Kanaka ami. Ano o kanaka ami

Kanaka iwi mea i paakiki i ka mea i hiki ke pale aku i kahi o 10 tausani kilograms, akā, inā he iwi haku o ka hoʻokahi wale paa iwi, mākou neʻe makemake e hiki ole. Nature ua Wehewehe i nā hāʻina i kēia pilikia ma wale māheleʻana i ka iwi o ka mea nui a me nā iwi ami i hanaia - he wahi kahi i nā iwi halawai.

kanaka ami hana loa he kuleana pili i nui. Mahalo iā ia, iwi, niho a me cartilage o ke kino i hui i kekahi i kekahi.

Ano o kanaka ami

Ka mea, hiki e hoʻolaha i ka hua'ōlelo o ka functionality:

Olelo e ālai 'ia' ana,ʻikeʻia me synarthrosis. Sutures iwi poʻo a me gomfos (soedininenie niho iwipoo) i examples synarthrosis. Na wahi i pili ma waena o nā iwi i kapaia ka syndesmosis ma waena o cartilage - sinhordrozami, iwi - sintostozami. Synarthrosis i hanaʻia Via connective'aʻaʻa.

Amphiarthrosis apono 'i ka uuku o ka neʻeʻana o nā iwi ami. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike amphiarthrosis nō ka intervertebral iwi kuamoʻo, a me ka pubic symphysis.

Ke kolu o ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai papa - svobodnopodvizhnye diarthrosis. Ka mea, i ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa laulā o ka noi. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: kuʻekuʻe lima, kuli, poohiwi a me na pulima oʻu. Kokoke mau ka mea, o ka synovial ami.

kanaka skeletal ami hiki e hoʻolaha no hoi ma kā lākou 'ole (i ka mea o ka a ka mea i haku):

Fibrous ami i haku o kaʻoʻoleʻa collagen olona. O lakou nei na ami o ka puniu wale no , a me ka ami e hoʻohuiʻia ka ulna a me ke kahahńnai o ka forearm pu.

Cartilaginous ami i haku o kanaka cartilage e hoopaa ana i na iwi a pau. 'O kekahi mau hui i na ami ma waena o na iwi aoao a me ka iwiaoao cartilage, a ma waena o nā pā intervertebral.

Ka loa, he pono ole type - synovial ami - la, ua piha me ka wai ma waena o nā wēlau o nā iwi linkable. Ua Ua hoʻopuniʻia e ka uaua mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku o anuanu connective'aʻaʻa, uhi ma synovialʻili lahilahi. Ke synovialʻili lahilahi, i ua haku o ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku, synovial loli produces ka aila, kona kuleana pili i - e lubricate i ka ami, hoemi kū'ē, a komo.

He nui na papa o synovial ami, no kekahi laʻana, ellipsoidal, ginglymoid, lio-hoʻokino a me spherical.

Ellipsoidal ami interconnected malimali iwi, a ae aku ia lakou e glide hala kekahi i kekahi i loko o kekahi ao ao.

Trochlear ami, e like me kuʻekuʻe aku, a kukuli ana o ke kanaka, e kali ana i kekahi ala e hiki aku wale no laila, i ka huina ma waena o nā iwi ke mahuahua a emi iho. Limited neʻeʻana i loko o ami ginglymoid hoʻolako hou ka mana a me ka ikaika o na iwi, nāʻiʻo a me ligaments.

Noho lio ami, e like me ma waena o ka mea mua metacarpal iwi, a me ka trapezoid iwi, ae e ka ao ka i nā iwi ma ka 360 degere.

Poʻohiwi a me ka Hip kanaka - wale spherical ami i loko o ke kino. Ka mea, i ka noa huahelu o ka noi, ka mea,ʻo ka mea wale nō kamalii e hiki huli a puni kona iho (axis). Eia naʻe, no ka nele o ka spherical ami mea ua noa huahelu o ka noi hana ia oi susceptible i ka dislocation, ma mua o emi lawe lima kanaka ami. Ma kēia wahi he mea pinepine uhaʻiʻia.

Kekahi mau 'ano o ke kanaka synovial ami pono e manaoia kaawale.

ginglymoid ami

Trochlear ami i synovial papa. Kēia na puupuu wawae, kukuli iho a me ka kuʻekuʻe aku ke kanaka. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ginglymoid ami - he pua kiele o elua a oi iwi, kahi e hiki ke neʻe wale nō i loko o hoʻokahi (axis) e lena paha straighten.

Ka loa alodio trochlear ami i loko o ke kino - interphalangeal, ka mea, i waena o nā phalanges o na manamana a me nā manamana wāwae.

No ka mea, o ko lakou oihana uuku ke kaupaonaʻana, a me mechanical ikaika, ka mea, iloko o ka hookahi mea me ka moku synovial kaula hou no kilo. Kēlā me kēia iwi uhiia me ka pahee lahilahi ahu iho la ka hyaline cartilage, manao e emi kū'ē i loko o na ami. kekahi iwi i hoopuniia e ka uaua mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku o fibrous connective'aʻaʻa, uhi ma synovialʻili lahilahi.

Ka 'ole o kanaka ami mea manawa okoa. No ka laʻana, ke kuʻekuʻe aku ami mea oi eiiieaena i hanaʻia ma waena o ka humerus, ke kahahńnai a me ka ulna iwi o ka forearm. Kuʻekuʻe aku malalo i ka oiʻelemakule ukana ma mua o na ami o na manamana a me nā manamana wāwae, no laila, inā loaʻa kekahi mau ikaika ligaments a me nā hanana iwi hale i hooikaika i kona 'ole.

Ulnar a kahahānai ligaments kōkua malama nā ulna a me ke kahahńnai, a hooikaika ami. Na wawae i komo i kekahi mau nui trochlear ami.

ma waena o ka mea nui a me ka meaʻuʻuku e like me kuʻekuʻe aku na puupuu wawae ke ami hoi ua ke aupuni ' tibia iwi i loko o ka lalo uha mua, a me ka talus iwi i loko o ka wāwae. Lala kiʻekiʻe tibia fibula ua hanaʻia a puni ka pokou talus kau e kali ana o ka'ūhā ma ka kekahi iho (axis). Four nā laulau, me ka deltoid, hoopaa i na iwi a me ka hoʻoikaika i ka hui, e malama i ke kino ke kaumaha.

Aia ma waena o ka uha a me ka uha mua tibia a me ka fibula tibia, kukuli iho ami - i ka nui a me ka loa luna 'ginglymoid ke ami hoi i loko o ke kanaka kino.

Kuʻekuʻe aku a me na puupuu wawae'anatomia i like, ka mea, i loa pinepine waiho kokoke ana i osteoarthritis.

ellipsoidal ami

Ellipsoidal hui, iʻikeʻia i lalo, o ka loa e like me ka ano o synovial ami. Ka mea i hanaʻia ma ka iwi, a me ka pahee a aneane Kaulu. Mau ami ai na iwi, e ho one ma kekahi ala e hiki aku - mai a me ka ia, a me ka haʻalele pono, diagonally.

Ma muli o ia kona 'ole ellipsoidal'ōlewa ami, a me kā lākou mau ana ua kaupalena' (e ole nā palapū). e uhi Ellipsoidal ami sinovalnoyʻili lahilahi i produces loli i ka lawelawe 'ana i ka lubricate i ke ami.

Most ellipsoidal ami i loko o ka appendicular iwi ma waena o nā iwi carpal o ka na pulima oʻu, ma waena o ka na pulima oʻu hui a me ka lima metacarpal iwi ma waena o ka puupuu wawae.

Kekahi pūʻulu o ellipsoidal ami aia ma waena o nā maka o ka iwakalua-eono vertebrae ma ka intervertebral ami. Mau pili 'o Randy ae mai i ka pa, e wehewehe ana a me ka ao i ka torso, oiai e malama ana i ka ikaika o ka spine e kākoʻo i ke kaupaona ana o ke kino a me ka malama i ka spinal kaula.

condylar ami

Aia He Heʻano kaawale o ellipsoidal ami - condylar ami. Ua hiki ke noʻonoʻo i ka malumalu palapala mai ka trochlear mau 'ano i ka ellipsoid. Mai trochlear ami condylar wehewehe aku ma ka nui oko ao ma ka shape a me ka nui o ka penei kekahi surfaces, kūpono ai i loko o ka neʻeʻana hiki a puni nā koʻi lipi. Mai ellipsoidal ami condylar articular poo i ka helu o okoa.

lio ami

Kiolaia ana ami mea he ano o synovial ami, ma kekahi o ka iwi ua hoʻokino e like me ka lio a me nā iwi maluna o ka mea, e like me ka mea nāna e holo ma luna o ka lio.

Noho lio ami oi'ōlewa ma mua o ka spherical a ellipsoidal.

Ka pono kumu o ka noho lio ami kino mea carpometacarpal ke ami hoi o ka manamana nui, a ua hanaʻia ma waena o ka trapezoid iwi, a me ka mua metacarpal iwi. Ma keia hana, i ka trapezoid pepa ka ua hoʻokōʻia noho, ma a ka mua metacarpal iwi noho. Carpometacarpal ke ami hoi e leie aku ka nui kanaka manamana mea oluolu no ka paipai me ka eha manamana lima'ē aʻe o ka lima. Manamana nui, o ka papa, loa nui no mākou, e like me ka mea e leie aku mākou lima paa puliki mea, a hana na mea he nui o na mea paahana.

arthrodia

Ball ami mea he kūikawā papa o synovial ami a i ka lani kiekie loa kīvila o ka hele i loko o ke kino ma muli o i kā lākou mau hanana 'ole. poʻohiwi hui Hip hui, aʻo ka mea wale nō kanaka spherical i loko o ke kanaka kino.

Ua mau ka papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou o spherical ke ami hoi: iwi me ka spherical poo, a me ka iwi me ka kīʻaha-hoʻokino ka recess. E noonoo oe i ka'ūhā mua ami. kanaka'anatomia mea ia ia ka spherical poʻo o ka humerus (luna lima iwi) fits i loko o ka ami lua o ka maka. Glenoid lua - mea heʻuʻuku, a me ka pāpaʻuʻekeʻeke, mahalo no i ka'ūhā mua ami ka laulā nui o ka neʻeʻana i loko o ke kanaka kino. Ua Ua hoʻopuniʻia i ke komolima o ke hyaline cartilage, i mea'ōlewa, iwi ikaika, oiai nāʻiʻo - rotator cuff - hoopaa i ka humerus i loko o ka lua.

Ke Hip ke ami hoi mea iki emi lawe lima ma mua o ka'ūhā mua, akā, ua ikaika a me ka oi hale lio ami. Additional Hip kumupaʻa pono D., e pale aku i ke kino kaumaha ma luna o nā wāwae ma ka hana hana e like me ka holoholo, jogging a pela ma ka.

Ka Hip hui ua hoʻokōʻia, kokoke e spherical poo o ka femur ('ūhā iwi) pono i ka acetabulum, hohonu he recess i loko o ka pelvic iwi. Muli o kona kulana he helu o kaʻoʻoleʻa ligaments a me ka ikaika nāʻiʻo paʻa i ka femoral poo ma ka wahi a me ko oukou pale ana i ka hoʻopilikia ikaika loa i loko o ke kino. Acetabulum a ua ālai 'dislocation o ke ki kala, iwi? Aie? Aiiie ka hele i loko o ia.

Ma ke kumu o ka luna, e hiki e he uuku papaʻaina. Ka 'ole o ke kanaka ami nā mea e makemake ai ole. No laila, i loko o ke kolamu mua o ka papaʻaina i hoakaka ia hui type, i ka lua a me ke kolu - examples a me kā lākou mau wahi, niioaaonoaaiii.

Kanaka ami: papaʻaina

amiʻano	examples o ami	kahi i
ginglymoid	Kukuli, kuʻekuʻe aku, na puupuu wawae. Anatomia o kekahi o ia ua haawi mai ai ma lalo nei.	Kukuli - ma waena o ka femoral, tibial a me ka patella iwi; ulnar - ma waena o humerus, ulna a me ke kahahńnai o; na puupuu wawae - ma waena o ka tibia a me ka wāwae.
ellipsoidal	Intervertebral ami; na ami ma waena o nā phalanges.	Ma waena o nā maka o ka vertebrae; ma waena o nā phalanges o na manamana a me ka lima.
globular	Hip a me ka'ūhā mua ami. Kanaka'anatomia uku keia ano o ami noonoo.	Ma waena o ka femur a me ka pelvic iwi; ma waena o ka humerus a me ka scapula.
noho-hoʻokino	Carpometacarpal.	Ma waena o ka trapezoid iwi, a me ka mua metacarpal iwi.

E hana ia clearer mea kūpono ai kanaka ami, wehewehe mai i kekahi hou no ia.

kuʻekuʻe aku

Kuʻekuʻe lima kanaka'anatomia i i mua, ua oleloia, he pono kuikawa noonoo.

Kuʻekuʻe aku - kekahi o ka loa huikau ami o ke kanaka kino. Ua ua hana ma waena o ka distal hope o ka humerus (nui kaʻoi loa, kona articular surfaces - aeie, a me ka condyle), pāhawewe a me ka trochlear clippings ulna, a kahahānai iwi articular poo a me kona periphery. Ua ninoieo o ekolu ami ka manawa hookahi: brachioradialis, humeroulnar a me proximal radioulnar.

ma waena o ka trochlear notch o ka ulna, a me ka aeie (ka ami ili) o ka humerus Humeroulnar ami ka moana. He pili i ka ami trochlear a me ka mea uniaxial.

Brachioradialis condyle ke ami hoi i hanaʻia ma waena o ka humerus a me ke poo o ka humerus. Holo o ke ami i i kahi o nā koʻi lipi.

Promaksimalny radioulnar hoʻohuiʻia kahahānai kua i ka ulna, a me ka olelo anapuni o ka kahahānai poo. He i uniaxial.

Ke kuʻekuʻe aku i kīloi paʻewa neʻeʻana. Ma mau, ka mea, ua manaoia he trochlear ke ami hoi me ka helical shape 'oihana.

Ka nui o na luna o ke kino i manaoia i kuʻekuʻe lima. Na wawae no hoi iloko o na ami, i wale hiki ole ke hai.

hip-

ma waena o ka acetabulum o na pelvis, a me ka femur (kona poo) kēia ami ka moana.

ua uhiia me ka hyaline cartilage kēia poʻo, ma, koe wale no ka fovea. Acetabulum , hoi, uhi me ka cartilage, akā, wale e pili ana i ka ili o ka lunate me ke koena uhiia sinovalnoyʻili lahilahi.

No ka Hip ke ami hoi i na laulau: sciatic-femoral, iliac, femoral, pubic-femoral, hoʻopoepoe wahi, e like me ka pono me he pua kiele o ka femoral poo.

Iliac-femoral ligament originates ma ka lalo o ka anterior kūlana iliac iwi a me ka welau ma ka intertrochanteric laina. Kēia ligament ua komo i loko o ka malama ana i ke kino i loko o ka pono kūlana.

Next pupu sciatic-femoral, hoʻomaka ma ka ischial iwi, a ulana i loko o ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku o ka hip-ami.

Iki kiekie ae ma ka luna o ka pubic iwi, hoʻomaka pubic-femoral ligament, a holo i lalo i ka ke ki kala ami mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku.

I loko o ka ami ia iho nei he pua kiele o ka femoral poo. Omaka lawe ia ma ka transverse acetabular ligament a me ka welau a ma ka lua o ka femoral poo.

Ke hoʻopoepoe wahi ua hanaʻia i loko o ka loop: ka mea, ua pili i ka haahaa imua o ka ilium, a poai puni i ka'ā'ī o ka femur.

Hip a me ka'ūhā mua ami i ka wale poepoe-hoʻokino i loko o ke kanaka kino.

kukuli-ami

Kēia ami ninoieo o ekolu iwi: ka patella, ka distal pau ana o ka femur, a me ka proximal hope o ka tibia.

ke kuli mau mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku pili i na kihi o ka tibial, femoral iwi a me ka patella. No ka mea femur ua pili ma lalo o ka epicondyle. At paʻa tibial articular ili i ka maka, a me ka mea, ua pili i ka patella mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku no laila, i kona holoʻokoʻa mua ili o ke ami ka moana.

Laulau o keia ami hiki ke maheleia i mau pūʻulu: vnekapsulnye a me ka intracapsular. ¶ A i loko o ke ami loaʻa nō nāʻaoʻaoʻelua - tibial a me ka fibular collateral ligaments.

na puupuu wawae ami

Ua ua hana ia me ke kōkua o ke articular ili o ka talus, a me ka articular surfaces o ka distal piko o ka fibula a me ka tibia.

Olelo mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku, ma ua pili i ka lihi o ka articular cartilage, a haalele mai ia ia wale nō ma luna o ka mua ili o ka talus. Ma kaʻaoʻao surfaces o ka mea e ami ligaments.

Ke deltoid, a medial ligament, oia no kekahi mau māhele.

- posterior tibio-hookui, ka hope palena mea ma waena o ka medial malleolus, a me ka medial hope o ka talus;

- tibialis anterior-hookui, ua aia ma waena o ka mua kae o ka medial malleolus a me posteromedial ili o ka talus;

- tibio-kuekue wawae hapa kŰlń ao mai ka medial malleolus i ka talus kākoʻo;

- tibio-navicular hapa, e originates mai ka medial malleolus a me ka welau ma ka hope ili o ka navicular iwi.

Next ligament peroneal-calcaneal, kŰlń ao, mai ka pā ili o ke kīloi paʻewa malleolus i ke kīloi paʻewa ili o ka ai o ka talus.

Kokoke i ke alo o ka mua o kahi waiho waho talo-fibular ligament - ma waena o ka mua kae o ke kīloi paʻewa malleolus, a me ka kīloi paʻewa ili o ka ai o ka talus.

A me ka hope, hoʻi talo-fibular ligament originates ma ka posterior palena pau o ke kīloi paʻewa malleolus a me ka welau ma ka kīloi paʻewa tubercle o ka talus kaʻina.

I mau, ke kuʻekuʻe wāwae mau mea i kumu hoohalike trochlear me helical noi.

No laila, e ke hana i ka manaʻo o ka mea i kanaka ami. Anatomia ami ka paʻakikī i ko ka mea kani, a me oe e ike no oe ia oe iho.