Kinoea, e loaa hou i loko o ka akemāmā nā'aʻaʻa a pehea mau mea?

aia no he naehana'ōnaehana, e hoʻopaʻa i nā keena, nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko o ka o oxygen i loko o ke kanaka kino. Ua ninoieo o ke kēia nā loko: nasal lua, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi a me ia maʻiʻaʻai. Ma keia 'atikala, mākou e hoʻokolokolo ai i ko lakou' ole. A i noonoo i ke kinoea kūkaʻi i loko o nā'aʻaʻa a me ia maʻiʻaʻai. Hoakaka i ke ano o ka mawaho ka hanu nā 'ia ma waena o ke kino, a me ka lewa, a me ka loko kahe' ana ma ke kelepona hele kiʻekiʻe.

No ke aha la makou ke hanu aku?

kānalua loa kanaka i ole e pane: e loaʻa ka oxygen. Akā, ka mea e ole ke kumu, ua pono ia i. He nui na pane mea puni hoʻi: ka oxygen ma pono i ka hanu. Ua huli mai i ka vicious hoa kanaka. E uhai ia, mākou e kōkua i ka biochemistry e Haʻawina ka ke kelepona hele pūnao.

Bright manaʻo i hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i kēia 'epekema, ua lōʻihi hele mai ai i ka hopena i ka oxygen ma lako i na nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko, oxidizes carbohydrates, i ka momona, a me nā polokina. Kēia produces ilihune ikehu hui: kalapona'okikene lua, ka wai, ammonia. Akā,ʻo ka papa kuhikuhiE mea mea e like me ka hopena o kēia mau reactions ua synthesized ATP - ka ao ikehu waiwai hoʻohana ma o ka halepaahao no kona nui i hana '. Mākou ke i aku nei au i ke kinoea wehe aʻe i loko o ka akemāmā nā'aʻaʻa a me ka pono, a e haawi aku i ke kino a me kona hale a koi 'ia no ka'okesaside o ka oxygen.

Keʻano papa hana o ke kinoea launa like

Ua hoʻohuʻu ke ola ana o ma ka liʻiliʻi mau waiwai, kona holo i loko o ke kino e hoʻolako i ka metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ma waho o ka luna-i oleloia oxygen ma kinoea, e loaa hou i loko o nā maʻiʻaʻai, ke koko a me ka'aʻaʻa ia lŘlŘ me kekahi hui - o carbon dioxide. Ua Ua hanaʻia ma reactions o dissimilation. E like me kaʻawahia waiwai kuai, e pono e loko mai o ka cytoplasm o aeee. E mai hoike i kēia kaʻina hana ma hou au mamuli.

O carbon dioxide komo iloko ma maholahune ma ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi i loko o ka interstitial loli. Mai ka mea, i kona wā e na capillaries koko - venules. Eia kekahi mau moku merge, ho okumu i ka lalo a me ka hoaka o vena cava. Ka mea, e ohi koko paʻa kūhohonu loa me CO _2. A kuhikuhi ia i loko o ka atrium akau. Me ka ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka paia hapa o ka venous koko kona komo ka ventricle akau. Eia hoʻomaka ka akemāmā (uuku) holo. Kona hana mea e paʻa kūhohonu i ke koko me ka oxygen. Venous pulmonary arterial lilo. A HI _2, ma ka huli, ke hele mai, mai ke koko a me ka wehe 'ia mawaho ma ka naehana nenoaiu. E maopopo pehea keia hana, ua pono mua hoʻopaʻa haʻawina o ka 'ole o ka mea ia maʻiʻaʻai. Kinoea, e loaa hou i loko o nā maʻiʻaʻai a me nā'aʻaʻa ua lawe mai i loko o ka kūikawā 'ole - ka alveoli a me capillaries.

Ka 'ole o ka mea ia maʻiʻaʻai

Ua hui kaulua nā loko aia i loko o ka pahu lua. Ka haʻalele akemāmā i mau lobes. Pono nui i ka nui. Ua he ekolu lobes. Ma ka puka ana o ka malamalama ka mea, nā mau bronchi, i lala mai, e hana i ka ai-kapa laau. E like me na lala o ka lewa höʻike i inhalation a me ka exhalation. Ma liʻiliʻi, naehana bronchioles hoʻonohonoho Oe - na alveoli. Ka mea, e ohi i ka acini. Ka poe, ma ka huli, hana i ka pulmonary parenchyma. He mea nui i kēlā me kēia hue na haʻelemakule enmeshed capillary aʻeo ka hoʻolele 'ana i ka poe liilii, a me ka nui holo. Ka pomaikai lala pulmonary arteries haawi venous koko mai ka ventricle akau, ua kaʻi aku i loko o ka lumen o ka alveoli o carbon dioxide. i lawe A efferent pulmonary alveolar venules mai o ka lewa ka oxygen.

Arterial koko kahe ana ma ka pulmonary aa koko a hiki i ka atrium hema, a mai laila - i loko o ka aorta. Kona lala arteries i ke kino aeee e pono no na ka oxygen hanu. Ua mea i loko o ka alveoli o ka venous koko lilo arterial. Nolaila, ke kinoea pānaʻi ma ka akemāmā nā'aʻaʻa a me ke koko holo ua lawe mai 'ana ma luna o ka poe liilii, a me ka holo. Kēia mea ma muli o ke ana muscular contractions o ka naau keena pā.

mawaho ka hanu nā

Ua ua i kapa pulmonary hoʻokomo ea. Mea i loaa hou mai o ka lewa ma waena o ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo 'ia a me ka alveoli. Physiologically pololei inhalation ma ka ihu hapa hoʻolako i ke kino o ka lewa haku mele: ma kahi o 21% O _2, 0,03% HI ₂ a me 79% naikokene. E like me ka mea pneumatic kuamoʻo e komo i ka alveoli. Ka mea, i ko lakou kuleana iho o ka lewa. Kona haku mele 'ana Ua like penei: 14,2% O _2, 5.2% HI _2, 80% N _2. Hanu, Exhale like na na i loko o nāʻaoʻao: ko mākou hopohopo a me ka humoral (lehulehu o ke kalapona'okikene lua). Ma muli o ka stimulation o ka naehana waena o ka medulla oblongata, i hiki ai i ka ÷ naehana hanu intercostal nāʻiʻo a me ka diaphragm nā aʻalolo impulses. Ka buke o ka thorax, piʻi pū. Ia maʻiʻaʻai, passively neʻe maila ma hope o ka contractions o ka pahu lua, e hoʻonui. Air puʻe ma laila i haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka lewapuni puʻe. Nolaila, i ka hapa o ka lewa, mai ka luna naehana'āpana komo na alveoli.

Ke exhalation ua hana ma hope o ka hanu. Ua Ua pu e hoʻomaha o ka intercostal nāʻiʻo a me ka hooulu ana i ka pio mai o ke diaphragm. Ua hiki aku i ka emi ma ka akemāmā buke. Ke ea puʻe i loko o ia i superatmospheric. A me ka lewa a me ka oi ana o ke kalapona'okikene lua punohu i loko o ka bronchioles. Eia, i loko o ka luna naehana'āpana, ka mea e ia i loko o ka nasal lua. I ka haku mele 'ana o exhaled lewa like penei: 16,3% O _2, 4% HI _2, N ₂ 79. Ma keia ke kahua, ka mea mawaho kinoea mail. Pulmonary kinoea mail, lawe alveoli hoʻolako na keena me ka o oxygen e pono no na ka hanu.

ke kelepona hele ka hanu nā

Hookomoia ma catabolic metabolic reactions a me ka ikehu. Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i? Anoee biochemistry, a me ka'anatomia a me ka physiology. Kinoea, e loaa hou i loko o nā maʻiʻaʻai a me nā'aʻaʻa a correlated i kekahi i kekahi mea,ʻaʻole e hiki ole. Penei, mawaho hanu interstitial loli lako o oxygen, a lawe aku oe i carbon dioxide i mai ia. A wahi lulu, lawe mai ana i loko o ka halepaahao o kona organelles - mitochondria i hōʻoia 'oxidative phosphorylation a me ATP hoʻololi kemikala, hoʻohana i oxygen no kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Krebs pōʻaiapuni

Ua tricarboxylicʻakika kalapona e alakai i ka halepaahao hanu. Ua lawe pu a me kahi kūlike pane anoxic kahua o ka ikehu pūnao a me keʻano o ka hanaʻana i pili transmembrane nā polokina. Ua i hana like me ka wale mai ana no ke kūkulu o ke kelepona mea ('amino, na mea pulapula o ke, kiekie carboxylic nāʻakika) i hanaʻia i loko o kona waena reactions, a hoʻohana 'ia no ka halepaahao ka ulu a me ka puunaue. E like me 'oe ke ike, i kēia' atikala aʻo i ke kinoea wehe aʻe i loko o nā maʻiʻaʻai a me nā'aʻaʻa, e like me ka manao ana o kona liluwelo kūlana ma ke kanaka meaola.