Palekh'āhihi. People lawaiʻa ma ke kauhale o Palekh

Kekahi o ka loa nani ke ano o na kanaka akamai o ka Lūkini lacquer'āhihi, laekahi ioauoa o i i ke aupuni 'o Palekh, Fedoskino, Mstera a me Kholui. Makamua mawaena konu o keia akamai - i ke kauhale o Palekh o ka Ivanovo māhele 'āina, mai a na Artists ma luna o nā kenekulia,ʻaʻole wale pena icons, akā, pū pena i ka paia ma ka Orthodox ekalesia, a hoihoi hou ia i ka ekalesia kahiko a me ka cathedrals. Palekh'āhihi, a kū aʻela ia i ka hopena o ka pono a me nā loli i i hanaia i loko o Rusia ma hope o ka OctoberʻOiʻenehana o 1917, ua hiki ke malama i ka makahiki-kahiko mooolelo o ikona pena, a hoolilo ia lakou i ka mea hou ano, a hoʻopiha i ka ai ole nui a hiki i ke kaiāulu maʻiʻo.

I ka moolelo o Lūkini lacquer

Ke Lūkini lacquer pena ua ola no ka oi ma mua o nā kenekulia. Ua Ua manaoia e ia i ka hoʻomaka o ka welau o ka XVIII kenekulia, i ka wa a ka Moscow kalepa Korobov hoʻokumu i ka hola no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o lacquered visors manao no ka mea Lūkini koa pālule. Lacquered'āhihi iʻikeʻia i kekahi mau mea ma hope, i ka wa ma ka Lūkini imperial hale hana mau o ka'ūpā koli lilo kaila. Korobov ua hiki nō koke e hoonohonoho i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o'āhihi lacquer poho -'ūpā koli. Over manawa, i kēia mau gizmos i ua hoʻohana e decorate i ka lumi. Alaila, o ko lakou mea hoʻonani koi e kiekie ae. Hope na hana o Lūkini Artists i noticeably okoa mai Western Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o ana i keʻano hana o ke kanawai, e like me ka pono me ka kanaka i ka hai lahui külana. Ke'ī mai, ma ka Lūkini lacquer'āhihi ikea huapalapala, a, e hoohuli mai hoolaʻi kaʻao a me nā kaʻao o ka panina, a kahiko Lūkini moʻokalaleo, hōʻike i ka mooolelo Lūkini a me ka aoao o ke ola, e paʻi i ka nani o ka puni ano.

Oaio? Ia o Lūkini lacquer'āhihi

Ma Rusia i keia la, he eha-oaio? A, a i 'Imi? Ac? Aaioea ola mooolelo kahiko o Lūkini nō o ka'āhihi lacquer pena: Fedoskino, Palekh, Holuy a me Mstera. Ma mua o ka 1917 kipi, i nā kūlanakauhale a pau koe Fedoskino, iʻikeʻia i loko o Rusia like ka nui ioauoa o ikona pena, i hana ole wale ke ikona, akā, i ka hoomakaukau ana no ka hoihoi hou ia ana o ka haku a me ka pa i pena o ka luakini. Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau-oaio? A ho okumu i ka icons ma ka pono Orthodox moolelo, akā, ka mea no hoi i kona mau kiʻiona insignia. Masters o Kholui, a hiki i hiki i loko o ka iconography, ua kokoke i ka Lūkini kuʻuna realism, e noho ana Mstera hahai i ka mooolelo o ka Old manaoio kaiaulu o okoa Lūkini wahi, Palekh Artists hana i ka loa Canonicity Orthodox icons.

Pehea i iconography ma Palekh

Ma ka XVI kenekulia Palekh noho ma lalo o ka aoao o ka-oaio? Ua kaua kipi iconography mua a me Kholui Shuya hoomaka ae la e ho'āʻo i kona lima ma kākau icons. Hoao ana, ua mau a me ka loa holomua i kapa ia.

Ma ka waena o ka XVII kenekulia ka lono o ka Palekh ikona pena i Moscow, a me Artists i ke kono e hana hana i ke alo alii. Inā ma ka XVII kenekulia i loko o ka'āina o Vladimir ikona kakau iho la oia i na nui kulanakauhale kokoke, i loko o ka XVIII kenekulia i ka papa kuhikuhiE icons ekolu-oaio: Holuy, Mstera a me Palekh. Paleshane, e like nā kupa o ka oi industrialized Mstera Kholui a, a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o XIX kenekulia hui lākou nā loina mahiai me ka palapala ana o icons i loko o kou noa manawa i loko o ke kula. Vyrisovalas pono ka malama ana i ka mooolelo o na icons i hana lohi, a ua pipiʻi.

Ka hoʻomaka o ka XIX kenekulia ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka heyday o Palekh ikona pena. Ka hoʻomaka 'ana i loko o Palekh icons kuai ole wale i loko o ke poʻo, a me ka nui Lūkini kūlanakauhale, akā, i kahi e.

Ma ka waena o ka XIX kenekulia ma Palekh hoʻonohonoho mua nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao no Safonov, Corinne, a me Nanykinu UDALOVA. Ma ka hoʻomaka o XX ke kenekulia, ke? Iecaianoaaiiie o icons ua lilo he ākea, ho'ēmi a emi mea e like ai. Ke Hekikai o nike kiʻi, paiia typographically, alakai aku ai i ka emi ana o iconography a me ka hoʻopau o kekahi mau loa-ikeia pōʻeleʻele loa. I ke kakahiaka nui iwakālua kenekulia ma Kholui, Palekh a me Mstera e malama i na mooolelo o Lūkini ikona pena mana Komite aʻo nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao i hana, a mau ae la a hiki i 1917.

Ka Soviet manawa

Ma hope o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana, i ka 1923, ka hapanui o na Artists ma Palekh jobless. Kekahi i hele aku ma ka huli ana o ka hana i loko o ke kūlanakauhale, i kekahi i ho'āʻo e e toys, kona mau kīʻaha a ulana i kamaa. A 1923 he mau ho'āʻo e ke hakuloli i ka mua ikona-pena i ka pahu, toys a me ka laauʻoihana. Eia naʻe, na mea i ole hele i ka pono me ka pono no ke kala o ka nui puke ma haʻahaʻa holo 'awelika, a me ka loa' ano o ka huina hoonui alakaʻi ai i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o haʻahaʻa a me nā huahana.

Ka lā, i ka wa ia i hanaia e Palekh lacquer'āhihi i loko o ka palapala ma ka a mākou i ka mea pono e manao like i ka hope o 1922, e hoomaka ana mai o 1923. Ua i laila i ka hale kiaka artist Ivan Golikov ferrous workpieces i ka papier-mache e hana i kekahi haku mele "ʻAdamu i loko o ka paradaiso." Kēia hana ka hoihoi i loko o ka hooponopono ana o ka Handicraft Museum (i keia la - Folk Art Museum), i ua e lawa laina i artist a me ka uku no kana hana. I ka wā e hiki mai, i ke kaʻina hana pili I. V. Markichev, af a me IP Kotuhin Vakurov. Created ma kēia mau 'o Puʻohala i hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o 1923 ma ka National Art, a me ia' oihana Exhibition ma Moscow, a ua hookoia ka palapala puka o ka 1st degere. I ka makahiki 1924, i ka hōʻike i nā Artists ma Venice, a ma ka makahiki 1925 - i loko o Paris, kahi āna i hana mai i ka furor a me keia manawa, i ka pomaikai nui. A pau i kēia alakaʻi ai i ka mea i ka December 5, makahiki 1924 ma Palekh VV a door Kotuhinymi, AI a me AI I.Zubkovymi, Markicheva IV, IM a me I. aku la o Bakanov . Golikov ua hanaia Artel o kahiko pena.

Keiki Palekh'āhihi ke ehuehu o ka helu o nā pilikia: mua o nā mea a pau, e pono ai mākou i ka hou mea - he papier-mache, kona 'ike loea iʻaʻole pono-ikeia Artists, Paleshane, eia hoi, ka mea, ua pono, e neʻe mai ka pena i lalo pūnaewele icons no formatting mea a me nā' ikamu i i ka leo a me ka shape.

Aʻano o nā kinona, a pena Palekh mau haku i poe kauwa i kona mau lā nui: brooches, bisernitsy,'ānoninoni, poho, uahi paka hihia a me ka'ūpā koli poho, eyeglass hihia a me ka pauka pahu, a mea 'ē aʻe. Palekh'āhihi o ka manawa i ka haʻi ornamental kinohi, akā, ka mea i nele i ka vivid kiʻi a me ka Hawaiʻi storyline. Ka loaʻana a me ka hanohano mau mele o ka manawa e noho ana i ke kaua, i ka cowherd, iʻiʻo holoholona hihiu, partying a me triples.

Palekana i ka olelo i ka mea i loko o nā 20s o ka iwakalua kenekulia ma Palekh lacquer'āhihi i hanaʻia ma lalo o ka aoao o nā ke kahiko Lūkini ikona-pena mooolelo, a me ke ao ana o ke akamai.

Ka postwar makahiki

I kaʻumi makahiki mua o ka maluhia, he nui na haku o Palekh'āhihi i loko o kona mau hana, eh ÷ ike ai likeʻole kaua, e hoohuli, nā nei puka 'o ia mai ka Mahele Kaua Honua a me nā kaua nui i lawe kaulana i ka Lūkini kaua. Ma nā kanalima, e like me na mea he nui kiʻiʻoniʻoni, lacquer'āhihi Palekh uaʻike piʻi he ahuwale ka hoʻoponopono ulia, a i ke kumu ma ka welelau o na mea he nui Artists i excessive realism, akit ana mai o ka hana a me ka Awaits ano hoohanohano a ano o ka hana o ka mua makahiki. Palekh'āhihi, Hawaii photo hooku iho la ia ia ma lalo nei, maopopo iho la i hōʻike i ka aoao o ka Soviet ideology o ka manawa ma ka Artists.

Excessive realism, monumentality a me pathos i emi iho ka hapanui o na hana hanaia i loko o kēia mau makahiki, nae, a koe kekahi mau haku ua hoola ana i ka mooolelo o ka romanticism a me ka mea kahiko kula.

Nā sixties i wehewehe aku e monumentality a me ka excessive naturalistic e hele, akā, i ka mauna, a me ka pilialoha Ohana hoi mai la a hiki i ka Palekh lacquer'āhihi hou i poetic a me ka allegorical. I loko o kēia wā, Artists paleshane hoopii ole wale i ka poʻe kumu, akā, no hoi i na hana o ka panina moʻokalaleo, e like me kaʻiʻo nō o kēia mele. I ka Ia manawa socially nui hanana, e like me, no kekahi laʻana, kanaka makahiki lele aku, a ua loaʻa kona mau manaʻo i loko o nā hana o na haku.

Nā seventies a me eighties o ka XX kenekulia ua i ka manawa o ka pomaikai no o Palekh pena. Palekh Artists i kono e hoʻomōhala e puhi ia o likeʻole Soprano papahana, mea hoʻonani no nā keiki a me nā moʻomeheu hui.

modernity

Ua ola makou mahope o ka pilikia 90s, ua haʻalele paleshane lākou kuʻuna lawaiʻa. Palekh nō kula makahiki produces opiopio Artists, malama ka hoopakele ana i na mooolelo a me nā 'ano, a mea i hoihoi' Palekh'āhihi. I kēia lā, aia nō kekahi mau Free a me ka 'ohana pāʻoihana, ua i loko o ka hula Palekh lacquer kēia mea kūʻai.

kiʻiona hiʻona

Palekh pena, e like kekahi 'ē hoolaʻi nō ia i hanaʻia ma kekahi mau mea, i kona mau kiʻiona hiʻona a me nā kuʻuna Hawaiʻi. E like me ua oleloia, o ka iconic iʻa no kenekulia ka hoolea i ke Palekh. Lacquered Thumbnail icons ia ma ma ka ai iiiaanoaa o nā hiʻona, e like me, no ka mea hoike, o ka hana haku mele 'ana, a me ka meticulous nānā i ka au mamuli. Mākou ke olelo aku i ka Palekh'āhihi ku ae la ma ka mooolelo kahiko o ikona pena. Mai kula aupuni 'ē aʻe Palekh lacquer pena kaila ua wehewehe aku ma na kēia mau hiʻona:

• prorisovyvanie paa mele a me kanaka;
• 'āhihi pena;
• kuluma kāna a richness ornamental kumu;
• meticulous au mamuli o kēlā me kēia hehee ai;
• elongation a me ka fragility o kanaka huahelu;
• fineness o kanaka i ka ke kino wahi kokoke;
• heʻano o ke ano mahele ma;
• E hoʻohana i pouli wahi like;
• i ke ano o ka hua tempera;
• pena gula.

Akā, ma ka mea no ka artist ua hiki e hoʻomaka e pili ana thumbnails, e pono e hana mua i kekahi papier-mâché huahana mea, e haʻalele '.

Pehea e e papier-mache?

Ua ua i ka pepa, i ka mua oki i holehole mai ai, i ke kāpili ma luna, moʻa palaoa palaoa, a noi i ka laau punahelu (ingot) ano. Hope e loaa i ke koi 'ia kona mānoanoa, pu me ka pepa hakahaka ua paa ia ma ka kūikawā ahakanaka. Ma lalo o ka puʻuwai, ka mea, ua hoohuliia mai i loko o paipu o kekahi mau kinona a me ka nui like 'ole. 'opihia pela ka ponaʻana i maloʻo ma ka mehana no ma kahi o elua pule. Ka maloo preform ua kuu iho la i ka po, e mahana linseed kaʻaila no ka impregnation, ma hope i ka mea, i maloʻo no ka eha lā i loko o ka umu kūikawā ma i ka mahana ua mālama 'ia ma ka 120 ⁰ C. Ma ke kakahiaka mua o ka workpiece ka aina primed a. Ma hope o wili i kona kino mawaho,ʻilikai mau superposed papa oʻeleʻele lacquer, a me ka loko - Oil varnish me ka cinnabar. I ka pau ana o ke kaʻina hana lacquered ka ili honua holoʻokoʻa me kekahi mau papa o ka lacquer malamalama. Ma hope o ke noi ana o kela a me keia, ahu iho o ka preform ua maloʻo ma ka kekahi ana wela i loko o ka umu. Wale ma hope o nā mea a pau kēia mau manipulations, ka artist e e hiki, e hoʻomaka pena.

'Ana i kūpono a me kāu kiʻina hana

I ua kaulana, kekahi o nā 'ano i uluhia e Palekh lacquer'āhihi pena o ia i hua manu tempera pena. I mea e pena e ole nei i ka pahee varnish luna, ka mea, mai ka 'ia me ka pōhaku pumice. Ke contour o ka wā e hiki mai kiʻi ua pili i ka huina hoonui, he mau pahi penikala, a hana underpainting. He no ia, a, e e pili ana i ka haku, a me ka ai iiiaanoaa o ka aniani moakaka lahilahi papa o ka pena. Total walaʻauʻana a me ke kapuai o e pili ana i ke kiʻi o ka elima.

1. Roskrysh - ka papa kuhikuhiE basting silhouettes a me contours.

2. e noho ae - clarifying na contours a me ka malu.

3. Plavi - ana wai a momoma lessirovochnomu HW hahau ana.

4. Blikovka - notching hanaia hehee gula.

5. Kauaikép pena gula kumu.

Mahope, ke gula kāhiko kele pūnaewele likeʻula anaiiaʻohana a iliohae niho, laila, i ka 'atikala holoʻokoʻa kapa komo iā ia me 6-7 papa o ka lacquer. Ma hope o ke noi ana o kela a me keia hana ua maloʻo, anaiia ma ka kūikawā anaiia uha, a laila, ae hoʻopau lima anaiia. Lacquered surfaces, anaiia i ke aniani hoʻopau, e haawi ana i ke kiʻi i hoʻohuiʻia hohonu a me ka hoolaha aku i ke HW "kani" hou waiwai a me ka pahee.