mea calcification o ka articular ligaments, tendons a me cartilage ma ka lae o ka IeIIeYOA i mau kino.

Kūnewa osteoarticular i hoʻomākaukauʻia ke hooholo ole wale na symptoms o ka maʻi, akā, mahalo i kēia PalekanaEND_LINK iaoia, e like me ka X-kukuna.

He aha loli ana i ka hopena o ka atrophy o ka iwi waiwai? Oia pathological kumu loaʻa:

• Deformation mau poo (a no laila,-kapa nalowale o lākou ua hoʻokōʻia, kihi a me stitching i ke ano o ka like pana pua).
• Osteoporosis. Ma ka nānā 'ana ma o ka X-Ray kanaka hoʻomanawanui iwi i Konakele. Oi aniani moakaka ma mua i loko o ka ola.

Ua E hoi e kaulana i nā mea maʻi pinepine hōʻike loli ma ka iwi ami aie i excessive Lime hoʻokomo kālā i loko e pili cartilage a me ka connective nā'aʻaʻa. Nō kāu, e pu mau deviations ma:

• X-Ray hou o ami mauae. Kēia ia lŘlŘ manawa e calcification o articular cartilage.
• Diaphyseal waiwai ke ola. Oia ka pathological ana ua pu ma calcification o na tendons ma ke kahua o ka iwi IeIIeYOA.
• Iwi kui a me osteophytes. I ka maʻi ua hanaʻia ma muli o ka calcification o ligaments ma ka lae o ka IeIIeYOA i ka iwi. It E e ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia e 'akomi i maopopo pono i na loli i loko o ka lima a me ka spine. Ma nā māhele o ka iwi hiki ke Hahai I 3 ka papa kuhikuhiE radiologic na hoailona o ka poe oo hoi. O nā osteoporosis, hou o ka hui mawae a me ka hooikaika ana ia mau iwi ke ola.

Kekahi kanaka e kūnewa symptoms kānāwai i kakahiaka nui (puni 30-45 makahiki), oiai kekahi poe - hope (i loko o 65-70 makahiki), a me kahi e loa. A pau kēia mau loli i loa Logical hoikeana o ka maʻamau haʻawina i loko o ka mua makahiki o ka skeletal nenoaiu.

ia ka hana hoihoi

• Mau kanaka ike, akā, i ka hyoid iwi o ka mea wale iwi i loko o ka kanaka kino, aʻo ia ke hoʻowahāwahā i ka hana a me ka 'ē aʻe. Topographically ka mea, ua aia i loko o ka'ā'ī. Mea maʻa mau, nae, e pili ana i ka lehalehu t māhele o ka iwipoo. Penei, sublingual iwi lala ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka Muscle'aʻaʻa ua kau mai ka iwi a me ka mea, ua pili i ka larynx.
• I ka loihi a me ka ikaika iwi iwi o ka femur.
• Ka uuku iwi o ke kanaka kino iwi a ua aia ma ka waena pepeiao.