Montaigne ka pilikino pilikia ka haumāna ma ke kumu no o ka puke "ho okolohua". Montaigne, "ho okolohua": hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

Pushkin heluhelu ia, ka mea, ua mau e moe ana ma luna o Lva Tolstogo päkaukau. Kēia puke i ka loa kaulana ma ka XVI-XVII kenekulia. Kona mea kākau - Eykem Michel de Ka Montaigne (Dr. 28.02.1533, ka ..) - e pili ana i ka mea hou nalu o Farani aliʻi, a i wahi, mai ke kalepa papa. Ka makua kāne o ka wā e hiki mai kākau moʻolelo Pierre Eykem i koe i loko o ka hana aliʻi, Mom i hele mai, mai ka waiwai Iudaio ohana.

Pāpā ua hoʻoponopono ana nooaai? I kana keiki. He ua he kanaka i kokua i hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka ohana o ka nui uhane o ke kahiko. Michel i Educator uuku ke kanaka nana i ole i ka 'ōlelo Palani i nā mea a pau, akā, haohao o ma Roma.

Education a me ka nohona haʻahaʻa

Mishel Monten i kela manawa, e hana i ka maikaʻi loa 'oihana me he lehulehu kūhelu. He Ua aoia o loko o ka maikai kula o ka aina: ma hope o ke kulanui i loko o Bordeaux brilliantly puka 'o ia mai ke Kulanui o Toulouse. Puhi iho pulehu 21-makahiki-kahiko kakaolelo e hui i ka judgeship o ke aʻoaʻo aliʻi, mua ma Périgueux, akā, koke hoolilo i kona hānau kulanakauhale o Bordeaux. Ma ka hana o kona poe i komo ai, ka mea, he mau hoaaloha malaila. Erudite luna Ua palua koho i ka lāʻau kū o ka kuhikuhi.

I ka 1565 Michel waiwai mare i ka Palani noblewoman Françoise de Ka Shansan. Akā, ekolu makahiki ma hope, ma hope o ka make ana o kona makuakane, hele aku la ia i wahi e noho ai o ka patrimony o ka Montaigne, haalele i ka 'oihana ma ka' aha hoʻokolokolo. I ka wā e hiki mai, Mishel Monten ola ana i ke ola o ka pae gentry, ua hoolilo ia ia iho i ka palapala, ai ka hana.

Ua mea i loko o kaʻohana pūnana ka hoao ana i ninini mai Montaigne ma luna o ka pepa.

I mea ka mea i hana ole ana i hoʻopaʻa 'hoʻonaʻauao e holumua ai aristocrat. He hana ia i loko o kona hoʻokoe manawa no ka umikumamalima makahiki, o ka oi aku i bothering i ka hana. Iloko o keia manawa, kekahi o na manao o ka poe akeakamai hoʻololi, no laila e loaʻa i ka noʻonoʻo mea heluhelu ma ka "ka hoao ana" i kekahi mau manaʻo diametrically kue.

Ke Palani akeakamai a me ka humanist, kakau iho la i loko o ka papaʻaina,ʻaʻole i manao e pili ana i ka puke.

Ke olelo 'ole hana

E like me ka noa ohi o kona mau loina, Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo E, (essay) hana Mishel Monten "ka hoao ana". Hooko Summary o keia hana ma ka loa'opihia ano hiki ke hoikeia ma ka hopuna'ōlelo, ka mua manao o ka mea kākau o ka pakebona ma ke ola a me ka manaʻolana 'ia o? Acaeoey o Contemporary lehulehu.

Collection iho he o ekolu puke. (Essay) na i loko o kela mea keia mea o lakou, hoakoakoa ae la i loko o ka chronological mea a lakou i palapala.

Ka mua ka leo o ka "(essay)" Michel Montaigne i kāna moʻolelo i loko o ke kino o ka (essay).

- Pehea na aoao kekahi loaʻa i ka ia;

- i ko kakou mau manao i ka luna kānāwai o ka kaua hana ana;

- o ka palaualelo;

- no ke kaumaha;

- he mea wahahee, a ua nui no hoi na mea a pau.

Ka lua o ka leo ua kākau i loko o ka hookahi ano o ka ohi Montaigne. "Ho okolohua" piha i ka mea kākau o ka nń mo o nā kākau kahiko a me ka Karistiano ma keʻano spheres o kanaka ola.

- kona impermanence;

- ma na hihia o ka lā a hiki i ka la apopo;

- e pili ana i ka makua ke aloha,

- ma ka naau;

- na buke, a pela aku ..

Ke kolu o ka leo e haʻi heluhelu:

- i ka malimali a me ka maikaʻi kēia;

- ka no o ke kamailio;

- e pili ana i ke kamaʻilio;

- o ke kanaka makemake;

- e pili ana i ka lapuwale a me ka oi ana o nā ōlaʻi i o na ia a pau o ke kanaka hope.

Historical kumu o ka muli o ke humanism montenevskogo

Freethinking ma medieval manawa o Charles IX o Farani i make. he koko (ʻano nui kivila) kaua ma waena o Kakolika a me ka poʻe Kalawina Aia ua. Ka Hui Church, kūpaʻa ma ka 'Aha o Trent 1545-1563 GG., Aumeume ana me ka Reformation i loko o ka'āina o Michel de Ka Montaigne, paramilitary Franciscans, a haawi aku la ia ia kekahi mana.

Ma ke kaiapili-kālai'āina ola o Farani hoi i ka manawa weliweli o ka hoʻokolokoloʻia. Ka Hui Church ola ae la ia i ke ki ina hana like o ka poe a pau e uhi Protestantism ho onui ana momentum.

Franciscans a me ka Jesuits hoi malalo o ke kaiāulu, 'īnea nei me ka kuee a haalele mai. Koa, i aeia i ka mōneka i ka Pope ma ka behest o ke Alii accomplishes hiki kino hewa e pili ana i ka aina e. Mai lag hope Jesuitʻino a me ka punitive moku'āina hana. Ma ka aina o Bordeaux, 15-makahiki-kahiko keiki, i ka wā e hiki mai poe akeakamai, auʻike maka i like hoopai, ua hana hoʻokipaʻia Ilamuku Montmorency iaia ka mana, e hoomalielie aku i kipi aku i ka hua o ka auhau ma luna o ka paʻakai i nā kānaka. Ua kāʻawe 120 kanaka, a me ke kulanakauhale hale kanawai hoopauia.

I ka wa o ka makau i palapala ohi o ka pepa (essay), i ke kemu i ka hana o Montaigne, ka mea kākau moʻolelo-kupa a me ka humanist. Oiai ma Farani noke ke koko ... poe akeakamai, e like me ka pau ana o ke kaiāulu, a me ka pae manuʻuʻana i luku mai ia i hoonaukiuki aku ia e Mariey Medichi ma Paris i ka ai-i kapaia o St. me Baretolomaio, ka wā e i pepehi 30 tausani Palani Kalawina.

Monen iho i pili fundamentally i kekahi o ka kaua haipule a me ka mau koa, naʻauao loaʻa kivila ka maluhia. Mawaena o kona mau hoa, he Kakolika, a me ka poʻe Kalawina. Ua UaʻAʻole kahaha ko oukou naau i ka i lanakila ma ka aina ka hainā, dogmatism a me reactionary ideologically kū'ēʻana aku i kanaka a me philosophical hana o Montaigne.

Ma ka hope wā o kona olaʻana poe akeakamai kākoʻo i ke ala a hiki i ka mana o ka Emperor Henry IV, mea hiki ke hooki aku haipule kaua, a hoopau iho la i ka feudal fragmentation.

Civic a kanaka wahi

He kū'ē i ka rula o ka "philosophizing - mea e kanalua ai" dogmatic theology, scholasticism, Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo mai ke ola, haawi aku la i ke kuka critique o ka Hui haipule hala, ka hoʻokō 'ole, e like me ke Kalikiano kauoha.

I ka Ia manawa, ua hoailona oukou ia ia i loko o kona o Mānoa, i ka poe akeakamai i ole he lunatausani, he lehulehu alihi kaua. 'Oiai, i kona wā, he hoike ana hopena a i i Michel de Ka Montaigne.

"Experience", i kākauʻia e ka lima o ka poe akeakamai-kamaaina wau, pihaʻi me mihi i ka "lani a me ka Akua ana" o loko o "na lima o ka poe hewa." Kēia, i kona manaʻo, "kaahele ma ke kahawai o ka manao wale." (E hoʻomaopopo 'ano o ke kanaka me.)

Montaigne like me ka kanaka i auaneʻiʻoukou irritability o ka naʻau, no laila, aʻoi akula kona,ʻaʻole e komo i loko o ka hoopaapaa ana a me ka hana wale nō no ka pilikino. Kana mau hana la oia i heluhelu i ka uuku pōʻai o ka hoa, a me keia ua hala loa maona. Kona noho pilikia manao ole priemlel luna a me ka mana. Michel ka punahele hopuna'ōlelo ua: "No ka valet meʻe mai nei!" Ua hana correlated nā mea a pau me ke kanaka me. "My metaphysics - ke ao ia iho," - wahi a ka poe akeakamai.

Study o ka mea kākau moʻolelo ua ma luna o ke kolu o ka papahele o ka hale kiai Montaigne hale käkela, a ua ho'āʻia i kona puka makani hopena o ...

Ke ao ana o ka naauao, i ka maʻamau o ke ola

Blockbuster ma Europe XVI-XVII kenekulia i ka puke "ho okolohua" Montaigne. A ikepili koʻikoʻi ka manaʻo o ke nä känaka 'epekema hopu i ka hou nohona realities o ka lilo ana i bourgeois kaiāulu. Poe akeakamai ma lalo o totalitarianism i kapaʻia ai i ke ola i ka manaʻo kahiko o individualism, ioeeiiaiey, ironic pilina i ka aku o ka lanakila.

Montaigne wahi i ke kanaka mea,ʻaʻole he piha ino kekahi eclectic, invented ka hookolokoloia diabolo. Hewa, mai kona wahi o ka ike, aia no he manaoio me ka minoʻaka, he fanatical manaoio i loko o ka wale oiaio, ua i ninau aku. Ka mea, ua iho la ka mea lawelawe i ka kumu no ke kuhikuhi i ka hana o kaʻoni iho o ke kāʻili wale i loko o kaiāulu.

Poe akeakamai huli a loaʻa (e like me mākou, e wehewehe ana ma lalo nei) nā loina o ka maikaʻi lehulehu. Ia no ka aina a hiki i ke ku okoa ana o ke kanaka, e like me ka mea kiekie loa waiwai.

E like me ka poe akeakamai, no ka hauʻoli he ola i loko o ka mea pono e 'O ke kaulike leʻaleʻa, a lawe malama o ko lākou mau ola. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e like me ka ke kūpili o na sages kahiko, ka hapanui lealea peahi aku, a,ʻo kanaka ma ka mea, e luku aku ia ia.

I kona puke, de Ka Montaigne ( "ka hoao ana") reproduces poina i medieval 'Eulopa, i ke ao ana kahiko o na pahele o ka ike paka i loko o ke kanaka a ua waiho kokoke ana.

I ka nui, loa mau kanaka i haawiia mai e ike oiaio maoli nani huna ma hope o ka mea mawaho naau kupono. A kanaka 'Aʻole i kamaʻilioʻana i ka'ō aku i kou manao ma ka mea e puliki i ka "noho malie radiance o ka maikai."

Iho ala o ka ike

Like i kekahi koho ideology o ka puke manaʻo, a laila hoohewaia a me kona mea kākau ia iho - ka Ekalesia Hui, i palapala mai Mishel Monten "ka hoao ana".

hiki ke hoikeia Summary o ka (essay) ohi i loko o nā manaʻo bourgeois individualistic. A ekolu-ka leo puke mea he pili-, he pono ole ka manaʻo maikaʻi loa nā manaʻo hoʻonaʻauao aristocrat, ma mua o ka pakebona. Kēia hana He nui iho la ia erudite kanaka. I huina, ke ohi o ka pepa (essay) kekahi ma luna o 3000 kaha puana'ī medieval a kahiko kākau. More pinepine ma mua o nā poe akeakamai ua'ōlelo Virgil, Plato, Horace, Epicurus, Seneca, Plutarch. Mawaena o ka Kalikiano kumu e hōʻike 'ia ka mea, manao iho la o ka euanelio o ke kauoha kahiko, ka lunaolelo Paul ka olelo.

Ma ka huina o Stoic manaʻo, poe Epikoureio, noho pilikia skepticism hana Mishel Monten "ka hoao ana".

ole Summary o ka papa kuhikuhi hana ola o ka Farani nui ua i loko o make hewa? anoee mau kenekulia maʻEulopa kula o ka pakebona. keia hana a pau i loko o ka hana pono o ka philosophical manao o nā kānakaʻepekema ma hope, nui ke hoomaopopo i na ka manaʻolana 'ia no ka lawelawe' ana.

Kona i ka i ana i "na uhane o ka moana i Emperor a me cobblers eʻoki i ka ia punahelu," ka mea, ua mau kenekulia ma hope, i ka 1792, ka mākia o ka nūpepa i - ka puke o ka PalaniʻOiʻenehana.

Sources poe akeakamai nā manaʻo

Ka mea, ua maopopo ia i ka LIKE LIKE-Reformation, Montaigne ka philosophical ka ho'āʻoʻana, hana nui i ke kulana o ka Ekalesia Hui, hiki wale nō e malu ninini mai ma luna o ka pepa.

Kona manao, he mea ku ole i ka luna, a me ka dogmatic prokatolicheskimi. He ua he manaʻimi naʻauao kumu mai i unuhi i ka manaʻo no ko lakou mau manao ma ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka pili nohona e.

Nä känaka 'epekema, wahi aku me ka ike ana i Roma, a Greek' ōlelo a me ka heluhelu i loko o ka palapala, a ua ike pono loa lakou i ka hana o ke alakai kahiko poe akeakamai. E like me ka poe akeakamai iʻikeʻia e like me kekahi o ka loa kupono mea kuhikuhi nei, o ka Baibala ma Farani.

Ka like ana o ka noho hewa ma luna o ka loina o ka antithesis

Ma ka XVI kenekulia i loko o ka 'ē aʻe hemisphere o ka honua, e hiki mai ka naʻi aupuni hope loa o ka New World ma o ka poʻeʻEulopa. Iki i ka manawa ia i palapala iho ai Montaigne "ka hoao ana". Hooko Summary o kēiaʻano pākīkē a me kaʻenemi hana i ka lewa i loko o ka nui ledger o ka poe akeakamai.

Lawa nä känaka 'epekema i ike i ka au mamuli e pili ana i ka holomua o ka paipai aʻo kai eʻe maʻAmelika. I loko o ka hana o ke aliʻi,ʻo ia ua hiki mai i ka hālāwai hoʻonohonoho 'ia ma nā mikionali o ka mō'ī me ka maikai Indian alii. Aʻo ia iā ia iho i ke kauwa, he kakini makahiki o kona ola ana, e hana i loko o ka New World.

Hoʻolako i ka oiaio kiʻi o ka nouveau ka waiwai, - lanakila o America - huli mai e e unsightly. Ua Ua civilly wiwo hoike Montaigne ( "ka hoao ana"). Description o ke ano o keia mua geopolitical AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i waena o nā lāhui kanaka o nā 'âinapuni' elua, ua hoemi ia i banal enslavement. Kahi pono e lawe i ai i ke ao nei i ke ao ana o Kristo, na ka poʻeʻEulopa hele ma kino hewa.

Ka lāhui 'ōiwi heluna o ka New World ua i loko o ka Mea Paipala kūlana o ke keiki hipa i ka make. Ke nä känaka 'epekema mai la i na kanaka e noho ana me ka waiwai a me ka ilihune, me ka'āina hoʻoili, mahele o ka waiwai, me ka hoʻoluhi, me ka waina, i ka berena, mea hiki ke hooheheeia, he uhane ano o kekahi mea ma luna ma mua o ka poʻeʻEulopa. Ma ka hua'ōlelo o na kamaaina, i ole i nei mau olelo denoting moe, hoopunipuni, kala, betrayal, lili, hookamani.

Poe akeakamai Pono nń ke aloha o interpersonal pili o ka 'ōiwi lāhui kanaka o ka New World. Uncorrupted ma ka noho maikai ana o ka nohona lole o ko lākou mau kaiaulu. Lākou, i loko o kona mau makahiki, ka mea i kapaʻia nā hoahānau, kaikaina - keiki, kiʻekiʻe loa - poʻe kūpuna. Mua, e make, kekahi i ko lakou waiwai kaiāulu.

Humanist o ka pono superiority o ke kakahiaka nui maikai ana

Kuhikuhi mai ia i loko o akamai a me ka hoʻokiwikā hoʻolālā ohana o ka New World, ua i emi iki mahope o ke o ka poʻeʻEulopa kuhikuhipuʻuone (Mayan a me Aztec), ke nä känaka 'epekema ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia kā lākou mau pono superiority.

Ma nā ana hoʻohālike o ka manao pono, honesty, ka lokomaikaʻi, frankness savages ua nui ma luna o lākou lanakila. A i ka mea pepehi ia: ka mea, ia lakou iho kumakaia, a kuai lilo aku. Miliona o nā kanaka i ka make, i ka pauʻano o ko lākou mau noho maikai ana i "huli i lalo ke alo".

Ke nä känaka 'epekema ninau mai: "Ua ikea anei kekahi mana o civilizational? Acaeoey? No ke aha la o ka poʻeʻEulopa i ole induce mau uhane puupaa o ke Karistiano aiee i na ideals kiʻekiʻe? Eia no laila i hiki mai ai, na kanaka makemake i ua maikaʻi. "

Faith a me ke Akua, ma ka naauao o ka poe akeakamai

E hoike ana ole o ka LIKE LIKE-Reformation ideology, he nä känaka 'epekema ma ka ia manawa hoolilo aku hoi i hiki i ka mea heluhelu i ka manao like maemae a me ka mōakāka me ka naʻauao o ka kŰia o ke Akua, a me ka manaoio.

He ike ke Akua i ka Hōʻuluʻulu, timeless, omnipresent, i pili i kekahi kanaka ke kūpili paha i loko o ka papa o ka maʻamau o ke ola. Pela, ke waeʻano o ke Akua, ua ua hoʻopili ai i kekahi ano, me ke kumu kumu o nā mea a pau Mishel Monten ( "ka hoao ana").

Ka maʻiʻo o kēia manaʻo, e like me ke nä känaka 'epekema, ua haawi wale i ke kanaka, e hoʻomaopopo i ka transcendental mea, ma ka manaoio.

Kēia pokole o ke Akua, ua pili ia me ke kanaka me nā loli i ai walaau ole ia ma ka mea, he kanaka e hele ana ma luna o ke ala ana o ka manaoio, e holo i ka pau evolution. A i ka pau ana o keia alanui i loaʻa makana, i ka mea, o kekahi mea.

I ke Akua, ma ka mea o ka hohonu ka manaoio mea e komo i loko o nā moʻopuna kamaʻilio me ia 'ana. A me keia, ma ka huli, lawelawe 'ana i ka manao pono e manaoio palekana mai ka lono hoʻolele "kanaka he ulia pakalaki" (hainā o ka mana, i ka makemake o na aoao elua pili aupuni, no ia loli, i ka ulia loli o ka manao).

Naʻe, Montaigne ua-Liloa e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka make ole o ka uhane.

? Ac? O na olelo o Stoicism a me Epicureanism

Haipule dogmatism Mishel Monten Akä naÿe no nä moÿomeheu moolelo o ka wa kahiko Epicureanism a me Stoicism. Like Epicurus, Palani akeakamai i kapaʻia nā mea pono (ka 'epekema o ka pono a me nā mea pono) e nui no ka lōkahi o ke kaiāulu, a me ka "laau lapaau no ka uhane" o kela kanaka. I nā mea pono, ma kona manao, hiki ia i kaula waha no na kuko hewa o ke kanaka. Ua uku i ka waiwai auhau i ka stoic manao ma ka superiority o maemae kumu ma yiaeaiiacaaeneiie Emotions kanaka puke "ho okolohua".

Mishel Monten, poko ia i ka papa kuhikuhi pono nā loina, e ukuhi i ka mana ma luna o nā mea a pau kanaka ano, a me OE aloha. No ka pono o kekahi no o ka akamai purposeful volitional ke kākoʻo 'ana, a hiki aku i ke kanaka e lanakila i ko lakou mau kuko. He mahalo i ka mana, e like me Montaigne, he kanaka i hiki ke hoʻololi i kona naue like, e hōʻalo ai i ka hoʻoweliweli i kona ona hemahema.

Ke nä känaka 'epekema ua kālaiʻia he nui o na tenets o kēia' Eulopa moʻomeheu. A me kona manao nui vividly. No ka laʻana, e hoike ana i ka hewa o kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni like ole ana o kanaka ma ka feudal ke kaiāulu, ka poe akeakamai olelo o "meaninglessness kū ma luna o lāʻau kukuluaeʻo, no ka mea, no ka mea, e hele me kā lākou mau wāwae. Eia hou, e noho kanaka a hiki i ka loa i hookiekie ae noho aliʻi ma luna o ka noho aliʻi o kona iho. "

ka hopena

Hoikehonua, heluhelu, surprisingly, organically ike ia e ka mea kākau o ka kaila, i loko o ka mea ana i palapala iho ai Montaigne "ka hoao ana". Reviews Ua kuapo lākou closeness kaila medieval mea kākau a me ke kālā no Nahoʻolewa: ka mea kākau kākau ai i loko o kona hoʻokoe manawa, e hoʻopiha i loko o kēia hana koʻu hoʻokoe manawa. He i hele i loko o nā lāliʻi o ka manao, structuring o ka hana.

Montaigne wale kakau iho la i kekahi pepa (essay) ma hope o kekahi ma ke kumuhana o ka lā, a ma lalo o ka manaʻo o nā hanana, puke, personalities.

He noteworthy i ua imbued i kēia puke me ke kanaka o ka mea kākau. Ua ka mea, ua ike, i mua kamaʻilio maila i kona mau hoa ma ka hoomanao ana iho. A me ia hana! Ka palapala ua huli aloha. Ua Ua pinepine ka mea heluhelu mea maikai kūkākūkā no lakou iho. Ke ano i makemake ua hāʻawi iā ia i kekahi kaikuaana.