Keʻano papa hana o ka hana ana o antibiotics: texte

Oe ke olelo aku i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni kūpono 'ana i ka loaʻa o ke penicillin i loko o ke kakahiaka nui iwakalua kenekulia. Iloko o ka Apana World War, ka mua antibiotic hoʻopakele miliona o ka eha koa mai septicemia. Penicillin lilo pono, a ma ka mea ia manawa ho'ēmi ai 'mai kekahiʻano o ia mea nā mea palahēhē me ka mea fractures, septic eha. Over manawa, ka mea i synthesized, a me nā papa o nā antibiotics.

General ano

I kēia lā, aia i koe he nui helu o nā huahana no a hiki i ka nui ao nei o antibiotics - waiwai o maoli paha kalaka nui-kemikala ka molekumu o ia i ke hiki, e luku mai i kekahi mau hui o pathogenic microorganisms a inhibit lākou ulu a me nā'ōlelo. Nā maomeka o ka hana ana o antibiotics spectra hiki e okoa. Over manawa, hou ano a me ka hoʻololi 'ana o nā antibiotics. Ka mea, o kā lākou 'ano pono systematization. I ko makou manawa, ua hoohana i ka Mea Maluna o antibiotics e like me keʻano papa hana o ka hana a me ka huahelu, e like me ka Nine Inch 'ole. E like me kā lākouʻano papa hana o ka 'ana ua maheleia i:

• bacteriostats, a uhi i ka ulu a me nā'ōlelo o pathogenic microorganisms;
• microbicides, a he hoʻonui ai i ka make ana o ka koʻohune.

Ka walaʻauʻana maomeka o ka hana ana o antibiotics:

• 'aʻe' ana o ka mea koʻohune halepaahao paia;
• inhibition o ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala i loko o ka mea koʻohune halepaahao;
• 'aʻe' permeability o ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi;
• inhibition o RNA hoʻololi kemikala.

Hoʻokolohua-lactam antibiotics - penicillins

E like me ka Nine Inch 'ole o kēia mau hui i hoʻolaha like penei.

Hoʻokolohua-lactam antibiotics. Keʻano papa hana o ka hana lactam antibiotics hilinaʻi nui ma ka hiki ana o ka loiloi pūʻulu, e hoopaa i na nā'ūhū komo i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o peptidoglycan - kumu o ka pāʻili lahilahi o ka microorganism keena. Penei, ia inhibited i ke kahua o ka halepaahao pā, i ka poʻea pau ma ka cessation o ka ulu a me nā'ōlelo o ka koʻohune. Hoʻokolohua-lactams i haʻahaʻa kaʻawahia, a ma ka mea ia manawa he maikai bactericidal hopena. Ka mea, ho i ka nui pae, a ua māheleʻia i loko o subgroups i i ka like 'ole Nine Inch.

Penicillins - nō i ka pae o ka 'ona nolaila ia i kuu mai i kekahi mau panalāʻau o ka hopena he bactericidal hopena, a. Keʻano papa hana o ka hana ana o antibiotics penicillin aie i ka mea e ma ka luku i ka halepaahao pa o microorganisms, e luku mai ia lakou. Penicillins i maoli paha kalaka nui-kemikala kumu a me ka poe i huiʻia o ke ākea pae o ka hana - ka mea, hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia ma ka iapaau ana o na mea he nui mai ke kumu ma ka streptococci a me ka staphylococci. Eia hou, ka mea, i ka waiwai o ka selectivity ma ka hana wale nō ma luna o ka anakahi iki-meaola, me ka hoohuoi ana i ka nunui-meaola. Penicillins i drawbacks, i loaʻa ka hanana o ka mea koʻohune e kū'ē'ē mai hou. O ka loa, he pono ole maoli penicillin G, penicillin mea i hoʻohana i ke kaua a me ka meningococcal streptococcal nā mea palahēhē aie i kona haʻahaʻa kaʻawahia a me ka haahaa kāki. Eia naʻe, no ka mea, lōʻihi-makahiki ae hiki ia i ke kino o ka e hoʻonele i ka lāʻau, hiki hoemi kona laulā. Kalaka nui-kemikala penicillins ku una loko mai maoli ma Nine Inch hoʻololi 'e haawi makemake ka waiwai - amoxicillin, ampicillin. Mau ai 'i ka ha awina ma luna e ku e koʻohune hoʻopale i ka biopenitsillinam.

Other Hoʻokolohua-lactams

i loaa Cephalosporins mai fungi o ka ia inoa, a me kā lākou 'ole mea i' ano like me ka 'ole o ka penicillins e wehewehe i ka ia adverse naoh. Cephalosporins hoike no ka eha mau hanauna. mua hanauna ai 'i hoʻohana loa pinepine i loko o ka iapaau ana o ka mehana nā mea palahēhē i ke kumu ma ka staphylococci a streptococci. Ke lua a me ka hanaunaʻekolu, cephalosporins hou hana ku e Gram-io koʻohune, a me ka ha o ka hanauna o ka waiwai - ka loa mana ai 'hoʻohana e ho ololi i ka loa nā mea palahēhē.

Carbapenems ka pono hana ma gram-oluʻolu, gram-io a me ka anaerobic koʻohune. ʻO ko lākou maikaʻi hiʻona o ka wa e kaawale aku o ka mea koʻohune ia'ku i ka lāʻau, a hiki ma hope o ka wā lōʻihi o kona palapala noi.

Monobactams i pili i ka Hoʻokolohua-lactams, a i ka likeʻano papa hana o ka hana ana o antibiotics, o ke keiki ma luna o ka halepaahao paia o koʻohune. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia e hana i kekahiʻano o nā mea palahēhē okoa.

macrolides

'O kēia ka lua o ka pūʻulu. Macrolides - maoli antibiotics, a i ka luna 'cyclic' ole. kū no ka mea, polynomial lactone ke komo lima pili carbohydrate moieties. Mai ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ke apo hilinaʻi ma luna o nā waiwai o ka lāʻau. Hoomaopopo 14-, 15- a 16-Aupuni Lālā i huiʻia. I ka pae o ka hana o ka microbes Ua ākea lawa. Keʻano papa hana o ka hana ana o antibiotics ma ka microbial halepaahao mea ma ka reacting ia me ribosomes, a ma ia 'aʻe' ana o kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala i loko o ka halepaahao o ke microorganism ma ka inhibiting hou lātoma hou reactions i kaʻakika'amino kaulahao. Loaa i ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana keena, macrolides hana a intracellular makeʻana o microbes.

Macrolides mau loa palekana a me ka emiʻawahia, a iwaena o ka ike antibiotics mana e ku e ole wale Gram-oluʻolu, akā, io koʻohune. Lākou hoʻohana ua i malama undesirableʻaoʻao reactions. Mau antibiotics i wehewehe aku e bacteriostatic ai, akā, ma kiʻekiʻe nā hoʻohui like, hiki i ka bactericidal ia ma pneumococci a me kekahi'ē aʻe microorganisms. E like me ka papa hana no ka hana macrolides, ua māheleʻia i loko o maoli a me ka semisynthetic.

Ka mua lāʻau, mai ka papa mai o maoli macrolides erythromycin i loaa i loko o ka muliwai, o ka hope kenekulia, a ua ua hoʻohana ana e ku e ia gram-maikaʻi koʻohune hoʻopale i ka penicillin. A hou hanauna o ka ai 'ma keia paeʻikeʻia i loko o ka 70s o ka 20th kenekulia a me ka hoʻomano hoʻohana ai mamao.

Macrolide antibiotics i kekahi kalaka nui - azolides a me ketolides. Azolide ka lactone ke komo lima i loko o ka lātoma, ma waena o ka iwa a me ka umi o ka kalapona nā'ātoma me naikokene'Ātoma. Lunamakaainana azolides azithromycin mea he palahalaha pae o ka hana a me ka mama no hoi i gram-maikaʻi a me ka gram-io koʻohune, kekahi anaerobes. He nui aku i ka pilina paʻa i loko o kaʻakika meakino, e like me ka hoohalike me ka erythromycin, a i loaa i loko o laila. Azithromycin ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka likeʻole ma o ka maʻi o ka naehana'āpana, urinary'āpana, na naau oʻu,ʻili a me na mea e ae.

Ketolides hoomakaukau ia e ka hoʻopili i ke kolu o ka'Ātoma keto lactone apo hookahi. Ka mea, e emi maʻa-ho okumu i koʻohune, like me macrolides.

tetracyclines

Tetracyclines i ka papa o ka polyketides. It antibiotics laulā-pae bacteriostatic keiki. Ka 'elele mua o ia - chlortetracycline, i kaʻawale ia ma ka waena o ka hope kenekulia kekahi o ka hana' ike loea o actinomycetes, i kapaʻia radiant Fish. A mau makahiki ma hope oxytetracycline ua loaa mai ka panalaau mai o ka ia fungus. Ke kolu o ka hoa o keia pae ka tetracycline, a i mua hanaia e kekahi Nine Inch hooponopono hou ana o kona chloro derivative, a me ka makahiki ma hope i kaʻawale mai actinomycetes. A pau'ē aʻe ai 'o ka tetracycline pae i kalaka nui-kemikala nā mea loaʻa o kēia mau hui.

A pau kēia mau 'ona e like i ka Nine Inch' ole a me ka waiwai o ka aayoaeuiinoe e ku e na ano o ka gram-maikaʻi a me ka gram-io koʻohune, kekahi nā mea hoʻomaʻi, a me ka protozoa. Ka mea, e hoʻopale i ka 'ino a me ka microorganisms. Keʻano papa hana o ka hana ana o antibiotics i mea koʻohune aeea mea e uhi ia i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis. I ka hana o ka lāʻau nā lātoma ma Gram-io koʻohune ka mea, e hele i loko o na keena ma ka mea maholahune. Keʻano papa hana no anal o ka antibiotic (particles) ma ka gram-maikaʻi koʻohune ua nō poorly maopopo, akā, he mea speculation i tetracycline nā lātoma pāʻani aku me na Ion o kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia e mea ma keena o ka koʻohune e lilo luna 'i huiʻia. Pela he mea kekahi i loko o ke kaulahao i kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala pono no ka mea koʻohune halepaahao. Ho okolohua hoao i ka bacteriostatic chlortetracycline nā hoʻohui like lawa e inhibit kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala, akā, no ka inhibition o nukeleaʻakika hoʻololi kemikala pono kiʻekiʻe nā hoʻohui like o ka lāʻau.

Tetracyclines i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke kaua e kū'ē i nā konāhua maʻi, na ili nā mea palahēhē, naehana hanu, a he nui nā maʻi. Inā pono, ka mea, e puku i penicillin, akā, i loko o nā makahiki, ka hoʻohana 'ana o tetracyclines me ka nui loa ua hoʻemi, aie i ka muli o ia'ku o microorganisms a hiki i keia pae ana o antibiotics. Noke kūlana pâʻani 'o ia ma ka hoʻohana' ana i ka antibiotic me ka mea hoʻonui i ka holoholona hānai, kūpono ana ma ua hoʻemi pākōlea waiwai o ka lāʻau ma muli o ka hanana o ka ia'ku no ia. I ka lanakila ia, e hoonoho iho i ka hoʻohui pū ana i okoa ai 'me kekahi mauʻano papa hana o antimicrobial hana o antibiotics. No ka laʻana, ka iapaau ana ia hoʻokāʻoi 'ana i ka wā hoʻokahi palapala noi o tetracycline a me ka streptomycin.

aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides - maoli, a kalaka nui-kemikala antibiotics me ka nui palahalaha pae o ka haʻawina, loaʻa ana ma o ka lātoma residues aminosaharidov. He lilo ka mua aminoglycoside streptomycin, kaʻawale mai ka panalāʻau o Ray fungi ma ka waena o ka hope kenekulia, a 'Imi hoʻohana' ia ma ka iapaau ana o keʻano maʻiʻaʻai. Like bactericide, antibiotics o ka la pae i ka hoʻokō a hiki i ikaika hoemiia e hoʻonele. Keʻano papa hana o ka hana ana o antibiotics ma ka microbial halepaahao o ke kahua o ka ikaika covalent paa me nā polokina, a ribosomes microorganism luku o ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala i loko o ka mea koʻohune halepaahao reactions. Aole i maopopo hoomaopopoʻano papa hana aminoglycoside bactericidal hookoia, i kue i bacteriostatic hana o tetracyclines a me macrolides i 'aʻe ka' kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala i mea koʻohune keena. Naʻe, ka mea, ua ikeia e aminoglycosides e hana wale nō ma lalo o aerobic rula, no laila, e hōʻike haʻahaʻa ka hoʻokōʻana i loko o nā'aʻaʻa me ka poe ilihune koko lako.

Ma hope o ka antibiotic mua - penicillin a me ka streptomycin, hoomaka ae la lakou e e ai hoʻomano hoʻohana ma o ka iapaau ana o kekahi mai e loa koke ua he pilikia noho hoʻohana microorganisms i mau ai '. Currently, streptomycin ua hoʻohanaʻano nui ma ka hui pu ana, a me nā mea hou hanauna o ka ai 'e hana tuberculosis paha ia, i keia pohihihi nā mea palahēhē e like me ahulau. Ma nā hihia ia kanamycin, i mea no hoi ka mua o ka hanauna o ka aminoglycoside antibiotic. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ia ka kaʻawahia kiʻekiʻe o kanamycin a ianoiyuaa a he makemake ko gentamicin - makaukau o ka lua o ka hanauna, ka hanauna ekolu a me ka makaukau o ka amikacin mea he aminoglycoside - ka mea, ua kākaʻikahi hoʻohana 'ia e pale aku' ino ana microorganisms.

chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol a chloramphenicol, o ke ano maoli antibiotic me ka laulā pae o ka hana, hana ma ka helu nui o Gram-maikaʻi a me Gram-io meaola, he nui no ka mea nui nā mea hoʻomaʻi. Ma Nine Inch 'ole ua loko nitrofenilalkilaminov, i mua i loaa mai i ka moʻomeheu o actinomycetes ma ka waena o ka 20th kenekulia, a me nā makahiki ma hope i synthesized chemically.

Chloramphenicol i ka bacteriostatic hopena ma luna o microorganisms. Keʻano papa hana o ka hana ana o antibiotics i mea koʻohune aeea mea e uhi i ka ha awina o ka hōʻeleu kahua kaʻina hana o kaʻakika'amino paa ana ma ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala ka wā ribosomes. i ka chloramphenicol ia'ku ma ka koʻohune? acaeoey oo loa lohi. Ke k hoʻohana i loko o ka maʻi typhoid paha shigellosis.

Glycopeptides a me lipopeptides

Glycopeptides - he cyclicʻakika'amino i huiʻia i nā maoli paha semisynthetic antibiotic me ka puali pae o ka ha awina o kekahi kanana nei o microorganisms. Ka mea mana a he bactericidal ia ma gram-oluʻolu koʻohune, a hiki e puku i penicillin ma ka hihia o ka ia'ku no ia. Keʻano papa hana o ka hana ana o antibiotics ma microorganisms hiki ke wehewehe ma ke kahua o ka linkages me ka'amino nāʻakika a me ka halepaahao paia peptidoglycan, hiki uhi i ko lakou hoʻololi kemikala.

First glycopeptide - vancomycin, i hua mai, mai actinomycetes, ia, mai ka aina mai o Alaska. He He ano maoli antibiotic i mea hana ku ei microorganisms, a hiki i ka? Aneii kau. Initially, vancomycin Ua hoʻohana like me ka hope ma ka hihia o ka penicillin allergy iā ia i loko o ka iapaau ana o nā mea palahēhē. Naʻe, ka mea ulu ma ka lāʻau ia'ku ua lilo he nui pilikia. I ka makahiki 80 ka mea i loaa teicoplanin - he antibiotic, mai ka pae ana o glycopeptides. He ua hoonohoia ma ka ia nā mea palahēhē, a ma ka hui pu ana, me ka gentamicin,ʻo ia e hāʻawi mai ai maikai hopena.

I ka pau ana o ka 20th kenekulia, he hou pūʻulu o antibiotics - lipopeptides kaʻawale mai Streptomyces. Chemically ka mea, e cyclic lipopeptides. Kēia antibiotic me ka puali pae o ka hana, hoike i ka bactericidal kanawai e ku e gram-oluʻolu koʻohune, a me ka staphylococci mea e hoʻopale ai i Hoʻokolohua-lactam ai 'a me glycopeptides.

Keʻano papa hana o ka hana ana o antibiotics me ka nui loa okoa mai ka poe ua ike - ka lipopeptideʻano ma ke alo o ke kalipuna Ion ikaika makaukau na kaula paa a me ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi o koʻohune i hiki aku ai i ka depolarization a me kona hoʻohuikau o kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala, no laila, ua malicious aeea make. Ka mua ka Luna o ka papa o lipopeptides - daptomycin.

Me ka pili ana i ka daptomycin i ke kaulana me ka nui ana o ka bactericidal haʻawina, a me ka hapanui importantly - i ka nele o keʻa-ia'ku, a ma ka liʻiliʻi loa lohi kona ho okumu aie i ka mea i ka loa houʻano papa hana o ka hana ana o antibiotics hoohui i loko o ka 'ole o ka waiwai.

polyenes

Na kekahi pūʻulu - polyene antibiotics. I kēia lā, aia mea he nui kēia i loko o fungal maʻi i hiki ole ke hana. E hakakāʻana ia mea antifungal waiwai - kūlohelohe a kalaka nui-kemikala polyene antibiotics. Ka mua antifungal lāʻau mea no loko o ka muliwai, o ka hope kenekulia hoomaka ai i Nystatin, i i kaʻawale mai Streptomyces moʻomeheu. Iloko o keia manawa, no ka 'inikua hana komo pū nui polyene antibiotics, loko mai o keʻano o ka hana' ike loea fungal - griseofulvin, Levorinum a me na mea e ae. Mākou ua e loaa i ka hoʻohana 'ana o polyenes mea mua o ka ha o ka hanauna. Common inoa la laua i ke aloha a hiki i ke alo o kekahi mau papalua paa ana i loko o nā nā lātoma.

Keʻano papa hana o ka hana o ka polyene antibiotics aie i ke kahua o Nine Inch paa ana i ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi sterols ma fungi. Polyene lātoma pela i loko iho i loko o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, a ano Ion ua hoʻouwea Kanal ma a na eiiiiiaiou nae ko waho he keena, e alakai ana i kona hoʻopau. Ma haʻahaʻa nā māhele polyenes noho fungistatic hana, a me ka kiʻekiʻe - fungicide. Naʻe, ua i uhiia e koʻohune a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi lākou aayoaeuiinoe.

Polymyxin - maoli antibiotics hua mai la ma ka lepo koʻohune spore. I Inc, ka mea, i ua hoʻohana ma o ka 40-ies o ka hope kenekulia. Kēia mau mea haʻilula keimikala OAOOUIEeE bactericidal hookoia, a ua kauoha aku ma ka poho i ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi o ka microorganism aeee ana kona lukuia ana. Polymyxin mana ku gram-io koʻohune, a he kākaʻikahi addictive microorganisms. Eia naʻe, i lanakila maluna o kaʻawahia hoʻohaiki ana kā lākou hoʻohana ma Inc. I huiʻia o keia pae - polymyxin B sulufahate a me ka polymyxin sulufahate M e hoʻohana kākaʻikahi a wale me hoomakaukau no?.

antitumor antibiotics

Actinomycin hua mai la i kekahi Ray fungi, i ka cytostatic hopena. Natural actinomycins i 'ole e hromopeptidami pu ole,'amino nāʻakika i loko o kaʻakika'amino kaula hao i hoʻoholo lākou liluwelo haʻawina. Actinomycin,ʻo noonoo ana o ka hoʻomalu e like antitumor antibiotics. Keʻano papa hana o ka 'ana ma muli o ia i ke kahua o ka pono i ka pilina paʻa paa ana o kaʻakika'amino kaulahao o ka lāʻau a me ka papalua helix DNA o ka microorganism, a ilaila ka paleʻana i ka hoʻololi kemikala o RNA.

Dactinomycin, kūpono ma nā 60s o ka 20th kenekulia, ka mea, o ka mea mua anticancer konohiki i loaʻa i hoʻohana ma o ka oncologic Inc. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ia ka helu nui o kaʻaoʻao hopena o keia k ua kākaʻikahi i hoʻohana. Ano, ua loaa houʻeleu antineoplastic ai '.

Anthracyclines - he loa ka ikaika o Anati-ʻeho Agena kaʻawale mai Streptomyces. Keʻano papa hana o ka hana ana o antibiotics pili me ke kahua o ka ternary eiiieaenu me ka DNA kaulahao a me kēia mau kaulahao wanaao ae. A me ka lua o ka hikiʻano papa hana o antimicrobial 'ana ma muli o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka noa radicals i oxidize Ka maʻi' aʻai keena.

Of maoli anthracyclines hiki ke kapa daunorubicin a me ka doxorubicin. Mea Maluna o antibiotics e like me kā lākouʻano papa hana o ka hana ma luna o koʻohune classifies ia me microbicides. Eia naʻe, kā lākou kiʻekiʻe kaʻawahia puʻe wale akula kēlā i ka huli 'ana no ka hou i huiʻia i i ua hoomakaukau synthetically. He nui no ia i ua ana hoʻohana ma oncology.

Ua lōʻihi lilo Antibiotics kekahi hapa o ka 'inikua me ka hana pono a me kanaka ola. Mahalo ia ia, Ua pepehi na maʻi, a no ka kenekulia i kuhi maʻi. Currently, aia no he 'ano o kēia hui, i pono ole wale i ka Mea Maluna o antibiotics e like me keʻano papa hana o ka hana a me ka pae, akā, no hoi ma na mea he nui nā' ano.