Kino o ke kanaka. Anatomia a me physiology o ka hui, o ka hihiʻo

Ko kakou kino me ka ma ka makaukau, a me analyzers ka 'ia hana. Me kā lākou kōkua, poʻe mea ole wale hiki ke "haha" ke waho ao nei, ma luna o ka muli o kēia mau hana,ʻo ia ka mea, he kūikawā ano o ka noʻonoʻo - pakiko-kaʻike,ʻike hoʻokumu, ke hiki i ka mua mai hanana, a pela aku ...

He aha mea he waeʻikepili?

E like me ka I. P. Pavlovu, kēlā mea kālailai (a hiki i ka hui, o ka hihio) - i mea 'ē aʻe, e like me ka luna' "ʻano papa hana". He hiki ke huai ae ole wale ka Ambient papa lepa, a hoohuli ia lakou i loko o ka lāʻau ikiʻai wale ikehu, akā, paka kiekie Ka Ikepili a me ka hoʻololi kemikala.

Eyesight, e like me kekahi 'ē aʻe mea kālailai ninoieo o 3 integral māhele:

-ʻike ākea loa i mea kuleana no ka pokole o ka mawaho stimulus ikehu a me kona aaioee i loko o nā aʻalolo impulses;

- na alahele hele ma i ke aʻalolo impulse hele 'ana i ke aʻalolo konu;

- cortical pau ana o ka mea kālailai (ole nano waena), Aia 'ana ma o ka lolo.

A pau nā aʻalolo impulses mai ka mea kālailai hele 'ana i loko o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana, ma ka ike a pau ua hoʻokō'. E like me ka hopena o nā mea a pau i kēia mau hana, a me he mea he pokole - ka hiki, e lohe, e nānā, nano, a no laila, ma luna o ..

Like sensory hui, kēia hihiʻo mea oi loa nui, no ka mea, me ka huali kiʻi, ola i manakā, a uninteresting. Ua eaaaony 90% o ka? Aneie ike.

Eye - ka hui, o ka maka, i ua nō i maopopo maopopo, akā, no ka manaʻo o ka mea i loko o 'anatomia i laila. A o keia ka mea e komo i loko o ia i loko o kēia 'atikala.

Anatomia a me physiology o ka hui, o ka hihiʻo

E ka nana aku i na mea a pau ma ka mea.

Hui, o ka maka o ka'ōnohi a poʻopoʻo ka me optic nā aʻalolo a me kekahi hui ma lalo kino. Ka'ōnohi a poʻopoʻo i ka spherical kinona, nō kāu nui ma ka nui (kona waiwai i loko o ka makua ~ 7,5 cubic kenimika). Ua i mau auamo: ke alo a me ka hope. Ua ninoieo o kekahi kāna mau 'ōlelo a ua hanaʻia e ekolu leho: ka fibrous liner a me ka retina vasculature (ole intima). 'O kēia ka'anatomia o ka hui, o ka hihio. Ano, no kēlā me kēia kuleana i loko o au mamuli.

Fibrous ka penaʻana o ka maka

Ka mawaho iwi o ka nucleus ninoieo o ka sclera, e kūkulu kāleka, anuanu connective membranes a me ka cornea, he aniani moakaka convex hapa maka devoid o na moku koko. Ke cornea ka hola 1 mm o ka mānoanoa, a ma kahi o 12 mm o ka anawaena.

Lalo mea he kiʻikuhi i hōʻike mai i kekahi mahele nānaina o ke kino. Aloha nui oe e ike i kahi malaila o kekahi a me kekahi hapa o ka'ōnohi a poʻopoʻo.

choroid

I ka lua o ka inoa o ka iwi o ka nucleus - ka choroid. Ua Ua Aia 'ana ma lalo o ka sclera, ka mea, Ua piha ka moku i ke koko, a he 3 māhele: ka hapanui o ka choroid a me iris a me ciliary kino o ka maka.

Ke choroid mea he anuanu pukapuka o arteries a me aa koko, intertwined. Ma waena o ia mea e wehe ai i fibrous connective'aʻaʻa i mea waiwai ma ka nui pigment keena.

Front choroid smoothly i loko o ka ciliary kino iʻia naʻe annular shape. Kona manaoia manao - noho ana o ka maka. Ua kākoʻo i ka ciliary kino, o ka maka aniani ka hopuʻia a me ka hiki. Ua he o nā māhele: na (ciliary lei aliʻi), a mawaho (ciliary kaiapili).

Mai ka pars plana i ka maka aniani 70 hohola aku ciliary keʻano o ka hanaʻana lōʻihi o ma kahi o 2 mm o. K-spike in i pili Zinn puluniu laulau (ciliary kaei) e hele mai ana i ka maka maka aniani.

Ciliary koa Ua kokoke a pau o ka ciliary Muscle. I ka wa e aelike, i ka maka aniani ua straightened, a ua hoʻokōʻia aku, ma hope i ka mea bulge (a me ka mea i ka refractive mana) ua mahuahua, a he mea noho.

Aie i ka mea i na keena o ka ciliary Muscle atrophy i ka elemakule, a ma ko lakou wahi ma laila nō connective'aʻaʻa keena, noho worsens a me ka hoʻomōhala ana i farsightedness. Ma keia hihia, i ke kino o ka hewa Makuakane a me kona oihana, i ka wa a ke kanaka UOAAaOON e noonoo i kekahi mea kokoke.

iris

Ke iris mea he poepoe pā hōkū ÿano me ka puka i loko o ka waena konu - i ka haumāna. Ua ua ma waena o ka maka aniani, a me ka cornea ke aupuni '.

Ma ka vascular, ahu iho o na iris i mau nāʻiʻo. Ka mua pepa suzhivatel (sphincter) o ka haumāna; lua, i ka mea ku ole, ka haumāna Hoʻonui i ka pono.

Ia mea i ka huina o ka melanin i loko o nā iris hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke ano o kona mau maka. Photo nā koho i i pili ma lalo nei.

Ke emi mai pigment i loko o ka iris - ka māmā ke ano o na maka. Ka mana o ka lawe ana mai kona oihana ka mea nānā 'ole o ke ano o na iris.

Poʻohina-uliuli maka pū 'o ia hoʻi wale nō heʻuʻuku nui o ka melanin.

Ka uliuli o ka maka, i ka Hawaii photo mea ma luna, paipai i ka nui o ka melanin i loko o nā iris kiʻekiʻe.

Kūloko (photosensitive) iwi

Ka retina Ua pono adherent i ka choroid. Ua Ua hanaʻia e nā'āpana: he mawaho (pigment) a me ka loko (photosensitive).

Ke photosensitive desyatisloynoy iwi kaʻawale trehneyronnye poe photoreceptor mawaho, ahu iho radially aʻo i kaʻoihana kaula associative ganglion waena a me ka loko papa.

Mawaho pili i ka choroid, ahu iho o pigment epithelial keena, i mea pili loa i ka hui 'ana me ka, ahu iho o ka laau a me ka pele. A o ka poe a 'ē aʻe - ole wale i kaʻike ākea keʻano o ka hanaʻana (ole axon) o ka photoreceptor aeee (neuron I).

Nā koʻokoʻo i haku o ka pahale loko, a waho Hoʻohana. Ka hope ua i hanaʻia ma ka mea o ka papaluaʻili lahilahi iwi kuamoʻo, a mea i ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi pā. Ka pele i kapa hoʻohanohanoʻia ka nui (ka mea, i nui) a me ke ano o ke kipaku aku ai.

Ma ka retina, he mea ekolu ke ano o ka pele, a hoʻokahi wale nō ano o ka laau. Ka helu o ua mau laau la e hiki 70 miliona, a hoi aku, oiai o kaʻohana - wale 5-7 miliona.

E like me ua oleloia, he mea ekolu ano o ka pele. Kēlā me kēia no ia i he okoa kala like 'ole: uliuli, ulaula paha melemele.

Ana i ka wahie no hoi Pono e ike 'ike e pili ana i mea shape a me ka mālamalama o kou lumi.

Mai kela mea keia mea o ka photoreceptor keena haalele lahilahi i paiiaʻi i 'ano apau loa synapse (kahi mau neurons i ua hoʻomaopopo) me kekahi appendage bipolar neurons (neuron II). Recent? Aaeaao excitation ano nui ganglion aeee (neuron III). Axons (keʻano o ka hanaʻana) na keena nāna i hana i ka optic nā aʻalolo.

maka aniani

Kēia ka aniani moakaka aniani biconvex maka aniani 7-10 mm o ke anawaena. Ua loaʻa i nā aʻalolo a me na kiaha koko. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka ciliary Muscle maka aniani mea hiki ke hoʻololi 'ana i kona helehelena. He mau loli i loko o ke kinona o ka maka aniani, a ua kapa ia he noho ana o ka maka. I ka hoʻouka kekahi ma luna o ka mamao hihio maka aniani ua flattened, a ma kahi hihio -, piʻi pū.

Together me vitreous maka aniani 'ano apau loa i kekahi meakino maka kukui-refracting.

vitreous kino

Ka mea, ua piha i ka mea i loaʻa ka lewa ma waena o ka retina, a me ka maka aniani. Ua loaʻa he jelly-e like mea pōaka 'ole.

Ka 'ole o ke kino o ka pahupaʻiwikiō mea i' ano like me ka rula o ka noonoo o kanaka. Ka haumāna Radio ke kūlana o ka diaphragm, hou 'ole hoʻonui ke kaumaha ma muli o ka ho'ā. E like me ka maka aniani - vitreous a me ka maka aniani. Light na kukuna haule ma ka retina, akā, ua flipped mai i ke kiʻi.

Manawa photorefractive Media (pela maka aniani, a vitreous kino) laau nui o ka malamalama e kau mai ma luna o ka hulu kahi ma luna o ka retina, i mea no ka oi hihio wahi. Pele a me na laau hoomalamalama ale hiki wale ma hope o kekahi, i ka holoʻokoʻa retinal kona mānoanoa.

locomotion

Locomotion maka E striated 4 rectus nāʻiʻo (papalalo, luna, kīloi paʻewa a me ka medial) a me elua kēlā (haʻahaʻa a me ka luna). Rectus nāʻiʻo i kuleana no ka huli ana i ka'ōnohi a poʻopoʻo i loko o ke kauoha kūpono, a me kēlā - no ka huli a puni ka sagittal iho (axis). Honua o nā'ōnohi a poʻopoʻo ka synchronous wale nō no ka mea, na nāʻiʻo.

lihilihi

Skin pa hana - e kali i ka palpebral māwae pōhaku, a e pani ia i panina, mālama i ke alo o ka'ōnohi a poʻopoʻo. I kela makahiki mea e pili ana i 75 kaula, kona manao - e hoʻopale ai i ka'ōnohi a poʻopoʻo ka mai ka hui 'ana me na mea.

About manawa, o kela mea keia 5-10 kekona he kanaka blinks.

lacrimal i hoʻomākaukauʻia

Ua ninoieo o ka lacrimal gland a me lacrimal kahua. Waimaka neutralize microorganisms, a hiki i ka hui pū conjunctiva. Tearless maka conjunctiva a me ka cornea makemake i wale maloo, a me ke kanaka makemake i hele makapo.

Ke lacrimal glands paka i kela la ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneri ka pono o ka waimaka. Mea mea: na wahine e hea aku oi ma mua o na kanaka pinepine, no ka mea, ke kala o ka waimaka loli paipai 'ia ka hōmona prolactin (a na kaikamahine i ka hailona hou).

Holo nōhie waimaka he o ka wai i loaʻa ma kahi o 0.5% albumin, 1.5% paʻakai koloriside, he wahi mucus a me ka lysozyme, a i ka bactericidal hana. Ua loaʻa he iki kona'ākilikai naoh.

Ka 'ole o ka maka kanaka. I ke ano

E ka lawe i ka pilina nana i ka'anatomia o ka hui, o ka hihiʻo ma ka mea o Nails.

Ka huahelu hōʻike schematically ka luna hapa o ke kino i loko o ka papamoe mahele nānaina. ʻaneʻi:

1 - tendon waena rectus Muscle;

2 - hoʻi pahupaʻiwikiō;

3 - cornea;

4 - i ka haumāna;

5 - i ka maka aniani;

6 - mua pahupaʻiwikiō;

7 - iris;

8 - conjunctiva;

9 - tendon nā moʻopuna kīloi paʻewa nāʻiʻo;

10 - vitreous;

11 - o ka sclera;

12 - choroid;

13 - o ka retina;

14 - yellow ke kina ole;

15 - ka optic nā aʻalolo;

na moku ke koko o ka retina - 16.

Kēia huahelu hōʻike he kiʻikuhi 'ole o ka retina. Ka pua hōʻike i ka olelo o ka malamalama mea ulana lole. Oeeo? Ia:

1 - sclera;

2 - choroid;

3 - pigmented keena o ka retina;

4 - lāʻau;

5 - pele;

6 - papamoe keena;

7 - bipolar keena;

8 - amacrine keena;

9 - ganglion keena;

10 - puluniu optic nā aʻalolo.

Me ke kiʻi hōʻike he kiʻikuhi o ka'ōnohi (axis) o ka maka:

1 - mea;

2 - cornea;

3 - i ka haumāna;

4 - iris;

5 - i ka maka aniani;

6 - Central wahi;

7 - Image.

He aha ke ano o ke kino?

E like me ua oleloia, he kanaka ka hihio e hoouna ae aneane 90% o ka 'ike e pili ana i ke ao nei a puni mākou. Ole ia, i ke ao nei e ia i ka iaʻano a me ka uninteresting.

Hui, o ka hihiʻo Ua eiiieaena, aʻaʻole maopopo loa ma ka waeʻikepili. Oia hoi, i keia la, nä känaka 'epekema i kekahi manawa i nīnau e pili ana i ka' ole a me ka hana ana o keia kino.

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka hui, o ka hihio - malamalama pokole, ano o ko ke ao nei, 'ikamu a hoʻomoana ma ka makahiki, a no laila, ma luna o ..

Light hiki i luna 'loli ma ka retina, a pela, he kūpono stimulus i na nā loko o ka hihiʻo. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka ike mua ae hookaawale rhodopsin.

Most qualitative pilikia makapō pokole ua hoakaka ia e hāʻule i ka kiʻi o ka mea ma luna o ka wahi o ka retina, kaʻoi loa i loko o kona kikowaena lua. Ke aku, mai ka piko mai o ka wānana kiʻi o ka mea, no laila ia mea emi kālaʻe. Oia nei ka physiology o ka hui, o ka hihio.

Eye maʻi

E ka nana aku ma kekahi ana o ka loa, he pono ole maka maʻi.

1. Hyperopia. I ka lua o ka inoa o ka maʻi - hyperopia. A kanaka me keia maʻi hihia no ka mea i ka poe kokoke. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO paʻakikī i ka heluhelu, hana me ka liʻiliʻi 'ikamu. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO e hoʻomōhala ana i loko o kanaka, akā, ke hōʻike i ka opiopio kanaka. Loa ke hoola ia hyperopia hiki wale hoʻohana i ka opretsionnogo 'uao.
2. Myopia (i kapa myopia). I ka maʻi ua wehewehe aku ma ka hikiʻole, e ike pono mea i mea mamao lawa aku.
3. Glaucoma - māhuahua intraocular puʻe. Ua lŘlŘ manawa i loli holo kāna hana i loko o ka maka. Ua ua malamaia lakou nei, me ka lapaʻauʻia, akā,ʻoki kino i ke koi 'ia i loko o kekahi mau hihia.
4. Cataract -ʻaʻole mea'ē aʻe, e like me ka 'aʻe' ana o ka mäliko o ka maka maka aniani. Kōkua pakele o ka maʻi e hiki wale ophthalmologist. Ua ponoʻoki kino, ma i ke kanaka ka hihio hiki ke hoihoi hou ia.
5. Hoʻoʻino maʻi. O nā conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, a me na mea e ae. Kēlā me kēia o ia i loko o kona mau aoao, ua pilikia loa, a mai kekahi mau ohe.: Kekahi hiki ke hoola iho la me ka laau lapaau, a me kekahi mau wale ia ke ola hana.

maʻi Kāohi

Ka mua ka mea, e hoomanao mea i kou mau maka i pono e hoomaha, a me ka excessive hoʻokō i ka mea maikaʻi,ʻaʻole ia e ka hopena.

E hoʻohana i wale kiʻekiʻe-kbps kau iho me he kukui ka mana o ke 60 a hiki i 100 watts.

Hoʻomaka hou kino no ka maka, a ma ka liʻiliʻi loa kekahi, i ka hookolokolo ana ma ka ophthalmologist koke o ka makahiki.

E hoomanao i ka maka maʻi kino - mea he nui hoʻoweliweli 'ana i ka pono o kou ola.