Oho nahele soils: ano, na kumu o ka ho okumu, ka waiwai

Ka uliuli massifs kahi laulā-E haʻalele nō i laha 'ulu, i hana oho nahele soils. Natural wahi o ko lākou mau wahi - o ka wahi o ka lōpū Hawaiian aniau. Mau mea i nā wahi ma kahi o ka he nui helu o ka lā lā, aʻaʻohe ii iai.

E lulu aku hoi

Oho nahele soils e waiho ma ka nui panalāʻau o Rusia. Nui nā panalāʻau e ka mea noho ma Canada a me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. Kēia hehi ciia e moe ana i ke kūkulu'ākau me ka boreal wahi, a ma ka hema - mai ka hehi māhele 'āina.

Oho nahele soils i loko o ka palena o Rusia, o he ana loloa o ka Europa hapa o ka aina. Ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka nui wahi, mai ka Ukrainian palena a hiki i ka Ural Mountains. E kiʻi i oho ululaau soils, a me ka wahi e waiho iki i ka hikina, a hiki i ka Hawaiian. 'O kēia ka wahi o ke komohana Siberian Plain. Ka mokuna o ke oho lepo - He 3.5% o ka iauae ieiuaae o ka Russian Hui. Lalo o ka nana aku i ka mea i ka oho nahele soils. Ano ma Rusia mau aina a me ko lakou mau papa hana i loko o ka mahiʻai kaiaulu e e uhi no hoi i loko o kēia 'atikala.

ke ola

Ka a pau ano o ka panorama āpana ua loaa ia oho soils o na kula. Ma ka Europa hapa o ka nahele-hehi papu ua steeply ihona hene a me undulating. Ma Asia, a keu aku, a hiki i palahalaha pāhili. Ma ka ulu lāʻau, aia mea he pukapuka o gullies a me na awawa,. Oia ke kokua no hoi e loli ai i na ano o ke oho lepo, no ka mea hoomaikai ia ia, he mea he maoli nōkahea wahi.

ana o ka ho okumu

Pehea e oho nahele soils? hoʻonaʻauao aku ana no ia mea e pono ai wale no ka mea Hawaiian aniau. 'O kēia ka awelika makahiki ea mahana eia kekahi degereʻehiku i loko o ka komohana wahi i ka hua eha a me ka hapalua ma ka hikina. Nō hoʻi, i ke kahua o ka aina e loli ai i kekahi dala o ke shortfall ma ii iai i ka makahiki. Ma ke Komohana o ka Ural Mountains mea 500-600 mm o, a me ka aoao hikina o ua mau puu - 300 mm o. Ma keia hihia, he mea he like lākiō o ke kimu a me ke omoāea. Ma ka ?? eoi? Ee, ma ka hana oho nahele soils, nānāʻana aku i ka mea mahanaʻawelike i loko o July. Ka mea, e i 19-20 degere.

Oho nahele soils i hanaʻia ma lalo o ke kanu poe grassy deciduous ululaau. West o ka Dnieper, ka mea, he lāʻauʻoka, a hornbeam haku mele 'ana. I ka hikina, a hiki i ka Urals, i loko o na ululaau o ka laau oka, a lindens ulu. I kekahi manawa, he mea kekahi ao lehu. Hikina o ka Ural mauna huahelu ua Kīwala'ō ma lalo Aspen (CO) a me birch ululaau. Eia, i ka māhū-Baikal māhele 'āina, aia no he larch.

Aie i ka mea kaumaha kiʻekiʻe o ka litter deciduous laau i kekahi mau waiwai oho nahele lepo. Characterization o ka haku mele 'ana hōʻike he kiʻekiʻe ka maʻiʻo o ke kalipuna a me ka lehu constituents. A pau i kēia mau waiwai e hanai aku i loko o ka lepo a me ka litter, a nui e like me kānakaʻepekema, mea mai ka 70 a hiki i 90 quintals no aa, ec eioi.

Ma ka palena o ka nahele-hehi lepo-ho okumu i pöhaku i na poe e loams. Kēia kalepona hoʻokomo kālā.

Ma hua'ōlelo o herbaceous broadleaf nahele ma ka aina mai ka papa kuhikuhiE keʻano o ka hanaʻana elua. Ole ia, ua hiki ole i ua hana oho nahele soils. Ka makamake nui-ho okumu i ahu iho la ka pololei nā i mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ka mua kekahi i wahi ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mea ma lalo pele o ka wai mai ka haule ana ma luna o ka honua ke kimu ole. I ka hopena o kēia kaʻina hana o ka issuance o ka lepo huahana a me kā lākou weathering ana o nā pōhaku i loko o ka lalo papa. I kekahi manawa, e hoopahaohao a pau o kēia mau 'ona i loko o papa o ka Lok.

Ka lua, like nui kaʻina, aie i ka mea i hanaʻia i ke oho nahele soils ma lalo o deciduous kumu lāʻau a me nā mauʻu wanawana. Make kanu waiwai ma ka mea pōhaku waiwai, waihoia i loko o ka luna, ahu iho i loko o ka palapala o ke aloha residues. Ma ka 'ilikai papa o ka lepo humus ua hana. Kēia ahu iho la ka waiwai organo-mea pōhaku waiwai, e paa ana i ka kalipuna. I ka mea uuku loa i loko o ka nahele, a hele podzol kaʻina. Ua enriches ka luna papa o ka aina sesquioxides a me makanekiuma oxides, kalipuna, a nui no hoi na oihana mua.

'ole

Oho nahele soils (e nānā ma lalo Hawaii photo) a hooku iho la elima papa.

I ka wahi o ia i ka mānoanoa o 3 knm, kēia litter, oia hoi o neperegnivshey make ka mauu a me ka make. Next mea he nui loa aku kou mana grainy oho, ahu iho kona mānoanoa -. 12 knm Ua Ua hana mai humus a mai i ka moe kolohe 'ole. Ka hohonu o ke kolu o ka, ahu iho -. 12 knm ka lepo nā pōpō nutty a me ka malamalama oho waihoʻoluʻu. Ma keia, ahu iho malaila impregnations o ka silica i a me ka humus. Next, o ka lepo i mea eleele hue. Ma keia, ahu iho, ma ka hoʻonui organo hao i huiʻia i pinepine loaʻa na ilipoo ame blotches. Ke eia ka mea i ka makua me nāʻano makelia o yellow-eleele waihoʻoluʻu.

O oho lepo type līkaia no ia subtypes:

• malamalama oho;
• oho;
• pouli oho.

He Mea Maluna hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke 'ano o ke kaʻina hana i loko o ka lepo Podzolization keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Nine ano o ka oho soils

I ka haku mele 'ana a me ka nui o ka micro- a me macroelements, hilinaʻi nui ma luna o na olelo o ke kahua o nā papaʻalihi moana. He aha nō ka Nine Inch waiwai o oho nahele soils? Ano i loaa i loko o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana o kā lākou koʻana koko pāʻoihana, ka mea e leie aku e olelo aku i ka mea i loaʻaʻakika a weaklyʻakika naoh. Eia kekahi, i ka hopena o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua Ka Ikepili Hōʻike haʻahaʻa saturation na soils kumu, a hoemi nui i loko o ka mua mau lipolipo lepo (particles).

Alakai aku ia Nine Inch hoʻokolokolo 'ana i kekahi mea e hōʻike kaʻoi loa o ka mea hiki i kekahi subtype i kekahi oho nahele soils. Ano o ia mea okoa. Pela, ua loaa i ka pouli oho nahele soils he nui nui o ka humus. Ka mea, loaʻa ka prevalence o humicʻakika ma fulfokislotami. He aha hou aʻe mea okoa pouli oho nahele lepo? Characterization o keia me ka hopena o Nine Inch Ka Ikepili, keʻae i ka hoʻomāhuahua o ke kalipuna i loko o laila. Kēia'ikamu mea i loko o ke keenaʻalihi moana.

Ano o ke oho ulu lepo mai ana i ka manaʻo o Nine Inch noiʻi, kuhikuhi mai la lakou i ka ilihune o kona keena papa o sesquioxides a me ka nui enrichment i loko o ka silica i. Kēia keʻae i ka haku mele 'ana no ka podzolization kaʻina. He ua ka hapanui maopopo i hoike ia ma ka malamalama oho soils subtype. Emi - ma ka pouli poʻo. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka subtype o ka aina a me ka i okoa Nine Inch waiwai. No ka laʻana, malamalama oho noho maʻakika. Ma keia mea, i ole kekahi kumu saturation.

Ano o oho nahele soils ka hōʻike i kēia subtype kekahi mai kekahiʻakika NaI. I ka Ia manawa he mea kekahi unsaturated kumu. Naʻe, eia kahi mea akaka emi o ia o ka malamalama oho subtype.

Ke kolu o ka ʻano o ka lepo i ka loa maikaʻi Nine Inch waiwai. Dark oho soils i ka weaklyʻakika naoh, a me ka nui saturation ko lākou mau kumu. Eia hou kekahi, i ko lakou kanu'ōiwi nā malama kiʻekiʻe humus maʻiʻo, phosphorus, kalipuna a me ka naikokene.

Ua Radio nui he kūlana no ka poe i ke oho nahele këia soils ano.

A papaʻaina i helu pū 'ia nā mea a pau i ka waiwai o ka mea okoa subtypes e ae maikaʻi hoomanao i naʻikepili loaa ma ka noiʻi.

physical hoakaka

Waiwai e hoopae ai i hehi ciia Ua pili kēia e kaukaʻi ma ka maʻiʻo o ka humus. Ke kino ai 'ano o ka oho lepo e loli ai i ka hionapāʻili o ka iniiaiie kumu pōhaku.

Ka luna lipolipo ikepili wale i kaʻai i ke kiʻekiʻe porosity like kiʻekiʻe me 60%. Like mākou hele nei i lalo i ka lepo pili nuʻa, piʻi pū. O ke kumu ho i ka emi i loko o ka lehulehu o ka humus. Nā 'ikepili no ka hoʻoponopono waiwai i kekahi oko ao ke kaumaha ma muli o ka subtype o kēia mau soils. No laila, i loko o ka pouli-oho pōhaku o ka pa apŘ o ke subsurface, a hiki i ka mea uuku. Kēia mea ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe humus oluolu, a me ka oi hai structuring.

Kekahi o ke kino ai 'ano o ka pa apŘ o ka illuvial lipolipo. All subtypes o oho soils ia mea he kiʻekiʻe. Kona waiwai hiki mai ka 1.5 hiki i 1,65 nā huna no cubic kenimika. Me ka mahalo i ka huina porosity, ia mea ma ka laulā o ka mai 50 a hiki i 60%. A i loko o ka luna papa - mai ka 40 a hiki i 45%. porosity ano i loko o ka malamalama oho subtype mālama i ka capillary type. Kēia hiʻona ho'ēmi i kā ka permeability o ka lepo.

Like no ka pouli oho subtype, kona physical waiwai i loa maikaʻi. Keia lepo, ahu iho ua wehewehe aku e nui ka wai nona iho, a e leie aku ka holoʻokoʻa mea kanu ao nei e loaa ia ia i ka nui-pono ai ka wai no ia. Oho a me Light oho subtypes aina ulu ciiaʻano pauaho a noho ma physical ano. Kēia haʻahaʻa humus maʻiʻo, a he uuku ka pakeneka o ka sludge, a me ka nui o ka huina silt hapa. A pau kēia mau ano he hoʻonui obesstrukturirovaniyu uka papa o ka moana lipolipo ma hope, e eku ana. Na ainaʻau koke a me ka pńpa ho okumu ia lŘlŘ ma luna o kaʻili kai.

Ke microstructure o kekahi subtypes o oho soils i lua 'kekahi i kekahi, a me ka wai-e kū'ē'ē mai. No ka laʻana, ho'ā hoʻi ohoʻikeaʻana ma hope o kana e mahiai ana koke silaia. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i keia subtype ua malama i ke alo o ka lepo wai-hoʻopale 'Ohi a i mea nui ma mua o 0,25 mm o.

liluwelo ano

Humus lepo accumulates oho i loko o kona keʻena lipolipo, a ho he holoʻokoʻa pae o ka pili kiʻekiʻe-hakakino i huiʻia. It liluwelo ke keʻena - i ka papa kuhikuhi 'Oponopono o ka ke aloha, ahu iho mua holoʻokoʻa. Ua loaʻa he hailona o phosphorus, naikokene a me nā kumu mua. humus ho okumu i wahi o ka deciduous mea kanu, a iho i lalo, e like me ka aa ana o na mea kanu i make me kaʻeleu komo o microorganisms.

thermal ana

E like me keia anakahi oho nahele soils waiwai i loa maikaʻi. No ka lōʻihi i hala, i mau mai April a hiki i December, a puni lākou pili malaila mea he maikaʻi ana wela. Ke kūpaleʻana ia lŘlŘ me ka hoouka kaua o ka hooilo, a me kekahi manawa January. By April, ahu iho hohonu o ka 50 a hiki i 70 knm ka mea, ua pau thawed.

I ka Central a komohana nahele-hehi oo? O ka lepo facies e pili ana i ka subtype o ka wela lako. Here oe ke malama i ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika ke kūpaleʻana a me ka thawing o ke keena, ahu iho i ka hoʻoilo wā.

Kekahi thermal? Eia o soils typical no Western Siberia. Eia ka mea, he lōʻihi wā o ke kūpaleʻana papaʻalihi moana. Eia hou, a me ka Hekikai o ke kupulau lepo thawed lohi. O ke kumu ho i ka loa aiʻaihueʻia, e like me ka pono me ka poe liilii, ka hau. Kahua hana i loko o kēia mau mea ka hoʻomakaʻana e e lawe mai wale i loko o May. Naʻe, i kēia manawa ma ka lalo pae i subzero mahana i malamaia.

ea? aaeei

Keia ano He He lākou o ka helu nui o nāʻike manaʻo. A me ka mea, i nā mea a pau pili i ka hōʻeaʻana mai o ka lewa aina a me kona hoi ana ma luna o ka mea, e like me hokii. 'O kēia kekahi o ka kŰia o ke kinoea launa like mea ia lŘlŘ ma waena o ka papa o ka moana lipolipo, a me ka puni lewa.

Lepo ea me ka hōʻeaʻana mai o ka mea e hiki mai ana manawa ua undergoing kekahi loli o kona haku mele 'ana. A i loko o ka luna papa o kēia kaʻina mea nui aku, pili.

wai? eia

Oho nahele soils ua wehewehe aku ma kekahi manawa holoi i ke 'ano o ke anakahi. E like me ka rula, nui ke kimu ole e hina ma ka Akuma ka moisturize i ka honua wale 50 knm.ʻoi ona mau komo iloko ma ka manawa o ka pūnāwai thaw. Ma keia manao, o ka mānoanoa o ka wetting o ka lepo hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mana a me ka hooilo uhi runoff meltwater.

Kekahi ano o ka wai? Eia ua malamaia ma ka wahi me ka haka'āina. Eia, i ka i kā mākou poho o ka ona i loko o ke kauwela i e 20%, a me ka uhi, ahu iho o ka lepo me ka mānoanoa mika.

A loa kekahi wai? Eia o ka lepo e ke aupuni 'o ululaau mau mea. Eia ka he hoʻomāhuahua nui o ka hau ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka hooilo. Ma keia manao, i loko o ka luawai o ka lepo ua huakaʻi o mea 'ē aʻe, pili. A laila, akā naʻe, e hoʻohana i ka hohonu kumu nenoaiu o ka laau. Kēia dries i ka lepo a hiki i ka hohonu o ka 4 me 5 mau mika.

nutrient you

Most ano waiwai o ke anakahi i pouli oho nahele lepo. Ka mea, i ke kiʻekiʻe maoli fertility aie a hiki i ka nui dala makana i loko o humus, phosphorus a me ka naikokene.

Ka hooluolu ana pololei o ka lepo hilinaʻi nui ma luna o kona mahi a me ka mea hoʻomomona palapala noi. Ma na hihia a pau, i ka luna papa o ka moana, e komo i ka oi nui o ka maikaʻi kēia waiwai.

Ma ka nutrient? Eia o soils ololi ka maʻiʻo o hydrolyzable naikokene. Oi loa ilihune ma keia hehee ai o ka malamalama oho lepo. Kekahi o ka aina fertility indices o ke alo i loko o ia mau mea i loaʻa phosphorus. ʻO kā mākou dala o keia hehee ai i loko o residually calcareous soils.

Summer wa pono kōkua e haʻalele i ka Nine Inch, liluwelo a me ka 'ē keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka hana i loko o arable soils. Ma ka waena o ka mehana manawa he mea he mahuahua ma hydrolytic a me ka exchangeableʻakika. Ma keia e pili ana, e hoemiia lepo saturation ko lākou mau kumu.

Ka hoʻohana a oicyenoaaiiie aayoaeuiinoe

Ma ka agro-hanalima luna 'o ka aina ka mea, ua hoʻomano komo ke kahi ma i loaʻa nā poʻo nahele soils. Ke fertility o ka aina e leie aku, e ana ulu ia kekahi mau ulu kanaka. Eia hou, i ka oho nahele soils i kā lākou wahi i loko o ka 'ole o ke kula a me nā kula, a me nā hayfields.

Ka mahi wahi no ka mahi mahi hehi ulu a me ka hooilo palaoa, kulina a me kō beet, olonā,ʻuala a me ka mea e like. D. Ka Europa nahele-he ākea horticulture.

Ka hana huli nā mea a pau subtypes o poʻo lepo. Kēia kanaka mālama, e hoomahuahua i ko lakou fertility ma ana i ka laulā o ka hana. Ikaika momona topsoil ua hana ma ka fertilization a me ka mauu kanu. Kēia hoonui ae i ke kino ai 'ano a me ka'aiaola? Eia o soils, e like me ho'ēmi i kā ke hiki e hana i ka pńpa ma luna o kaʻilikai. Ma waho aina me ka kiʻekiʻeʻakika no ka hoʻomaikaʻi lākou mau ano ua malalo i liming.

Forest kanu kaʻina oho hina a me ka malamalama oho soils no hoi e hiki no ka mea recess arable, ahu iho. Kēia hanana ua pu ma fertilization. Inā pono, e lawe mai ka'āina a me ka liming.

Ke fertility o ka pouli oho soils hoomahuahua i ka kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana palapala noi o fertilizers. A e hoʻopau lākou, a mahuahua nui hydrolytic paeʻakika me posapahate mea hoʻomomona.

Mahiai ana o oho lepo'aʻaiawā hooponopono ana pono e pu. He oi loa oiaio o ka Europa ?? eoi? O ka nahele-hehi ciia. D. No ka ua ana, e mahi i ka lepo ma ka hene, hooponopono, ipu kualono, a no laila, ma luna o.