Novgorod - ke kahiko Lūkini kulanakauhale: mōʻaukala, hoi na mea makau, moʻomeheu, kuhikuhipuʻuone, photo. Na wai i alii iho la oia kahiko Novgorod?

Haku Novgorod ka Nui - pela haahaa i kapaia o ke kulanakauhale northernmost i loko o nā mea a pau o ka hikina Slavs. First Novgorod koho wahi e noho loa maikaʻi - i ka pono kekahi mau makahiki, he uuku hooponopono lilo i'ō i crossroad o ke kuai? Ooia. I ka moʻolelo kamahaʻo o kahiko Novgorod, e like me ke kulanakauhale i hana ai i kēia, a me ka aha, ma ka hopena, ua lilo kona ano? E ho'āʻo i ka maopopo.

Hindsight

Nā alakaʻi moʻolelo këia i ka hala ana o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana me Novgorod? Ke kulanakauhale kahiko e hele mai i mai o ka wahi - a ikea mai la, a nalowale inoa kauhale, kela mau kulanakauhale, a me townships mua ia ma luna o ka wai ducts Ladoga. Moʻolelo lawe i ka mooolelo o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone hanaʻeliʻana a me Ka Ikepili o ka loina. A pau ike ohi iki ma ka iki, e lilo ia i ke kumu no ka hanau ana o ka mōʻaukala hypotheses.

Pela i ala hou mai, a me Novgorod. Ke kulanakauhale kahiko i oleloia ma kaʻoihana aliʻi ka launa pū hoʻi i ka makahiki 859. Ka muli o ke kauhale e pili ai me ka inoa o Prince Rurik, ka mea i hele mai, mai ka'āina'ākau, a hiki i ka pāʻana i ka hikina nā panalāʻau e. Initially Rurik Novgorod a hiki i kona kapikala. Akā, ma hope o ka lawe Kiev, ia i haʻalele Novgorod no ka inoa o ka mokuna i kela kapa - ka pakaua e ku kiaʻi ma luna o ka akau palena o ka aina.

Kumu o ka inoa

Makamua Novgorod uaʻaʻole manawa kahiko. paipai i ka loa ka inoa o ke kulanakauhale i ka mea i hanaia ma kekahi kulanakauhale. E like me ia i kekahi kuhiakau, ku ae la o Novgorod ma ka paena o ekolu liʻiliʻi kauhale. Together, ka mea, ua paʻa i ka pā lākou hou hooponopono, a lilo i ka hou kūlanakauhale - Novgorod.

Kekahi kuhiakau Hōʻike ia he mea kekahi, oi kahiko kauhale. Ua loaʻa ia he ana ma luna o ka mauna i kahi loihi, mai na wahi ma he mea Novgorod i keia la. Kahiko puʻu i kapaʻia ka pā kaua. Ua hōʻike hanaʻeliʻana i ma ka ?? eoi? o ka puu, he mau olelo hoopomaikai noho (paha ka kūloko ano hanohano, a me ka pagan kahuna). Akā,ʻaʻole hoʻi kekahi,ʻaʻole hoʻi i kekahi kuhiakau hiki ole i nä pane i nā nīnau lehulehu e i loaa ma luna o na tausani o ka makahiki o ka moolelo o keia kulanakauhale.

mua kenekulia

Ma mua, i ke kahiko Novgorod ua he uuku laau kauhale. Aie i ka pinepine waikahe poe noho kūkulu lākou mau hale ma kekahi mamao mai o ka moana wai, a o ka muliwai pali. Hope, i ka "i ka hālāwai hope" ke alanui ai pili aku i nā māhele likeʻole o ke kulanakauhale. First Novgorod Kremlin ua unremarkable laau 'ole. Oia uuku pā i loko o Rusia i kapaia ka Susana, o ka mea liilii, ka nui a me ka nohoaliʻi ikaika.

Detinets noho i ka holoʻokoʻa akau-komohana hapa o ke kauhale. Kēia kahiko Novgorod Hawaii a me kaupalena. Ke ku pono ana i kahakai o ka Haku noho wahi i noho ai, a pupupu waiwai Kolewenia kauhale.

Ka mua huakaʻi

No ia mea, pehea la uuku i mea iā mākou i ka 'ike i hoiliili ai, mai ka moʻolelo o ia manawa hiki e pelupelu ia mōʻaukala o Novgorod. No ka laʻana, i loko o kaʻoihana o ka weuweu 9th kenekulia olelo o ke kai eʻe o Prince Oleg o Kiev. Kēia i kūpono ma ka hui ana o ka elua Slavicʻohana - i ka mahinaʻai, a me ka Ilmen Slavs. Ma ka moʻolelo o ka umi o ka kenekulia Hawaii i na kanaka o Novgorod he hoʻokupu o ka Vikings a uku ia 300 hryvnia no ka makahiki. Ma hope, Novgorod lilo waiho ia Kiev, a me Princess Olga ia iho, ua hoonoho i ka nui o ka hookupu, mai Novgorod aina. Chronicles hōʻike e pili ana i ka huina nui o ka auhau i hiki ke hui pūʻia wale nō me ke kauhale waiwai a me ka pomaikai.

? Anoe? O Novgorod

He mea hiki ole ke hai aku e pili ana i ka Novgorod kahiko, me ka hai ana mai i ka mea i ho'ākāka 'hiʻona o kona haole a me ka wahi luluʻikepili. Novgorod Land mau ulu hou nā panalāʻau e - ma ka heyday o ka aoao o keia kulanakauhale, hiki mai ka Arctic Ocean i Torzhok. Part o ka aina i hopu i ka hopena o ka kaua hana. No ka laʻana, ke kai eʻe e kū'ē i ka Chud ohana e noho ana ma ka akau o keia-lā Estonia, lawe mai la i ka waiwaiʻauhau i ka waihona o ke kulanakauhale, a ma na aina kūpuna o Chud ikea Slavic Yuryev, i hoʻokumuʻia e Yaroslav ka Wise.

Palapala puka hala o ka puke. Svyatoslav Olegovich, helu pū 'ia kekahi mau mea uuku graveyards aia i loko o ka mamao akau, akā, inā e i olelo ia i loko o ka helu, a laila, i ka waiwai auhau i ka luna i hele mai, mai laila. No kekahi mau kenekulia, i ka mokuna o ka aina Novgorod, a mahuahua peacefully - Russian mahiʻai ma ka huli o ka momona aina mea i hoʻokumu i ka puu o ka maluhia colonization o ole-Slavic ohana.

Ia kenekoa māhele o ka aina

Oia ka nui wahi pono e lawelawe, no laila, ka mea i maheleia i loko o elima apana (lima o ka), ka mea i alakai i ka Novgorod kahiko. Lima o ka noho like penei:

• Obonezhskaya Pyatina - ÿö a hiki i na kapakai o ka White Sea.
• Vodskaya Pyatina - noho kekahi hapa o ka mea kēia Repubalika o Karelia.
• Shelonskoy Pyatina - ka wahi hema a komohana hema o Novgorod.
• Derevskoy Pyatina - ÿö a hiki i ka hikina hema.
• Bezhetskaya Pyatina - ka mea wale nō kekahi o kona mau palena i ole ma ka hui 'ana me ke kulanakauhale palena, keia Pyatina aia ma waena o nā panalāʻau e noho, a Derevskoy Obonezhskaya lima o ka.

Kanaka lima oʻano nui komo i loko o ka aaioee o ka aina, iʻiʻo holoholona hihiu, ka lawaiʻa. Kauoha aku lima o ka 'elele i hoounaia mai Novgorod ke kula. More mamao'āina kipa kēlā me kēia makahiki hoʻokupu Waihona Noʻeau, a hiki a hiki i ka wahi o ka noho ana o ka Khanty Mansi ohana a - loa i ka hikina ńkau. I ka waiwai auhau i ukuʻano nui für, a i laila, ana kuai iʻEulopa. Aie i ka für oihana auhau a me ka hana i loko o ka pōkole manawa ka Novgorod kahiko lilo kekahi o nā kūlanakauhale richest o Kievan Rus.

kulanakauhale'ōnaehana

Novgorod, he kulanakauhale kahiko o na aina Lūkini, ua kū hoʻokahi no ka medieval ano o ke aupuni - he repubalika. Iloko o ka IX-XI kenekulia heʻaʻoheʻokoʻa, mai na aina e ae o Kievan Rus Novgorod aina. Akā, i loko o ka XII kenekulia, ke kumu o ke ano o ke aupuni i hoʻokiwikā keena. ʻO wai ka mea ma luna o ke kulanakauhale kahiko? Like Novgorod lilo i ka repubalika?

Ke pane mea, e nana aku ai i loko o kaʻo Samuel o ka hoʻomaka o ka XII kenekulia. Ke kahua kaua i ka 1130, ua loaʻa i ka maʻamau mea o kana keiki Vsevolod Prince Mstislav. I ia manawa, - i loko o ka luna o ka aina, a ina e. Akā, i ka heluhelu a kākau i loko o 1180 Izyaslav ma Novgorod makemake e haalele i ka aina kokoke hoailona. I hiki ke ike, i ka pau ana o ka XII kenekulia i nā luna,ʻaʻole lākou i piha na haku, a ua loaʻa iā ia, eʻimi i ae mai ke kulanakauhale Aupuni.

Ka popoiwi wahi i ka Novgorod uprising o 1136. I loko o kēia wā, ke kipi hopu Prince Mstislav, pu me kona ohana a me eono pule, mālama i loko o ka noho pio ana, a laila, 'ae' e haʻalele i ka Novgorod kahiko. Ka hua olelo e pili ana i kēia wā, ua hiki ke olelo ia: Ua ola ae la ia, a Slavic keena lilo i ikaika loa'aha'ōlelo. posadniki nana i alakai i kuokoa kuwaho - Aia i oihana mua koho. Kēia palapala o ke aupuni i ana ola i loko o ka Novgorod na aina oi aku mamua o ekolu haneri makahiki. Wale nō ma hope o ke koko ka piʻiʻana o Novgorod a hiki i ka Moscow na'lii o Novgorod -ku-okoa i hele mai i ka hopena.

Posadniki alii iho la oia i ke kulanakauhale?

Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka Novgorod kahiko alii iho la oia posadniki. Ae paha i? Ma keia ninau i definite pane. Formally posadniki hoʻi i ka hana o ka ahalunakanawai, ho'ākoakoa, a hoike mai i ke kulanakauhale ahaolelo. Ma ko lakou mau lima, o na ki i ke arsenal a me ke kulanakauhale waihonakala. Ka mea hooponopono i ka hana o ke keena, a koi i nā manaʻoi hoʻoholo 'ia ma laila.

Mai ka wa kahiko Novgorod alii iho la oia posadniki? Ae paha i? E mai a kokoke i ka pilikia, mai ka kekahiʻaoʻao. Ke ano o ka olelo hooholo-ana i loko o ia mau lā uaʻokoʻa mai i aponoia ma ka o kēia au nei. Hoʻoholo ia ma ke keʻena mea,ʻaʻole he mea oo, a me ka lokomaikaʻiʻia mai o ka poʻe i ho'ōho me ka loudest. Screamers ua akamai i posadniki hoolimalima i loko o ko lākou mau wahi, a aliʻi ma loko o ke keʻena ma luna, ma ka mea e lawe i ka mea e pono ai loio i ai. Mākou ke i aku nei au ia formally Novgorod alakaiia e nā kupa. Akā, ma ka mea o ka mana i loko o nā lima o koho posadniks.

Alii ma Novgorod

Luna o Novgorod aohe pono. Wale i ka manawa o ke kaua ma ka mea o ke keena e kono aku ia lakou e kauoha aku i ka pale o ke kulanakauhale. Hoolimalima aliʻi i papaia e ponoi i ko lakou mau aina, a komo i loko o ka holo ana o ke kulanakauhale. Ka mea, e nāʻohana a me nā hale i noho ai ma ka Mound me - ma laila no ia i ua e iai? Oaiaaiiua kuikawa o Cederica.

Akā, me nā luna a pau o ka poe i holo i ka kahiko Novgorod i ke kaua. Special keʻena ma luna, noonoo iho la moho kokoke aliʻi, a e hoʻoholo, kekahi o lakou, e kahea aku no ke kōkua. Wae noho ma Mound, hāʻawi akula i loko o nā lima o nā mea a pau i ka mana, ho'ākoakoa aʻela ma lalo o kona alakaʻiʻana i nā hoʻokiwikā militia. A ma hope o ka hoʻopau o ka make māinoino o ke kaua wale kipaku, e like me ka mea, e'ōlelo aku i loko o kaʻoihana aliʻi kahiko, kuhikuhi i kona ala. Ma kēia hihia, na luna a pau o Novgorod imi ikaika ana i kona akua o ka mahele o ka aelike.

• ole e ālai ia 'aʻe i loko o ka maloko ola o Novgorod;
• hoomaona mai la oia me ka ohi ana i ka auhau;
• e alakai koa ana.

O na luna ka mea e ole like me na olelo, aole i wale kipaku mai Novgorod waiwai. Ina aole, paha, ua i ka noho alii ana Aleksandra Nevskogo. A napoo lima, a me ka ikaika kulekele i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka pōʻino e hiki mai ana o ka manawa hoolaulea me ke alii o Novgorod kauoha. He ua ka kekahi i alii iho la oia kahiko Novgorod luna a me ka luna. Akā, ma hope o ka Nevsky i ka noho aliʻi, Novgorod ua i noi mai ai ia ia, aole hoi i ka Haku ohana, aole hoi o kona mau lunakanawai.

koa Novgorod

He nui nā kenekulia Novgorod kuokoa koiia mai ia ia, e alakai i hoopau ai i ke kuokoa kuwaho. Ma mua, i ka papa kuhikuhiE manao o ke koa? Anoe? Ua, e hoʻonui i ka palena o ka Novgorod Repubalika, ma hope ka mea, ua i ka ninau e pili ana pehea e malama i na mokuna a me ka pale aku i ka ea o ka moku'āina. E hoʻokō i kēia mau hana Novgorod i eʻae haole nāʻaha huiʻelele e hui kālai'āina ahahui, a, e wawahi mai ia lakou, e hoolimalima i ka poe kiai, a me ka poe koa, a me ka mobilize i ka kūloko heluna.

Novgorod i ka iwi kuamoo o ka poe koa militia. Ua oia o kauwa, artisans, kaukaualiʻi hoʻi, a me ka sīwila. Mākou, aohe kuleana e ia i loko o ka poʻe koa poʻe kauwā a me na hoa o ka clergy. Waiwai koa paukū Ua kono Haku, a kauoha mai koa hana iho Prince i koho pāʻoihana keena.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE aiiay kapa kila o Novgorod he i ka pale kaua, kaula kila a me ka pahi kaua. He nui no nā Eia kekahi laʻana o na mea kaua i loaʻa i loko o ka hope hanaʻeliʻana, a me ka maikai examples, a e e mālama i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha a me nā kiʻi o kahiko Novgorod.

Head hoʻohana i kekahiʻano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mahiole. E luku i hoʻohana 'pahikaua a me ka ihe ma ka lima a he lima hakakā hoʻohana flails a me nā lāʻau kīkī wela. Kaulua 'Imi hoʻohana kakaka a me crossbows. Crossbows conceded i loko o ka uku o ke ahi, akā, kaumaha manaʻo kōkua o nā pua ke hou i kekahi, a hiki i ka ikaika loa kapa kila hoa paio.

I ka moʻomeheu o kahiko Novgorod, koho i ka moolelo

Ka manaʻo o Orthodox Kristiano i ke kahua no ka mea pono, a me ka pono ideological ola o ka Novgorod lehulehu. Na luakini o kahiko Novgorod ohi i ka puu o ke kanaka, a alii ia e ka poe kahu. Office o Bishop, e like me ka lāʻau kū o ka Meia ma Novgorod ua koho. Koho ke kaʻina hana no ka uhane o na alihi kaua ua kekahi hana i loko o ke keʻena.

He hana hoihoi i ke ahiahi, i loko o ia mau kakahiaka lā ua kekahi kaʻina hana no ka koho ana i naita a me ka uhane luna. Ma-paena veche mau halawai i hai i ka inoa o ka ekolu moho, ka mea i noi ai i ka parchment, a hōʻailonaʻia Posadnik. A laila, Novgorod hele aku ma lalo o nā paia o St. Sophia ka luakini, kahi o ka hanohano, e huki hailona no ka noho kekahi makapo ke kanaka, a me ke keiki. Ka wae koho koke hōʻike, a ua koho ia Bishop hookipa hoohiwahiwa.

I ka XI kenekulia, ke kaʻina hana mea iki okoa. Ua Ua noʻonoʻo i ka uwa maila mea ole ka mea nana e hele, a ka mea noho, a lilo ae la ia i ka luna. Archpriest o St. Sophia Hale Pule Nui i hailona, e heluhelu mai i ka inoa, a ua ae e hai i ka inoa o ka uwa maila i ka hopena. Ma ka hapanui o na hihia, na haku lunakiai a me archbishops o Novgorod ekalesia lilo e kaao o ka wahi a monasteries a me ka poeikohoia o ka naita ma clergy.

Akā, he mau kekahi hihia ma ka wae i ole i defrocked. No laila, i ka 1139, i kēiaʻoihana kiʻekiʻe i lawe i ka County Klyuchnik Aleksy koho no ka pono a me ka piety. I ka mana o na archbishops ua loa kiʻekiʻe mawaena o na kanaka o Novgorod. More ma mua koke iho la laua pale aku me ka hakaka, Mirili Nuku mai, hoomaikai aku la lakou i ke kaua. Me ka pomaikai o ka haku i i ae aku, aole hoi waiwai, aole hoi ka oihana alii, a Novgorod Kuikahi me ke kipa luna a me nā 'elele o na aina.

Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o kahiko Novgorod

Ke no o kahiko Novgorod ninoaaeyao i kūikawā wahi i loko o ka mōʻaukala o Lūkini moʻomeheu. Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XII kenekulia Novgorod nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone kūkulu hale ma luna o lākou iho kumu hoʻohālike,ʻoki i ka pa o ka haipule hale iho, mua frescoes. Ma mua na lunakiai a me archbishops ka poe i Pomaikai kupono e noho ma ka lokomaikai kiekie kulana i loko o ka Ekalesia luna kiʻekiʻe, i hookoe mai i lilo i cathedrals a me ka ekalesia o kahiko Novgorod. I ka mana o ka ekalesia i ka ikaika ma ka lokomaikaʻi uku, mai ka aina nui, kanaka donations, Ka Waiho 'a me ka hoopai kahua.

Eia naʻe, ua ola mau masterpieces o ka laau kuhikuhipuʻuone a hiki i ka keia lā. Ke kakahiaka nui na ekalesia o Novgorod pili kēia replicate i ke kaulana Kiev Christian wahi hemolele, akā, ma ka wanaao o ka mea hou i loko o Ka Wā Kaukani na contours o na cathedrals o Novgorod hoike kekahi hiʻona. No ka laʻana, ka mea kahiko St. Sophia Hale Pule Nui Novgorod i ua mānewanewa ka like luakini i loko o ke kapikala Kiev mai.

Pelekane kona pā me ka kaumaha, leaden Dome, a me wale i ka kiʻekiʻe loa o ia mau mea, me ka lima, a me ke gula sparkles. Initially, Ua i ka Ekalesia Novgorod o Sana .. Sofia o ka laau, e like me nā mea a pau me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone nā hale o ia manawa. Akā, me ka palapala hale, ua ku no ma kahi o kanalima makahiki, ua wela i ka lepo i loko o ke ahi nui.

Prince Vladimir, ke keiki a Yaroslava Mudrogo, hoʻoholo ihola e kukulu i ka hou pohaku Hale Pule Nui, like me ka luakini kaulana o Kiev. E hana i kēia, i ka luna i, e hea aku i ka poʻe kālai pōhaku a me nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone mai Kiev -ʻaʻole i loaʻa i loko o Novgorod e uhau ana i ike ai i ka hana me ka pōhaku. Hale Pule Nui nanea hiʻona nui i waena o ka poʻe e noho lā ma Novgorod a me ka lima o ka - ma na Kuʻu nui o kona mau pā hiki ole ke ike no o na ahakanaka nui. Ka ekalesia mālama i ke kulanakauhale waihona kālā, a me nā paia o ka hale hūnā iā he wahi lihi iki o ke ahu o ka waiwai. Paha kekahi o ia mau mea i ike ole ia lakou a hiki i kēia lā.

Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XII kenekulia nā mea kūʻai mai na luakini a me nā hale hou 'ōili mai i ka ekalesia, a me ka waiwai aliʻi a me nā clerks. Other pepeiaohao nui examples o Novgorod kuhikuhipuʻuone - o Petero a me Paulo Hale Pule Nui ma ka hanaili, aia, o ka luakini o ka hoopahaohaoia'na o Ilin, Church o St. Theodore ma Stratelates Creek - kūkuluʻia ma luna o donations o ka naita. Boyars i ole stint ma ka Kalaiaina o ka ekalesia - nā lawelawe a pau i lawe mai ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke gula a me ke kālā na moku. Na paia o na luakini i hoʻonaniʻia me ka aahu murals ma i nā Artists a me icons o Novgorod, kākau i ka manawa, aole i hooki i ka, heʻe piʻoloke ihola i keia la.

Hoikehonua, Novgorod Hawaii

Iauaeoia oo? Ecia e e hiki ke loaʻa mākou manawa i loko o ka kēia mōʻaukala o Novgorod, he nui na kia hoʻomanaʻo i o keia kulanakauhale. Ka papa inoa o ka OAXA Hawaii - ke kaulana Detinets pinepine ae la oia i ke ahi i ka lehu, a hou ola ae la ia i loko o ke kenekulia 13th, wale i kēia manawa i loko o ka palapala o ka pohaku. Church o St. Paraskeva a me Volotovo Church,ʻo nā malihini i kona mea kupaianaha frescoes a me icons, ao alohilohi i'ōniʻoniʻo mea e ole tarnish a me keia la. No ka poe i ke aikane, e hookomo iho ia lakou iho i loko o ke au o kahiko Novgorod he mea he huakaʻi o ka hulikoehana hanaʻeliʻana Trinity - keia mea kahi e hiki ke hele i ke alanui o ka X kenekulia, a ike i ka nui o ka hoike ana o ka wā kahiko.

hualoaʻa

A hiki i ka XV kenekulia Novgorod alakai loa ai pakiko-lawa mō'ī kū i, lalau iho la a kau iho la kona mau pilikino E pili i kokoke'āina. Novgorod keiki ma kahi lōʻihi ma kela aoao o ka kūhelu palena o ka na'lii. I ka waiwai o kona poe kanaka a me ka holomua kuai ana o Laielohelohe i ka noonoo ana o nā mea a pau i ke kokoke Hawaii. Novgorod pinepine i, e hoomalu aku i ko lakou Kuokoa, hōʻikeʻana i ka hae o ka Swedes, Livonians, ka Kelemānia naita a me kā lākou mau irrepressible hoalauna - Moscow a me Suzdal ko na'lii,.

Me ka waiwai o ka Luna Nui Duchy o Lithuania Novgorod makemake e kuai, aole i kaua aku, kuai ana ma waena o nā aupuniʻelua i ka lōʻihi hanauna. Moʻolelo manaʻo i ka mea, ua mai o ka hema ma ka aina o Novgorod hele mai i ka hoʻonaʻauao aupuni e, a leie aku kēlā noa kāna kāne i ka heluhelu, a kākau. Noiʻi huli nui birch-wauke pepa la me ko ka hale ona a aʻo kikokikona mea i loko o ka aina Novgorod - haʻalele paha 'ē aʻe ko na'lii, ma hope o ka'opi o Kievan Rus,' aʻole e paʻa nui i ke kiʻekiʻe o kaʻike heluhelu o kona mau kupa.

Eia naʻe, mana a me ka waiwai moku'āina hiki ole ke ku i ka hoao ana o ka manawa. pâʻani 'o ia i nāʻano pākīkē kuwaho o koi hoohui aina o Lūkini nā panalāʻau e ke kūlana. Novgorod ua i hiki ia lakou ke ku imua i ka hae o ka kaua Ivana Groznogo, a ma ka 1478 i hoohui i loko o ka Luna Nui Duchy o Moscow. Rich moʻomeheu a me ka moolelo i nā haule i loko o palaho, i ke kikowaena o ka moʻomeheu a me ka maalea neʻe ma ka hikina hema, a me Novgorod e ho'ōla lilo i maʻamau moku'āina kulanakauhale.