Ka mea nāna i hana o ka pai ana Johannes Gutenberg: Kawaihae

Ka German Johannes Gutenberg, kona Kawaihae ua ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o kēia' atikala, ua he weliweli no hopena ma luna o ka honua a puni. Kona hana mea hou i hana muaʻole maoli huli i ka papa o ka mōʻaukala.

Mau kūpuna o Ioganna Gutenberga

Mai ka inventor kaulana i hanau, a noho i loko o ka umikumamalima kenekulia, ka 'ike e pili ana i ka mea noho uuku loa. I ia mau lā, e e komo i ka wale koʻikoʻi kālai'āina a me ka hoʻomana huahelu i hookoia ma ka Documentary kumu. Eia naʻe, Johann laki. Wā i auhau i kana hana, 'ike no ka mea, ua loaʻa i loko o kekahi mōʻaukala wehewehena o ka manawa.

Ua ua ike ia Johann Gutenberg i hānau i loko o ka waiwai ohana Gensfleysha Friel, a Elzy Virih. Ua hiki mai a puni ka makahiki 1400.

Kona mau makua i mareia i ka 1386. Kona makuahine i hele mai, mai ka 'ohana suknotorgovtsev, no laila ko laua hoao ana i kuhi kaiʻewaʻewa. Ma ke kulanakauhale no kenekulia ua he paio ma waena o nā patricians (mauka strata o burghers, ka makua kāne o kaʻohana) a me ka pōʻeleʻele loa (artisans, ohana makuwahine). A pau ka confrontation i exacerbated ma Mainz, ua e haʻalele, ai like ole, e hoohewa ai oukou mau keiki i ka 'ohana.

I Mainz, i kapaʻia kaʻohana o ka waiwai ma ka inoa Gensfleysh makua kāne, a me ke kahua Gutenberghof.

Paha ka inventor ua i keʻano koa, eia nae ke kumu o kona makuwahine, a me kana mau hana iho i hoole aku paha. Eia naʻe, he'ōlelo paʻa, i kakauinoaia e ka Palani King Charles ka hiku, a hanau mai la ia i ka inoa o Gutenberg.

Wā kamaliʻi a me ka adolescence

Pōkole Kawaihae o Johann i na i loko o kekahi o na kumu kahiko. Oe ke hoihoi aku ia wale nō ma ka fragmentary ikepili. I mea no ke aha la ike loea 'ike e pili ana i ka makahiki mua o kona ola wale hakuʻole.

Record o kona bapetizo i ole ola. Naʻe, kekahi noiʻi manaoio ia i ka lā o kona hanau - June 24, 1400 (i ka lā Ioanna Krestitelya). No hoi he mea i kūlike loa 'ike e pili ana i ka wahi o kona hanau ana. Ua hiki e like Mainz a me Strasbourg.

Johann ua i ke keiki muli loa i loko o ka 'ohana. Keiki hiapo, i kapaia o Friel, ua kekahi mau kaikamahine - Elsa a me Patz.

Ma hope o ke kula kiʻekiʻe, he kanaka opiopio oia i aʻo handicraft hihia, ua hoʻoholo e hahai ma nā kapuwaʻi o ka poʻe kūpuna, mai ka makuahine. Ua ua ikeia ia mea, ua hiki i ka lani kiekie loa akamai, a loaa i ka haku hope laila, komo i loko o aʻo na haumana.

Life ma Strasbourg

Johannes Gutenberg i 1434, ua noho i loko o Strasbourg. He Ua hoʻoili i loko o Jewelry hana, ua anaiia pohaku maikai a me nā aniani keleawe hua. Ma laila i loaʻa i loko o kona naau ka manao e hana i kekahi mīkini mea e kakau i ka puke. I ka 1438 oia i hana mai i ka hui ma lalo o ka pohihihi inoa "hana me ke akamai." Cover i mālama ai i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o aniani. Kēia hui Ua hoʻonohonoho ma keʻano neʻepapa me kona haumāna Manuela Drittsenom.

A puni keia manawa o Gutenberg me ka hui, ua ma luna o ka verge o ka loaʻa nui, akā, ua lohi i ka make ana o kekahi hoa o ka lehulehu ākea o kona hana mea hou i hana muaʻole.

Ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka pai ana

Ka wahi ho omaka o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia pai ua manaoia e e 1440, he ua ole paiia palapala, buke, a me nā kumu o ka manawa. Aia mea wale nō circumstantial hoike, e like me a kekahi Valdfogel mai 1444 i kuai pohihihi o ka "ʻimi hoʻopunipuni palapala." Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka mea, ua John iho Gutenberg. A no keia mea ho'āʻo e kiʻi dala no ka hou 'ana o kona mīkini. Iā ia e ua wale he convex palapala hana mai ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a kālai i loko o kona aniani kiʻi. I ma ka pepa ua ka palapala, ka mea, ua pono e hoʻohana i ka kūikawā HW a me ka ahakanaka.

I ka 1448 hoi na kēia kanaka Kelemānia i Mainz, ma ka hana a me ka moneylender J. Fust, ka mea i uku ia ia i ka makahikiʻewalu guilders. E pono ai, mai ka mea pai i e kaʻana i ka pakeneka. Akā, ma ka hope, i lilo ai kēia hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha e hana aku i Gutenberg. He oki noho i ke dala i olelo mua iaʻi no oaoieei-kākoʻo, akā, ua māheleʻia nō ka waiwai.

I loko nō a pau ka pilikia, ka mīkini Ioganna Gutenberga i ka makahiki 1956 i ka helu o okoa nā kinona hua (he huina o elima). A laila, ua ka mua i paiia grammar Elia Donata, kekahi mau palapala kūhelu, a, ma hope, elua HOOLAHA BAIBALA I ua lilo i mōʻaukala kia hoʻomanaʻo i no ka pai ana.

42-laina Gutenberg Bible, pai ia i hope ma mua o 1455, ua noʻonoʻo i ka papa kuhikuhi hana o Johann. Ua Ua hiki mākou mau lā, a waiho i loko o ka Mainz Museum.

No kēia puke, ka inventor ua hana i ka kūikawā Font, heʻano o Kokika kōmi'ōkuhi. Ua huli mai hala loa e like me ka puke a me ka hoʻopiʻi i ke kau pu ana o ligatures a me ka hua h ÷ ailona, i i i i ka pili i ka poÿe käkau ÿölelo.

No ka ua i hoʻomākaukau i ka na HW no ka pai, Gutenberg i e ho okumu ana i kā lākou iho. Ma ka pepa keleawe, alakai a me ka luaipele i loko o ke kikokikona o ka puke huli bluish-ʻeleʻele, a me ka hana brilliance, ula HW Ua hoʻohana no ka categorization. E hui pu iho la mau waihoʻoluʻu, ua i ka hala i kekahi 'aoʻao,ʻelua hahauʻana ma ka mīkini.

Ka puke i paʻiʻia me ka holo o ka 180 kope, akā, no ka ua e holo i ka uuku. He nui loa ka helu mea ma Germany (mau'āpana heʻumikumamālua). Ma Rusia, ua kekahi manawa o ka mua pai Baibala Hemolele, akā, ma hope o ka kipi o ka Soviet aupuni kuai lilo aku la ia ma ke kudala ma Lākana.

Ma kaʻumikumamālima kenekulia keia baibala kuai lilo aku no ka 30 florins (3 nā huna o ke gula i loko o ke dala). I keia la, i kekahi 'aoʻao o ka puke ua oaeuiinoe i 80 tausani dala. A huina o 1272 'aoʻao o ka Baibala.

litigation

Johannes Gutenberg palua, e kahea aku no ka pono. No ka mea manawa mua keia i hiki mai ai i ka 1439, ma hope o ka make ana o kona mau hoa a me ka hoa A. Drittsena. Kona keiki koi i ka mīkini mea nae he hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ko lākou makua kāne.

Gutenberg hoopuni eo. A me ka mahalo i kona pono i ka noiʻi ike, ua ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka kahua o ka mākaukau. Nā palapala Aia kekahi mau hua'ōlelo e like me "hahi", "pai", "nūhou", "keia hana". Keia ua maopopo e hoikeike ai ma ka mākaukau o ka mīkini.

Ua ua ike ia ke kaʻina i papani ai hoi i aie i ka nele o kekahi lāliʻi haʻalele Andreas. Johann i ke kūkulu hou i ko lakou iho.

Ka lua o ka hookolokolo ana i wahi i ka 1455, ka wā o ka inventor hoopii J. Fust no ole-uku panee. Ke alo alii iho la oia i ka mīkini paʻi, a ua hoolilo i kona eiiiiiaiou i ka hoopii. Johannes Gutenberg invented ka pai kaomi i ka 1440, a me ka umikumamalima makahiki ma hope ka mea, he e hoʻomaka mai kūikawā.

nā makahiki

Me māhunehune ola i ka hookolokolo ana, Gutenberg hoʻoholo ole, e haawi mai. He hui o ka poe i K. Gumerov, a kuu i ka 1460 i ka (essay) Ioganna Balba, e like me he Roma grammar me ka puke wehewehe'ōlelo.

I ka 1465, hele aku la i loko o ka hana ana o ka poe koho Adolf.

I ka makahiki o ka 68 makahiki, make iho la puke nā mīkini paʻi. He Ua kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o Mainz, akā, no ka he wahi o kona lua mea IKE OLE IA.

I ka laha ana o ka paʻi palapala

He aha ka mea kaulana Johann Gutenberg, o Laielohelohe na mea he nui. Oluolu i ke kālā e like a pau. Nolaila, ua nui na kanaka posing me inventors o ka paʻi palapala maʻEulopa.

Name Gutenberg kākau i loko o kekahi o kona mau pepa Peter Sheffer, i kona apprentice. Ma hope iho o ka make ana o ke pai mua o kona? Aaiuo eaa hoopuehuia ma Europa, i hoʻolaunaʻia ma ike loea hou i loko o nā'āina. Ko lakou kumu i helu Johannes Gutenberg. Ka mīkini paʻi palahalaha ae hoʻomaka koke ma Hungary (A. Hess), Italy (Sveyhneym), ma Sepania. Oddly, kekahi o na haumana o Gutenberg i ole hele i Farani. Parisians wale kono ka Kelemānia nā mīkini paʻi, e hana ma ko lakou aina.

I ka hope wahi i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke pai ana i loko o ka hana Anthony van der Linden i ka 1878.

Gutenbergovedenie

Kanaka Europa paionia i mau Ua mahalo. Noiʻi i loko o na aina i ole e hala ka manawa kūpono e kākau i kekahi mau hana ma luna o kona Kawaihae a me ka hope. A hiki i kona wa e ola ana, hoomaka ae la e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana e pili ana i ke kilo o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole a me ka wahi (Mainz ole Strasbourg).

Kekahi poe akamai i kapaʻia ka Gutenberg apprentice Fust a me Schaeffer. A mamua o ka mea i mai, kapa aku Johann Schaeffer inventor o ka puke pai, mau lono i ole emi no ka lōʻihi manawa.

Ua kapaʻia kēia noiʻi i ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia mea i loko o ka mua pai ia mau buke i ole oi ka colophon, ia mea he hoailona o ke kilo. Ma ka hana ana pela, Gutenberg makemake e hiki ke pale i ka hailona o ka pilikia a me ka makemake ole e ae, e vegetate lākou hoʻoilina.

Ma ka wahine paha, o ka inventor ike iki'ē aʻe, a no ka mea, aohe mea i kona kino palapala, ike loea kiʻi. Helu o ka lawa Documentary hoike.

Johannes Gutenberg invented ke kūlana nā kinona hua, i ke aloha no i kauoha aku, e hookupaa aku a me ka hoopaa i kona hoʻoilina.

Ma Rusia, ua ikeia oia hoihoi i loko o këia i ke ola o ka paionia wale nō i loko o ka hapalua like-iwakalua kenekulia. A laila, quincentenary kaulana i ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ke pai ana. Ke kanaka noiʻi mua ua Vladimir Lublin, he 'elele o ka' epekema kaiāulu o Leningrad.

A pau o ka honua ua palapala a paʻiʻia aku ma mua o 3,000 akeakamai pepa (ka mea, loaʻa, a me ka manawa pōkole Kawaihae o Gutenberg).

paʻa

Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole malamaia ma vivo kiʻi o Johann. Ka mua engraving, ka launa pū, mai ka 1584 makahiki, i kākau 'ia ma Palika ho'ākāka' ia ma ka inventor helehelena.

Mainz ua noonoo ole wale i ka aina o Johann, akā, i ka wahi o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ke pai paʻi. Nolaila, he mea he kia hoʻomanaʻo i Gutenberg, i kona iau (wehe i loko o 1901).

Ua ua kapaʻia ma hope o ka asteroid lua pele ma luna o ka Moon.