I ka moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama. Features

I ka pau ana o ka XVII kenekulia i ka mālamalama, a uhi i ka hope XVIII kenekulia. Ke kī hiʻona o ka manawa, a lilo noa-rationality. Aia i ka moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama, a haawi aku i ka honua i ka hou nō.

kālaiʻike

Ka a pau moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o hou philosophical manaʻo ua kālaiʻia ma na thinkers o ka manawa. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kālai'āina thinkers he Dzhon Lokk, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Goethe, Kant a me na mea e ae. Ka mea, ua hōʻike 'o ka uhane, ao ke ano o ka XVIII kenekulia (i ua i kapaia o ka Makahiki o ke kumu).

Nā aliʻi i kēia o ka mālamalama i manaoio i loko o kekahi mau kī nā manaʻo. Kekahi o ia mea no ka mea i na kanaka a pau e ma ke ano maoli like, kēlā me kēia kanaka i kā lākou mau pono a me ka mea e pono ai. E halawai pu me ia, e pono e ho okumu i kaʻoluʻolu hokele kaʻahele no a pau. Kanaka, aole ia i ikeia ma ka malamalama ia iho - ka mea, ua hanaʻia ma manawa aie i ka mea i kanaka i ke kino a me ka uhane ikaika, a me ka naau. E hoʻokolokolo pono e kuhikuhi ia ma ka like o nā mea a pau ma mua o ka kānāwai.

Hoʻomāʻikeʻike wale moʻomeheu - ka moʻomeheu ole i pau ike. Alakai thinkers manaoio ana ma ka laha ana o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'wale, e hiki ke kau i ka hoopau i ka lawelawe turmoil. He rationalism - i ka hoʻomaopopo pono o ka naau ma muli o ka hana a me ka cognition ana o kanaka.

Ma ke au o ka mālamalama, noho no lakou hoopaapaa e pili ana i ka hoʻomana. Disassociation mai kaiāulu ulu stagnant a me ka makeʻe kulana ekalesia kuhikuhi (Hui). I waena o ka hoʻonaʻauao aku i manaoio hohola i ka manao o ke Akua, e like me kekahi piha mechanics, nana i ka mea initially ola i loko o ke ao nei. Mahalo i ka lehulehu akeakamai discoveries hohola wahi o ka Hawaii e manaʻo kanaka ke hoike i na mea huna o ke ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a me nā mea pohihihi a me na mea kupanaha ma ka hala.

oe kuhikuhi ana

Ma waho aʻeo ia kālaiʻike, ka mea ola a me ka noʻeau moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama. I ia manawa i ka nō o ka Old World oia o ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea elua. Ka mua ua Classicism. He i'oe ma ka moʻokalaleo, mele, he kilokilo. Kēia au hana adherence i ke kahiko a me ka Roma Greek me nā loina. Oia nō mea okoa symmetry, rationality, kālele ana a me ka rigorous kaʻaeʻana palapala.

Ka noʻeau moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama? Aieao o Romanticism pane i nā nīnau: loka, paʻakikī, makakū improvisation artist. Pinepine aia no he mea i kēia mauʻano hoʻokokoke mai mau i hui i kekahi huahana. No ka laʻana, he palapala hiki hoʻopili like i ka classicism a me ka maʻiʻo - Romanticism.

Ikeia'ku me ka mana styles. Ua Ua lilo ka nui kŰia sentimentalism. He i ole i kona stylistic ano, akā, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ana i ia lewa i ka laila nānaina o kanaka lokomaikai a me ka pololei, a ua haawiia mai ai i kanaka ma ka ano maoli. Russian noʻeau moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama, like hoʻi me ka Europa, ua kona mau lilelile apana i pau ai i ka sentimental pele. Oia ua i ka moʻolelo Nikolaya Karamzina "poe ilihune Liza".

ka cult o ke 'ano

Ua sentimentalists hana i kekahi ano o ka mālamalama cult o ke ano. Nā thinkers o ka XVIII kenekulia ka mea imi i ka hāpana o ka nani a me ka maikaʻi, i ka mea i manao e hooikaika i na kanaka. Ka epitome o ka honua maikaʻi i 'Imi' aʻole e hōʻike i ia manawa ma Europa, wahi ulu lāʻau a me nā mahinaʻai. Ka mea, Ua hana like me ka pono o nā papa hana no ka hemolele kanaka. Mau mele nā nō keʻena ma luna, nā hale waihona puke, Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha, na luakini a me nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

I ka mālamalama i manaoio aku i ka mea hou "maoli kanaka" pono hoʻi i kona ku pono, - i ka mea o ka ano. E like me ia i kēia manaʻo o Lūkini oe a me ka moʻomeheu i loko o ka mālamalama (aho paha e olelo, kuhikuhipuʻuone) haawi wā Peterhof. Over kona? Ieoaeunoai hana nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone kaulana Leblon, Zemtsov, Usov, Quarenghi. Mahalo i kā lākou mau hana ma luna o ke awawa o Finland i ka hanana Ensemble, a komo i ka hanana ia? Ea, nani hale aliʻi a me nā wai puna.

pena

I pena, noʻeau moʻomeheu o Europe o ka mālamalama Hawaiʻi i oi aku secularism. hoomaka ae la ke kahunapule, e lawe ia i nā hana a hiki i loko o ia mau aina a pau ma mua ka mea, manao paulele kupono i Austria, Italia a me Hawaii. Hawaii pena auou caiaiai i ka naʻau i loko o ka panorama, a he aikane oe kiʻi auou caiaiai i ka olelo Makuahine.

Ma ka hapa mua o ka XVIII kenekulia Farani moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama i ala hou ana i ka Rococo kaila. Ua nānā 'ia nō ma luna o asymmetry, ka mea i hoomaewaewa, playful a me ka pretentious. Favorite huapalapala o keia kuhikuhi ana i ka artist mea he Bacchante, nymphs, Venusa, Diana, a me nā na kii o ka panina pili kūpono loa, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE kanaka - ke aloha.

A luku ana mamuli o Palani Rococo -ʻike hoʻokumu Fransua Bushe, ka mea i hoi i kapaia "ka mua pena o ke alii." He pena keaka e puhi ia, ki io no kiʻi puke no na hale waiwai a me ka hale aliʻi. Ka loa kaulana o kona mau pena: "Ka 'Ia o Venusa", "lanakila o Venusa" a no laila, ma luna o ..

Antuan Vatto, ma ka mea ku ole, increasingly huli i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia ola. Ma lalo o kona mau keiki, i ke kaila ua ulu ka nui English kiʻi pena Thomas Gainsborough. Ua i kekahi spirituality, uhane ano hoohanohano a me ka poetry.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE Italian pena o ka XVIII kenekulia ua Dzhovanni Tepolo. Keia haku wahi a murals oe kiʻiʻoniʻoni noʻonoʻo i ka 'elele nui hope o ka Venetian kula. I ke poʻo o ka ikona kaulana Repubalika i ku ae la o Veduta - maʻamau o hoʻokiwikā panorama. hoomaka Most kaulana kanaka haku i loko o ka 'ano moʻokalaleo Ke i Francesco Guardi a me Antonio Kanaletto. He hoʻomāʻikeʻike moʻomeheu i koe ma hope o ka nui helu o kilakila i pena.

i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni

XVIII kenekulia - ke gula makahiki o ka hale kiaka. Iloko o ka mālamalama, i kēia oe palapala i pili i ka oioi o kona hiʻona a me ka prevalence. Ma Enelani, o ka nui ua ka playwright Richard Sheridan. Ka loa kaulana o kana mau hana, "holo ana ia Scarborough," "School no nä Temepela" a me ka "hoa" i hoʻopuʻukahua i ke kolohe o ka bourgeoisie.

Hōʻeuʻeu a pau i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni moʻomeheu i loko o Europe o ka hoʻomāʻikeʻike wale ana ma Venice, kahi āna i hana pono 7 hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Traditional makahiki kulanakauhale carnival o Laielohelohe i ka poe hoaai, mai nā mea a pau ma o ka Old World. Ma Venice, i hana aku ai i ke kumu o ka mea kaulana "Traktirschiny" Karlo Goldoni. Kēia playwright, nana i kakau i ka huina hana 267, ua mahaloia a me ka mahalo e Voltaire o.

Ka Comedy loa kaulana o ka XVIII kenekulia ua "ke Marriage o Figaro," i kākauʻia e ka nui o Farani Beaumarchais. Ma keia play, hookomo i ka naʻau i loko o ke kaiāulu i kekahi io e pili ana i ka piha aupuni mō'ī o na Bourbons. A mau makahiki ma hope o ka puke o na mea mua a me ka comedies ma Farani, ua he kipi i hookahuli ae la i ka mea kahiko? Eia.

Europa moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama i oleʻaʻahu. Ma kekahi'āina i loko o nā akamai ala ae la ke aupuni hiʻona. No ka laʻana, ka mea Kelemānia hana keaka (Schiller, Goethe, Lessing), kona loa poʻokela hana i kākau i loko o ka 'ano moʻokalaleo o ka pōʻino. Ma keia hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka mālamalama i loko o Kelemania, ka mea iʻikeʻia he mau makahiki hope ma mua i loko o Palani a meʻEnelani.

Iogann Gete i ole he maikaʻi loa haku mele a me ka playwright wale. 'Aʻole no ka mea ka mea, ua kapaia "ao ano akamai" - he connoisseur a meʻoe theorist, ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao, novelist a akamai ma na mea he nui' ē aʻe wahi. Kona ki huahana - i ka pōʻino "Faust" a me ka hula "Egmont." Kekahi poʻokela huahelu o ka German hoʻomāʻikeʻike, Friedrich Schiller, ʻaʻole wale i kākau "me ka hana malu a me ke aloha" a me "ka poe powa", akā, i haʻalele hope o ka 'epekema a me ka mōʻaukala hana.

fiction

I ka papa kuhikuhiE palapala, ai 'ano moʻokalaleo Ke o ka XVIII kenekulia i ka puke. He mahalo i ka hou buke e hele mai i ka lanakila o ka bourgeois moʻomeheu, i auou caiaiai i ke kahiko feudal kahiko ideology. 'Imi i paʻi na hana o ke akamai kākau moʻolelo,ʻaʻole wale nō, akā, i sociologists, poe akeakamai a me economists.

Ka puke, me he 'ano moʻokalaleo, ulu mai o ka' uao journalism. Me ka mea, ua loaʻa i nā thinkers o ka XVIII kenekulia i hou palapala, e hoike i ko lakou mau pono a me ka philosophical manao. Kakau iho la "Gulliver ka hele ana" Dzhonatan Svift i loko o kona hana nui allusions i nā meaʻino o Contemporary lehulehu. He kākau pū no i "ka nui o ka hahai." Ma keia pepelu, māmā satirized ka laila kahunapule, a laila, a me ka paio.

Ka hooulu ana o ka moʻomeheu i loko o ka mālamalama hiki ke Hahai I i ka muli o hou palapala, ai 'Huli i. I keia manawa, ua he epistolary puke (ka puke ma ka palapala). Keia ua, no ka laʻana, he sentimental hana Ioganna Gete "ana i na kaumaha o Young Werther," ma a ka protagonist i hana he pepehi anaʻia iā iho, e like me "Persian palapala" o Montesquieu. Noho iho la na Documentary novels i loko o ka 'ano moʻokalaleo o ka Hotele palapala a me Hotele wehewehena ( "noho malihini ai ma Farani a me Italy," Tobias Smollett).

Ma ka moʻokalaleo, ka moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama i loko o Rusia, ma muli o nā kauoha o ka classicism. Ma ka XVIII kenekulia haku mele Alexander Sumarokov hana Vasily Trediakovskii, Antiochus Cantemir. Aia ua mua kupu ma ka hopena Sentimentalism (ua haawiia ia Karamzin "ilihune Lisa" a me "Natalie, boyar kaikamahine"). I ka moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama i loko o Rusia ua hana a pau na elue ma ka mea e loaʻa ma ka hoʻomaka o XIX ke kenekulia, me ka lulu popilikia moʻokalaleo, alakaʻiʻia Pushkin, Lermontov a me Gogol, ua hoano e kona gula makahiki.

mele

A no loko mai o ka au i ka mālamalama, he laekahi wahine 'ōlelo. Kona mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā Ua noʻonoʻo pono Iogann Bah. kakau iho la keia nui haku mele mau hana i loko o nā mea a pau Huli i (koe nae ua i ke keaka mele). Bach a me kēia lā ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka hanohano launa haku o ka polyphony. Kekahi German haku mele George Handel kakau iho la oi ma mua o 40 ke keaka mele, a sonatas lehulehu a me Ka Pakipika. Foodʻo ia, e like Bach, unuhi ae la ia i loko o ka Mea Paipala moʻolelo (wehewehe aku ma ka inoa: "Israel i loko oʻAigupita", "o Saula", "Mesia").

Other nui bila hanana o ka manawa - ka Viennese Kula. Na hana o kona mau lala e hoʻomau e holo nā Hawaiian Orchestra i keia la, no laila, ua kēia kanaka ke hoopa aku i ka hoʻoilina i ua haʻalele i ka moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama. Ke 18th kenekulia ua pili i na inoa o na geniuses me Wolfgang Mozart, Yozef Gaydn, Ludwig van Beethoven. He mau Viennese i ka haku mele, e rethink i ke kahiko wahine pepa a me ka Huli i.

Haydn Ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka makua kāne o ka panina symphony (i palapala iho ai ia oi ma mua o ka haneri). He nui o kēia mau hana i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o poʻe hula a me nā mele. I ka piko o kaʻike hoʻokumu o Haydn ka London symphonies kalapona ua kākauʻia e ia ma huakaʻi i 'Enelani. I ka moʻomeheu o ka pakebona au, i ke au o ka mālamalama, a o kekahi'ē aʻe wā o kanaka mōʻaukala mea pohihihi keia spawn ai prolific Artists. Ma waho symphony, Quartet Haydn nā lālā hoʻi 83, nā paʻi hua 13, 20 a me 52 keaka mele clavier sonatas.

Mozart i haku wale mele. He mea unsurpassed pâʻani 'o ia i ka harpsichord a me ka violin haku i kēia mau hana i loko o kakahiaka kamaliʻi. Kona keaka mele a me nā 'aha mele oko loa okoa naʻau i loko (mai poetic Lyrics a hiki i ka leʻaleʻa). O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o Mozart , noonoo iho la i kana ekolu symphonies, kākau i loko o ka mea hookahi i kekahi i loko o 1788 (helu 39, 40, 41).

Kekahi nui Classic Beethoven ua leʻaleʻa o ka'ōlohe wiwo moʻolelo i hopena ma luna o overtures "Egmont," "Coriolanus" a me "Fidelio," i ke keaka mele. E like me ka nā hana keaka, oia ku i kona wā e pāʻani ana i ka hoʻokani piano. No keia Beethoven hoʻopololei 32 Sonata i palapala. Ka hapa nui o kana mau hana i ka haku mele hanaia ma Vienna. Nō hoʻi ka mea nona 10 sonatas no violin a me ka hoʻokani piano (ka loa hanohano o ka "Kreutzer" Sonata).

Beethoven ua hoano e he nui makakū ulia, kena ae la ma ka liloʻana o ko lākou mau pepeiao. Haku mele hoʻi i hāliu mai i ka he pepehi anaʻia iā iho ma ka desperation kakau iho la oia i kona mau kaʻao "Moonlight" Sonata. Eia naʻe,ʻo ka maʻi weliweli i ole uhai i ka makemake o ka artist. Ua lanakila kona iho lethargy, kakau iho la Beethoven i na symphonic hana.

English hoʻomāʻikeʻike wale

Enelani i ka aina hanau o ke Europa hoʻomāʻikeʻike wale. Ma keia aina, ma mua o ka mea e ae, ma ka XVII kenekulia, ua he bourgeois kipi, i haawi impetus i ka moʻomeheu kūpono 'ana. ʻEnelani lilo i kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi o ka nohona kanaka. Poe akeakamai Dzhon Lokk i kekahi o ka mea mua, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE theorists o ka lokomaikai hoi o ka manaʻo. Ma lalo o ka aoao o kana mau palapala i ka loa nui pili aupuni palapala o ka mālamalama i kākau - ke Kuahaua American o ke Kuokoa. Ua laka 'manaoio aku i kanaka ike me ka nānā' ana sensory pokole a me ka hoao ana ma mua o mua hōʻoleʻia kāna ka hanohano akeakamai o Descartes.

Kekahi mea nui Pelekāne thinker o ka XVIII kenekulia ua Devid Yum. Keia poe akeakamai, economist, kākau moʻolelo, diplomat a me publicist i hōʻano hou i ka 'epekema o ka pono. Kona Contemporary Adamu Smith lilo i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o kēia oicyenoaaiiie kumumanaʻo. I ka moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama, me ka pōkole, mamua he nui ke kālā no manaÿo a me ka manaʻo. Smith ka hana ua like me ia. He ua ka mea mua, e equate i ka nui o ka makeke i ka moku'āina nui.

Palani thinkers

Palani poe akeakamai o ka XVIII kenekulia hana i loko o nā kumu o ke kue laila? Ueony nohona a me ka pili aupuni kauoha. Rousseau, Diderot, Montesquieu - a pau o ia loa e ku e ia wahi lulu kauoha. Noʻonoʻo loi ke lawe i na ano: atheism, ka idealization o ka hala (kiekie ka republican mooolelo o ke kahiko), a pela aku ...

A kū hoʻokahi kŰia o ka mālamalama moʻomeheu i ka 35-ka leo "puke noiʻi kūʻikena". Ua aha o ka papa kuhikuhiE thinkers "Age o ke kumu". Inspirer a me ka luna hoʻoponopono o kēia puke hiʻona'āina ua Denis Diderot. He hoʻonui i ka kaʻawale puke i Pol Golbah, La Mettrie, Julien, Klod Gelvetsy a me nā koʻikoʻi nō ka pilina o ka XVIII kenekulia.

Montesquieu ikaika nema aku i ka arbitrariness a me despotism o na Aupuni. I kēia manawa,ʻo ia ua pono noʻonoʻo pono i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o bourgeois liberalism. Voltaire lilo i poʻokela mamuli o ke 'lii a me ka tālena. He ua i ka mea kākau o satirical poem, philosophical novels, kālai'āina apana. Menina-thinker ia iho i loko o ka hale paʻahao, nui manawa ka mea, he e hūnā i ka mahuka. Ka mea, ua Voltaire i hana i ke kumu no ka noa manaʻo a me ka skepticism.

Kelemānia hoʻomāʻikeʻike wale

German moʻomeheu o ka XVIII kenekulia ola i loko o kumu o ka pili fragmentation o ka aina. Pae holomua Lālā paʻa manaʻo koi i ka abandonment o feudal Ua ola a me ka lahui ke kuʻikahi. Akä naÿe i ka Farani poe akeakamai o ka Kelemānia thinkers wary o nā nīnūnē e pili ana i ka ekalesia.

Like ka Lūkini moʻomeheu o ka mālamalama, i hana i ka Prussian moʻomeheu a me ka pololei komo o ka autocratic mō'ī (i loko o Rusia, ka mea, ua Ana II, ma Prussia - Fridrih Veliky). Ke poo o State ikaika Kākoʻo holomua ideals o kona manawa, oiai i haawi mai i kona kona palena mana. Oia ka'ōnaehana ua kapaia "naʻauao absolutism".

I ka papa kuhikuhiE Illuminator Germany XVIII kenekulia ua Imanuela Kant. I ka 1781, ua paʻi i kumu hana 'Critique o Pure kumu. " Poe akeakamai nui i ka hou pähola 'ana o ka ike, ua aʻo i ka manawa kūpono o ke kanaka akamai. Ua ua ia i hoapono mai i nā kiʻina hana o ka paio a me ka loio i ano loli nohona a me ka pili aupuni'ōnaehana, Ma waho aʻeo ka maka, i ke koloheia. Kant i he nui na makana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka noho aliʻi o ke kānāwai.