Ka paʻa aaiaoe kivila

Na aaiaoe kivila - mea he kūikawā encryption hereditary ike ka hoʻohana nā lātoma o nukelea nāʻakika. Ma muli o kēia kivila mai 'ike nā'ōewe suitably lāʻau hoʻololi kemikala o nā polokina a me nā'ūhū i loko o ke kino, ma ia wā pūnao. I huli ai oe, o ka 'ole o ke kanaka, nā polokina, a me ko lakou kuleana pili i ua kena ae la ma ka wahi a me ka haku mele' ana o'amino nāʻakika - ka mall huahelu o ka kumuʻiʻo lātoma.

Ma ka waena o ka hope kenekulia ka mea, ua hōʻike 'nā'ōewe, i nā māhele o deoxyribonucleicʻakika (abbreviated - DNA). Nucleotides loulou i loko o ka palapala o ka DNA nā lātoma ano papalua ili aku ai, ohi ia ma ke ano o kaʻoni iho.

ʻepekema, ua loaʻa i ka pilina ma waena o nā nā'ōewe, a me ka Nine Inch 'ole o ke kanaka nā polokina, i ka i loko o ka i ninoieo ma ka oiaio i ka mall mea o ka'amino nāʻakika i loko o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma loa hoʻopili like i ka mea o nucleotides i loko o ka'ōewe. Mahope iho o keia pilina, ka noiʻi hoʻoholo ihola e decipher i ka aaiaoe kivila, 'o ia hoʻi, e hookupaa i nā kānāwai o ka pili mall mea o nucleotides in DNA a me ka'amino nāʻakika in nā polokina.

Aia he eha wale ke ano o na nucleotides:

1) A - adenine;

2) G - guanine;

3) T - thymidylic;

4) D - cytidylic.

Ka 'ole o na ano he iwakalua o ka nui'amino nāʻakika o ke kumuʻiʻo komo pū. Me ka deciphering o ka aaiaoe kivila, he hihia no ka mea, loihi poʻeʻuʻuku nucleotides ma mua o aminoskislot. Ma ka hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia, ka mea, ua ua? Aaei i'amino nāʻakika i encoded ma kekahi ana o ka ekolu nucleotides (kapaʻia he codon a triplet).

Inā mākou e hoÿomaulia hiki a pau pu ana o na triplets makemake e 64, oa ekolu mau manawa hou ma mua o ka'amino nāʻakika - e huli mai i ka oi triplets.

Eia hou, ka mea, ua pono e ho'ākāka pono pehea e aia triplets ma ka'ōewe. A ma laila nō ekolu papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu o theories:

1) triplets ma hope kekahi i kekahi, noke, a laila hana he ana kuhi;

2) triplets i hoonohonoho alternately "meaningless" mau apana, a laila i hana ka ai-kapaia "comma" a me ka "paukū" ma ke kuhi;

3) triplets ke ano, a laila pau ana o ka triplet mua ke hana i ka hoʻomaka o ka mea e hiki mai ana.

I keia manawa,ʻano nui hoʻohana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka kuhi ka hoʻomauʻana.

Aaiaoe kivila a me kona waiwai

1) He triplet kuhi - ka mea, he o ākeʻakeʻa kumu ana o na nucleotides ekolu ho okumu i codons.

2) Na aaiaoe kivila Ua redundant - ia mea heʻilihune o kona triplet. Kekahi'aminoʻakika hiki e encoded e oi aku mamua o kekahi codon like codon ma makemakika hoʻomaulia, ekolu mau manawa hou ma mua o ka'amino nāʻakika. Kekahi mau hoopau wale codons hana i kekahi mau oihana: kekahi paha e "hookiia'ku mau lepa a" e i hanaʻia? Iecaianoaaiiuo pau'aminoʻakika kaula, na mea e ae e ho i ka hoʻomaka o ka heluhelu iho kuhi ana.

3) Ka aaiaoe kivila Ua unambiguous - kēlā codon hiki aʻohe hoʻokahi wale'aminoʻakika.

4) aaiaoe kivila mai collinearity, a laila ka nucleotide a me ka'aminoʻakika kaʻina maopopo hoʻopili like i kekahi i kekahi.

5) pā'ālua mea kākau noke a ka olelo hoopomaikai, "nonsense" nucleotides e nalowale. Ua helu kuhi puke ma ka wā i kekahi triplet, i UAIAaIN ma ka hahai ole-ana, a me ka welau a me ka hoopau wale codon.

6) ka aaiaoe kivila Ua paʻa - kekahi meaola nā'ōewe encode no nā polokina like ka ia. Ia, aole ia e hilinaʻi ma ka nui o ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka hui ana o ka meaola ole kahua you.

Hoikehonua, 'epekema paipai i ka aaiaoe kivila aicieeaao koke ma luna o ka hanau ana o ka hou meaola o ka iwi mea. Random loli a me keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka evolution e hiki i kekahi koho kuhi, oa 'amino nāʻakika i ke interchanged i loko o kekahi mea. No ke aha lā i loko o ka papa o ka evolution ua ola like keia ano o ke Kanawai, no ke aha la ke karaima mea paʻa a me ka mai i ka like 'ole? Ka hou 'epekema aoiaʻi oe i ka pili ana i ka kŰia o ka aaiaoe kivila, o ka nui he mea o hou mea pohihihi.