Makamua Greek kuhikuhipuʻuone: oihana mua a me nā hiʻona

Makamua Greek kuhikuhipuʻuone i kekahi, alahula mau hopena ma luna o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o hope au. Kona hoʻokumu paʻa manaÿo a me ka kālaiʻike paʻa heleuma i loko o ka mooolelo oʻEulopa. He aha ka hana hoihoi e pili ana i ka mea kahiko Helene kuhikuhipuʻuone? Mea nenoaiu, e ho'ākāka 'ia ma hope o nā loina o hoʻokiwikā hoʻolālā a me ka hana ana o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni i loko o kēia' atikala.

manawa o ka ulu ana

Makamua Greece - he kahiko noho maikai ana, a oia no na mea he nui e hele liʻiliʻi kulanakauhale-Hawaii. Ua uhi ka komohana kapakai o Asia Minor, hema o ka Balkan Peninsula, ka Aegean mokupuni, e like me ka hema Italy, Sicily, a me ka Black Sea māhele 'āina.

Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o kahiko Greece haawi ala i ka hailona o ke mika, a lilo ae la i ke kumu i loko o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka pakebona. Ma ka mōʻaukala o kona ulu ana hoomaopopo mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

• Homeric wā (nä kualapa waena XII - i ka waena o ka VIII kenekulia BC ...) - hou ano a me nā hiʻona ma muli o ka Mycenaean mooolelo kahiko. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hale, he mau hale, a me ka mua luakini, i ka lepo, Adobe a me ka wahie. Aia ua mua pālolo māhele i loko o ka hoanmike.
• Archaic (VIII - V ma ka hoʻomaka, 480 la BCE ....). Me ke kahua o ke kūkulu 'ia, hou lehulehu hale. O ka luakini, a me nā wahi i loko o ke alo o ka mea lilo i ka piko o ke kulanakauhale ola. Ke kukulu ana o ka pohaku, ua hoʻohana 'ia ka hapanui pinepine: limestone, kinikini, terracotta cladding. Aia i acee? Iuo oeiia o na ekalesia. Doric ka i lanakila.
• Classic (480 - 330 BCE ...) - pomaikai no au. A pau 'ano o nā kauoha a me ka Helene, kuhikuhipuʻuone e' Imi ulu a hiki compositionally e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi. Aia nō i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni mua a me ka mele keʻena (odeyony), hale me nā porticoes. I hana i ka pähola 'ana o na alanui a me ālaiʻia.
• Hellenism (330 - 180 BCE ...). Kukulu hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni hou a me ka lehulehu hale. Greek kaila o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone ua complemented ma'Ākia hehee wale. Kīwala'ō ma lalo Nani Loa, hana maʻamau a me ka opulence. Loa pinepine hoʻohana Corinthian kauoha.

I ka 180, Greece ua ma lalo o ka aoao o Roma. Aupuni a pau lured i kona kapikala ka luna epekema a me nā haku o ke akamai, aie mai ka Helene, kekahi moʻomeheu kuʻuna Hawaiʻi. No laila, i ke kahiko Helene a me Roma kuhikuhipuʻuone i na mea like e like me ia ma ka hana o ka hale a ma ka mea nenoaiu,.

kālaiʻike kuhikuhipuʻuone

Ma kekahi kēia lākiō o ke ola o ka mea kahiko Helene imi e loaʻa ai ka lokahi. ole i ka manaʻo nui e pili ana i ka mea, he vague a me kaʻimi naʻauao. I ka wä kahiko Greece, i hoakakaia i ke aloha i kekahi hui malu pu ana o ka pila hāpa e huliāmahi.

Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia no ke kanaka kino. Beauty ua ole wale anaia "ma ka maka", akā, pōhaku puna huahelu. No laila, sculptor Polycleitus i loko o kona hoonoho "Ka Canon" i hoakaka maopopo kiko'î a no ke kanaka maikaʻi a me ka wahine. Beauty ua pololei ua hoʻopili i ke ola kino, a me ka uhane a me ka pono o ke kanaka.

Ke kanaka kino i manaʻo like manao lāliʻi i lea pono i kekahi i kekahi. Makamua Greek kuhikuhipuʻuone, a kiʻi kaula, i ka huli, imi iho la e maximally kulike i notions o ka lokahi.

Nui like 'ole a me nā kinona hoʻopili like i nā kiʻi manaʻo o ka "pono" kino a me kona mea kiko'î. View o na sculptures i ana hoʻopulapula i ke kanaka maikaʻi: spirituality, ola kino a me ka haʻuki. Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o anthropomorphism ua hoikea mai i loko o ka inoa o ka hana (kuʻekuʻe aku, lima) a ma ka huliāmahi kēia mea i loko, mai ka huliāmahi o ka huahelu.

Kanaka kŰia ha He kia ao. Lākou mau kumu, a me kumu hōʻike 'ia me ka wāwae, ke kumu - me ke kumu, kapikala - a me kona poo. Ke vertical Groove, a flutes ma na kolamu o ke kumu ka aahu pā.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE kauoha o kahiko Greek kuhikuhipuʻuone

About ka piʻi like nui o ka 'enekinia, manao nui ana ke ole ke olelo i kahiko Greece. Eiiieaena mau manao a me nā pāʻoihana laila,ʻaʻole i hoʻohana. Temple o ka manawa hiki ke hoohalikeia me na megaliths, i kau mai maluna o ka kākoʻo pohaku pohaku mea ulana lole. Ka nui loa o kahiko Helene kuhikuhipuʻuone a me nā hiʻona i, ma luna o nā mea a pau, i loko o kona aesthetics a me ka mea hoʻonani.

Artistry a me kālaiʻike o ka hale kokua mai, e unuhi i kona mea a moʻomanaʻo-a-laau nui hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o nā kumumea i loko o ka kekahi mika a me kela ano keia ano. Aia i ekolu walaʻauʻanaʻano o nā kauoha a me ka Helene, kuhikuhipuʻuone:

• Doric;
• Ionic;
• Corinthian.

I mai la lakou a pau i ka na kau a hehee wale, akā, ka oko ao i loko o ko lākou wahi, shape a me ka lei. Ke'ī mai, ma ka olelo Helene, o mea ua komo stereobate, stylobate entablature a me ka cornice. Stereobate poe i koe ma luna o ke kahua kumu. A laila, ma muli o stilobat paha kia ao.

Ua laweia aku la oia Entablature ma ka hapa aia ma luna o nā kolamu. I ka lalo laau nui ma luna a hoomaha iho la i ka pau entablature ua kapaia ka architrave. Ua Ua Aia he frieze - He Nani Loa apana awelike. I ka luna o ka entablature - eaves, oia loomed ma o ka 'ē aʻe wahi.

Initially Greek kuhikuhipuʻuone hehee wale ka mea,ʻaʻole pili pono. Ionic entablature hele wale ma Ionic kolamu, Corinthian - ka Corinthian. Kekahi kaila - ma ka hookahi hale. Ma hope o kukulu Iktinos Callicrates, a me ka Parthenon ma ka V kenekulia BC. e ka. hoomaka kauoha e hui pu, a kau aku ma luna o luna o kekahi i kekahi. Kēia i hanaʻia i loko o ka kekahi mea: mua, ka Doric, Ionic, a laila, a laila Korineto.

Doric mea

Doric a Ionic Greek mea i loko o kuhikuhipuʻuone ua i ka papa kuhikuhi. Dorian'ōnaehana Ua prevalentʻano nui i loko o ka pelapela a, a ua ili ka Mycenaean moʻomeheu. Ua Ua wehewehe aku e monumental a me kekahi cumbersome. Helehelena palapala expresses laʻi grandeur a me ka brevity.

Doric kia ao haʻahaʻa. Ka mea, i ole kumu, a me ke kumu ikaika, a tapers keu. Abaca, luna papale, i ka huinahalike shape a ke moe ia ma luna o ka hoʻopoepoe backwater (Ehin). Flutes, e like me ka rula, he iwakālua. Kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone Vitruvius hoʻohālike au kolamu o keia mea me ke kanaka - ikaika, a kaohi.

I mea entablature hele pu mau me ka architrave, frieze a me ka cornice. Freese Ua hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka holopapa a architrave haku o triglyphs - elongated rectangles i me ka flutes e 'ano' ē me metopes - iki recessedʻahā like papa me ka ole sculptures o ia paha. Friezes o nā kauoha he triglyphs me na metopes.

Ma triglyphs pinned kuhikuhi mea hiki i hana '. Ke noiʻi paipai ana ia poe i ka wēlau o nā kaola e kau ma luna o ke keʻena kapu paia. He ua ikaika pōpilikia kiko'î, a kākoʻo i ka eaves a me kaupoku. Ma kekahi o na kahiko hale o ka makahiki ma waena o nā wēlau o nā triglyphs metopes mea i piha me ka noho nele.

Ionic mea

Ionic mea'ōnaehana i hoopomaikai io ia i ka mokuna o Asia Minor, ma Attica, a ma luna o nā mokupuni. Ole ma luna o ka mea i Poinike, a me Peresia ahemedinskaya. A vivid kumu o kēia kaila i ka luakini o Diana ma Epeso, a me ka luakini o Hera i Samo.

Ionica me ke kiʻi o nā wāhine pili. I ka mea i wehewehe aku e Nani Loa, he lauwili anei a me ka finesse. i ke kapikala, papahana ma ke ano o ka volute kona papa hiʻona - symmetrically hooponopono curls. Abacus a echinus hoʻonaniʻia i ke kalakalaiʻana.

Ionic kolamu i thinner a oi slender ma mua o ka Doric. Kona kumu hoʻomaha ma ka huinahalike una, a ua hoʻonaniʻia me ka convex a me ka concave nā kumumea me ornamental ana. I kekahi manawa, i ke kumu i aia ma luna o ka pahu hoʻonaniʻia me sculptures. Ka mamao ma waena o ka Ionic kolamu hou, a maoli he ka mama a me ka hiehie o ka hale.

Entablature ke komo ana o ka architrave a me ka cornice (Asia Nā kaila) paha i loko o ekolu māhele, e like me ia ma ka Doric (attic kaila). Architrave maheleia i fascia - papamoe,ʻanuʻu. Ma waena o ka mea a me ka cornice mai he uuku cloves. Iebusi ma ka cornice koloka hoʻonaniʻia me nā mea e nani ai.

Corinthian mea

Corinthian ua kākaʻikahi manaoia e e kuokoa, ka mea, ua pinepine hoakaka like me ka oko o ka Ionic. Aia mau mau XAaOOEN, hoike ma ka kêia kanaka o keia mea. More mundane kamailio e pili ana i lawekahikiʻia i ke kanaka o Aigupita kaila kolamu, i i hoʻonaniʻia me ka Lotus lau. E like me kekahi kumumanaʻo, mai Korineto i ka mea hana ma ka sculptor. Ua Ua hooeueuia e ia ike ma ka hīnaʻi, ma i he acanthus lau.

Mai ka Ionic ka mea, i kekahiʻano nui i loko o ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻonaniʻia mau poo, a ua hoʻonaniʻia me ka stylized acanthus lau. Elua hoi lalani a lau koli kapiliia i ka luna o ka pōʻai o ke kolamu. Aoao abaca concave a me ka hoʻonaniʻia me ka nui a me ka uukuʻoni iho curls.

Corinthian paʻa kūhohonu loa hoanmike oi ma mua o nā Greek mea i loko o kuhikuhipuʻuone. O na styles ekolu ia i manao like ka loa'āina hoʻohiwahiwa, leo hone a me ka waiwai. Kona no ka palupalu, a sophistication pili i ke kiʻi o ke kaikamahine, a me ka acanthus na lau ona he me curls. "Girlish" ua pinepine kapaʻia ma muli o ia i kēia mea.

kahiko luakini

i ka papa kuhikuhiE aʻano nui kukulu o kahiko Greece Ka luakini ua. I kona helehelena ua alodio, ka mea, ua he prototype no ka noho huinahalike hale. Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka kahiko Greek luakini i nā lilo oi huikau, a inā me ka hou oihana mua i lōʻihi e like me kana i ole loaa he poepoe shape. Nō kāu ia kaʻawale styles:

• distillate;
• prostyle;
• amphiprostyle;
• peripter;
• dipter;
• psevdodipter;
• Tholos.

Temple i kahiko Greece, aohe puka makani. Mawaho o kona poai puniia kolamu i i kau ma luna o ka nū'ōlelo hale a me na kaola. I loko o ke keʻena kapu neo? Aaiiai? I ke kiʻi o ke akua, a hiki i ka mea a ka luakini i hoolaa ai.

Kekahi hale hiki ke waiho i kekahi mea uuku, ua kahikoia a nani lumi - pronaos. Ma ka hope o ka maha nui i ke aupuni 'kekahi hou lumi. Ua mālama i nā donations o noho, na kapu e kakau mai a me ke kulanakauhale waihonakala.

Ka muaʻano o ka ekalesia - distillate - oia o ke keʻena kapu, i ke alo o ka loggia a poai puni i ka pā, a me ka Antes. Ke loge neo? Aaiiai? Mau kolamu. Me ka mahuahua ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka helu o ke kolamu styles mahuahua. Ma kā lākouʻehā prostyle ma amphiprostyle -ʻehā ma luna o ke kua a me ke alo mea helehelena.

Ma ka maha, peripetrah ka mea, a puni ka hale ma luna o nā mea a pauʻaoʻao. Inā e hoʻonohonoho i nā kolamu puni ke anapuni i loko o nā lālaniʻelua, i kēia kaila dipter. Ka hope kaila, Tolosa i? Aaei kolamu 'ia, akā, i ke anapuni i ka paukūʻolokaʻa shape. Iloko o ka Roma aupuni Hawaiʻi i loko o ka tholosʻano o ke kūkulu "Rotunda".

lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe kūkulu '

Ua kūkulu Greek kulanakauhale-Hawaii ka hapanui i loko o ke kahakai. Ka mea, ua Hawaiʻi i loko o kuai democracies. Ka lehulehu a me ka pili i ke ola ana o ke kulanakauhale i hele ma nā mea a pau i ko lakou ka maʻamau e noho. Ua hiki aku i ka mea i ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o kahiko Greece ua ulu,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ka olelo o ka wahi o ka hoomana ana, akā, i ka lehulehu hale.

Ka luna o ke kulanakauhale i ka acropolis. E like me ka rula, ka mea, ua ma luna o ka mauna, a ua pono ka pā, e malama i kaʻenemi i loko o ka haohao hoouka. Kona aia i loko o ka hale o ke akua, ka poe e hoomalu ana i ke kulanakauhale.

Lower waena konu o ke kulanakauhale i ka agora - hamama market kahi e kū nei ka uea kalepa, e hoʻoponopono i nui nohona a me ka mau nīnūnē. Ua neo? Aaiiai? I ke kula, i ka hale o ka 'Aha o lunakahiko, basil, e hana ana no ka banquets a halawai, e like me na luakini. Ma ke anapuni o ka agora mea i kekahi manawa i kiʻi.

Mai ka hoʻomaka, ke kahiko Greek kuhikuhipuʻuone ua ea ae ka hana i ka hale i aia i loko o ke kūkulu 'ia i loaʻa. Lākou i hoʻokomo 'kaukaʻi ma ka kūloko'āina. Ma ka V kenekulia BC Hippodamus lawe mai i kekahi kipi i loko o hoʻokiwikā hoʻolālā. He kaumaha i ka maopopo hei o nā alanui 'ole mea i hookaawale ai i na ālai' i loko o rectangles paha mika pāhoʻonui lua.

All hale a me nā pono, a me ka agora, Aia loko keena hapahā,ʻaʻole e'āʻiliʻili ana mai o ka heluna kōmi. Kēiaʻia i ka mea oluolu i ke hoʻokō '? Ieoaeunoai o hou pauku o ke kulekele, me compromising i ka pono a me ka aloha. E like me ka papahana i kūkuluʻia Hippodamus Mileto, i Kenido, Aso: manao iho, a no laila, ma luna o. D. Akā Athens, no kekahi laʻana, noho ihola ma ka "chaotic" ke ano kahiko.

wahi

Hale ma Makamua Greece, heʻokoʻa ke kaumaha ma muli o ka makahiki a me ka loaa ana o na kaua. E kuhikuhi i kekahi mau walaʻauʻana ano o nā hale:

• Megaron;
• apsidal;
• pastadny;
• peristyle.

Kekahi o ka wā 'ano o nā hale - megaron. Kona manao i ka prototype no ka maha mua o ka Homeric'āina. O ka hale i kekahi mau huinahń kinona i loko o ka hopena loa o ka i mea he kahua me ka portico. E hooholo ia okantovyvayut mau kolamu, a nei iluna pa. Loko, ua wale kekahi lumi me ka ipu ahi i loko o ka waena, a me ka puka i loko o ka hale no ka uwahi.

i kukulu Apsidal ka hale ua i loko o ka kakahiaka wā. Ua ua he rectangle me ua hoʻokōʻia maka hapa, a ua kapaia ka apse. Ma hope, ua pastadnye peristyle a me ke ano o ka hale. Mawaho paia i loko o ia, he mau kuli, a meʻia o ka hale - Hoopaa iho la.

Pastada ua he e hooholo ia ma ke Keena Kalaiaina o ke kahua. Ma luna o ka mea i uhiʻia, a kākoʻo ma ka laau kia. Ma ke IV kenekulia BC lilo mahalo peristyle. Ua hoopaa mai ai i ka mea kahikoʻia, akā, ua UAIAaIN ma ka lānai o kolamu pastadny hooholo ma ke anapuni o ka it.

Ma kaʻaoʻao alanui he wale'ōlohelohe paia o ka hale. I loko o ua i ka pahale, a puni i i aia a pau i ka pā o ka hale. Windows i IeAUPIIe, IAa IO,ʻaʻole ma laila, i ka malamalama kumu ua i ka hale. Inā na puka makani, a i laila, kau ma luna o ka lua o ka papahele. Kalaiaina mea hoʻonani ua hoomaka puleʻAmelika, na mea excesses e hōʻike wale nō i loko o ka Hellenistic mau makahiki.

Ka hale ua maopopo puunaueia i loko o feminine (ginekeev) a me kane (Andro) hapalua. I na kanaka a pau a mākou, he poʻe hoaʻai, a hooponopono i ka palaoa. E kiʻi ma luna o nā wāhine i kaʻaoʻao ka mea, ua wale hiki ma ia. Ma ka hapa o Hynek i ka puka e komo ai i ka mala. Ka hale noho o ka mea waiwai, neo? Aaiiai? I ka lumi kuke, aaiy, a me ka Hale Puhi Palaoa. Ka lua o ka papahele ua ana hala.

Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o ke au kahiko o Helene keaka

Kino o Makamua Greece i hui pu ole wale i ka lealea, ao ke ano, akā, i hoʻomana. Kona muli ua pili i ka cult o Dionysus. Ua paʻa ke mua moʻolelo keaka wale nā hōʻike, e ka hoʻohanohanoʻana i kēia akua. About ke kumu o ka hoomana manaʻo o kahiko Greek keaka kuhikuhipuʻuone reminiscent o ka palena iki alo aku o ke kuahu, a ua ma orhestre.

Ma ke kahua, he mau festivities, lealea a me ka hana keaka. Ma ke IV kenekulia BC, oki iho la lakou e e pili i ka hoʻomana. Pelekikena a me ka hooponopono mea hoʻoili Archon. I ka papa kuhikuhiE pelekikena a Ua pâʻani 'o ia ma kekahi i kā mākou o ekolu kanaka, Ua pâʻani' o ia na wahine e na kanaka. Hana keaka Ua pâʻani 'o ia i loko o ka Competition kahi haku mele lawe ana e haʻalele i ka hōʻike kā lākou hana.

Ana o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni mua ua poe noonoo ole. I ke kikowaena ua orhestra - poepoe honua, a neo? Aaiiai? I ka papa hīmeni. Ma hope ka mea, he mea keena ma i ka hoʻoponopono i nā mea hana keaka (Skene). Auditorium (Theatron) ua o ka nui nui, a ua waiho ia ma ka puu, he semicircle palekoki i ka weliweli.

All hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni hou i kau 'ana ma lalo o ka lani e hamama ana. Initially, ka mea, he? Aiaiiuo. Ma kela Holiday laauʻawa a kūkulu hou. Ma ka V kenekulia BC noho no nā kanaka mākaʻikaʻi, hoomaka ke kālaiʻana i ka pōhaku pono i loko o ka hillside. No laila, ka mea hana i ka pololei a me ka maoli funnel, ka paepaeʻana maikai Acoustic. E hōʻoi 'i ke kani resonance kūikawā moku kau ma na nā kanaka mākaʻikaʻi.

Me ka hou ana o ka hale kiaka a me ke kahua? Ieoaeunoai ua huikau. Kona alo hapa oia o kolamu a me ke alo mea helehelena hoʻi me maha. Ma ka aoao e palahalaha - paraskenii. Ka mea, mālama i kaʻikena a me ke kahua lako a pan. Ma Atenai, i ka nui keaka i ka hale kiaka o Dionysus.

acropolis o Atenai

Kekahi o na kia hoʻomanaʻo i o kahiko Greek kuhikuhipuʻuone e ike hiki i keia la. Kekahi o ka loa integral hale a extant, o ka Acropolis o Atenai. Ua Ua Aia ma Pyrgos mauna ma ka kiʻekiʻena o 156 mau mika. Eia nō ke Kino o Dionysus, o ka luakini o ke Akua Wahine Athena Parthenon, kahi e olelo ai o Dia, o Diana, Nike a me nā kaulana hale.

No ka maha o ka Acropolis o Atenai ua wehewehe aku ma ka hoʻohui pū ana i nā mea a pau ekolu palapala-nenoai. A me ka hui pu ana o styles ia i ka Parthenon. Ua Ua kūkuluʻia i loko o ka palapala o ka Doric peripetra, ka mea maloko frieze i mea i loko o ka Ionic kaila.

Ma ka piko o ke kia hoʻomanaʻo o Athena ua hoʻopuniʻia e kolamu. Ma ka acropolis i ia kūlana kālai'āina he nui. Kona helehelena ua e kuapo i ka hegemony o ke kulanakauhale, a me ka haku mele 'ana o ka Parthenon ua, e memele aku i ka lanakila o ke aupuni a ka lehulehu ma luna o aristocratic kauoha.

A malaila i ka manaʻo nui a me ka pompous kukulu o ka Parthenon o ka Erechtheion. Ua Ua loa i loko o ka Ionic mea. Akä naÿe i kona mau "hoa",ʻo ia sings i nā mea nani o ka lokomaikai a me ka maikai. Ka luakini Ua hoʻolaʻa i akua elua - i Poseidon a me Athena, a ua aia ma luna o ke kahua kahi, e like me ke kaʻao, e hoole hana.

Aie i ke 'ano o ka hoʻoponopono' ana āna kumumanao Erechtheion asymmetric. He elua mau keʻena kapu - Zell a me nā komo. Ma ka hema o ka luakini ka portico i ua ole kākoʻo ma ke kolamu a me ka pohaku keokeo caryatides (wahine kiʻi).

Eia hou, i ka Acropolis Propylaea malamaia - ke kumu nui e komo ai, hoopuniia e kolamu a me porticos, i ka aoao o ka i i aia i ka hale aliʻi a me ka paka eiiieaena. Ka puu no hoi i Arrephorion - ka hale no na kaikamahine, hili kapa no ka Athens Games.