Pehea e ai Fish? Hila, me nā hale a me nā'ōlelo o fungi. He aha holoholona ai Fish?

Mawaena o ka ululaau flora loa he wahi lihi iki o ka pohihihi mea. Akā, hoʻokahiʻano o ke kanu meaola ma ka akau mea ma ka luna kulana he conditional pane lākiō o ka mea pohihihi a me nā ala malū. Mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i Fish. Epekema nō mai i ike pono i? Ueo o meaola ka mea, no: i ka flora paha? Aaoa. A nei Fish i manaoia ka poeikohoia o ka laau honua. Akā, kēia manawa a pau o Botany i oi ihola e hōʻoleʻia kāna i kēia mea mahuʻi. A ina pela, alaila, e pili ana i ke ao nei o ka holoholona. Ma keia hihia, aia no he loa hana hoihoi nīnau: "? Pehea eʻai Fish"

Ke aupuni o ka fungi

I ka like o kēia mau kupanaha hanaia 'na o ke' ano ua hana i loko o ka a pau ma amau o ka botany. Ua Ua kapaia mycology (a me ka hiki ana i ka ai Fish, Grade 7 loaʻa ma schoolwork). mākou a hiki ina hoʻomaka mai ka Roma inoa o Fish - Fungi, a Mycota, e lilo ia i akaka ia mea, o ka mea a pau ao nei. A, e like me kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema - i ke aupuni o unstudied meaola.

Ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka fungi mea i ka mea, hui pu iho la i ka hiʻona o nā holoholona, a me ka laau ola. Oia 'ē aʻe botanists kapa eukaryotic meaola. Back i loko o ka hoʻomaka o ka XIX kenekulia, ua? Aaei kekahi kānakaʻepekema i loko o kona mau palapala kahińuli na Fish i loko o ke kaʻawale aupuni. Eia naʻe, he manao hope ma luna o ka mea i hana wale nō i loko o ka 70-ies o XX kenekulia. Ua i laila i kńnaka i kākoʻo 'ia i ka pono no ka Fish i loko o ka kaʻawale honua. Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XX kenekulia, loaa ka ike i loko o ke ao o ka hana kupanaha aupuni ae nā kānakaʻepekema, e puunaue i ka meaola i loko o kekahi mau loa unrelated i kekahi i kekahi laina, a hāʻawi iā lākou i kekahi mau aupuni a pau.

I ka hopena o ke ao "maoli" Fish ua manaoia e lilo i hoʻokahi wale nō ano. Makou aʻo ana ia mea "he mea kanu" me ka papale a me anei i mea olaʻano nui ma ka ululaau. I ka mea, i kapaʻia a pau ano i keia ano o ka punahelu, a koʻohune fungi. A hoohalike ia me ka poe e noho ana ma ka hoakaka i loko o ka limu, ia mea aneane hiki ole i. Ma hope o nā mea a pau - a me keia mea ma ka liʻiliʻi loa - koʻohune a me fungiʻai okoa.

I ka hoʻomaka o ka XXI kenekulia, a hiki i ka nui loa ka wehewehena o "Fish" Ua controversial. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka loa haiki ka hoohalike ana, i pili i ka liluwelo taxonomy, ia mea kūpono ke hoʻohana i ka makahiki "taxon" (he 'ano o nā aupuni a pau o ke ano). I ka wa kahiko, nui palahalaha ano, keia inoa i ka liu o ka mua manaʻo. I kēia mea Ho'ākāka 'ka? Aneeo a me ka trophic pae, a lawe pu heterotrophic eukaryotes me osmotrofnym' ano o ka hoʻoponopono '(i ka mea a mākou e hoihoi i loko: pehea e ai Fish). Kālaimeaola ua nō këia i ke kahe ana. Akā, ka pili ana o ka lala mau o keia genus me ka uha mua, a ua inaina i ka, mea maʻa mau hoakaka mycology. A ua ho'āʻo i ka hana me ka "ano o" a me "a kohu pono" fungi e noho mākou nahele a me nā kula.

'ano

Liluwelo a? Aneeo ka nohona o ke aupuni, ua alahula mau. 'O kēia kekahi o nā manaʻo nui loa ano o ka noho ana meaola, a nō ka integral hapa o nā mea a pau ano honua kahi a me ka wai me kona pono. E like me ke kālā no noiʻi, i ka lā, loaʻa nō 100 a hiki i 250 tausaniʻokoʻa? Ueo o fungi.

I ka makahiki 2008, i ke aupuni Fungi, ua manao epekema 36 papa, 140 kauoha, 560 ohana a me 8283 hoʻopau i ka inoa nōhie o keia? Ueo. Kilakila oeeo?! He oiaio, Fish hoopiha nui i niche i loko o ka? Aneie AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ke kanaka. Ka mea, i keia manawa ma ka aneane kekahi 'ia: i loko o ka wai, ma ka'āina, ma nā mea a pau ka dukima o substrates.

Pehea e ai Fish? Ka pōkole pane He nani puni hoʻi: .. lākou mau decomposers, 'o ia hoʻi, decompose kela ano keia ano o ke aloha mau mea, oiai ka paepaeʻana i ke kahua o ka hou momona lepo papa. Ua hiki e manao like i kekahi primitive mana. Akā, mai hoopoina i na keʻano o ka hanaʻana hula kūlanaʻano nui i loko o ka kālaikaiaola o ka biosphere holoʻokoʻa.

piha noi

Kekahi mea nui e pōʻino oihana o fungi i loaʻa i loko o nā 'ano o ka symbiotic nā kaiāulu. No ka laʻana, ka mea mycorrhiza - 'ona pū' mycelium aa o kiekie ae kanu, lichen - symbiosis o ka fungus me ka uliuli-uliuli līoho, etc. A me ka poeikohoia o ka mea neokalimastigovyh i OAXA ke keʻena o ka digestive kaʻina hana i loko o ruminants ... A me ka na holoholonaʻai ma luna o fungi, a me ka hiki ole ke olelo. Just hoʻomaka helu!

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i kekahi kanaka, a laila, e like me ka makou i ike, he wahi lihi iki o ka laha 'ana o fungi hoʻohana i ka ai, a me ka' inikua ka hale hana. Culinary meaʻai poʻokela pepa o na mea he nui nā meaʻai o ko ke ao nei, ua i mai o keia nutritious,ʻono a me ka olakino huahana. Lākou hanalima mahi ka loa mahalo. Aia ka he okoa ka hana? Iecaianoaaiiuo o kūikawā mea no ka mahi ana i Fish. Mau huahana i manaoia no ka kânaka ka poe i komo i loko o kā lākou mahi i loko o ka hale. A mahiʻai Pono e ike pehea eʻai Fish. Olelo he nui hopena ma productivity a me ka hana koina.

A nui loa ke olonā microscopic fungi, e pinepine ia i loko o ka meaʻai hana no ka makaukau ana o nā mea inu, i mea nui i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka fermentation kaʻina. 'Aʻole i AOON a me ka laau lapaau. Ma kēia biotechnology? Iecaianoaaiiuo o antibiotics i kekahi hoʻohana 'ia e kekahi laha' ana o kēia mau microorganisms.

Fungal weliweli

Naʻe, i ka fungi hiki ke hoopili a me ka poho. E pono e poina i ka palapala fungi, i ulu ma undisturbed? Aneeo nenoai, ke lilo ia i mea nui pilikia i hua'ōlelo o ka maluhia. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO mai oweliweli i ka hoʻoweliweli 'ana i kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni olelo a me ka mau o kanaka haʻawina, ka mea hiki i ili maʻi - ringworm, a me kekahi manawa,' inoʻino loa i na nā loko - hohonu mycoses. A me ka mea pili ole wale kanaka akā, i nā holoholona.

Loa ka pilikia i kanaka kaʻapu kōheoheo i e "kahiko" make Fish. Ma kekahi mau hihia, o ka make me ke kūʻokoʻa. Oia kaʻapu kōheoheo ua ana, kena ae la ia e ka 'ai, inu o loaʻawahia a hallucinogenic Fish.

alodio mea Maluna

Kamailio e pili ana i kēia mau mea kupaianaha meaola, au makemake e pane i ka ninau e like me ka nui a me ka hana hoihoi: "? Pehea eʻai Fish" Nā pane i loa like, a me keia hoʻowahāwahā i ka oiaio i ka hapanui o ia no a hiki i ka ia pūʻulu - nā kūlana Basidiomycetes. Kona mau 'elele mea he nui oko ao i hua'ōlelo o ka maoli meaʻaiʻai ana.

Inā mākou classify edible nahele huahana ma pehea e ulu, a pehea e ai Fish, ka mea hiki ke maheleia i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu ekolu:

• saprotrophs humus;
• laau-luku fungi;
• mycorrhiza.

By humus saprotrophs i ka poe Fish mycelium i hohola i loko o ka humus, ahu iho o ka lepo. Fishʻai ma luna o ke aloha mea i loaa i loko o ka loa iaʻi lāʻau, ka mauu, etc. It mea hana hoihoi i na mea he nui o ko lakou ulu ana ma hamama hakahaka - .. nā mahinaʻai, ke kula mauʻu, hehi cii. Kēia pūʻulu kuhikuhi nā mea maikaʻi-ike ai i nā mea a pau fungi e like Fish, raincoats a me ka lepo. He aha ai Fish Moana? I ka mea, aohe mea i ka pono, ka mea, e saprotroph. Akā, makemake e hopu i nāʻano a ola microorganisms. E hana i kēia, i ka Moana i kūikawā maalea, e hiki ae oe, e hopu i waiwai pio. Loa pinepine, keia aoao o ka lina kino o ka fungus: hyphae latike, na lala o ka mycelium. Akā, aia no kekahi poe i literally i umi wale ia luahi ua hoʻomaka koke e māhuahua ma ka nui.

I ka inoa o ka lua o ka pūʻulu olelo no ka iho. Wood-e luku fungi, a ksilotrofy noho ana i loko o ka lāʻau. Ka mahuaola ia keʻano o ka hanaʻana i lawe mai ma fungi o ka mea pono keia mau waiwai, i mea i loko o ka wauke o ka laau. Nō kāu, e loaʻa kēia mau fungi i loko o ka ulu lāʻau, a, ma ka huli, e māheleʻia i loko o nā conditional pūʻulu: Fish-parasites a me fungi saprotrophs. pehea eʻai ma luna o Fish-parasites I ka noonoo ana, ka mea i ike i ka mea, seriously pepehi lāʻau, selyas ma luna o lākou ili. Oiai kekahi o ia makemake e ulu i make wahie ka mea, ua hoʻololi i ke ala e saprotrophic mana.

Loa artificially mahi Fish - ksilotrofov - e pili ana i ka subgroup saprotroph. Ka mea, i hookuu hoʻomōhala ma luna o nā kumu a make ka laau. I waena o kēiaʻano mea waiwai i olelo ia ma ka luawai-ike oyster, kau Armillaria a me shiitake. Mau Fish mau waiwai, no ka mea, hiki e ulu makahiki-a ma ka lūmaua. Ma kūikawā mau mea, me ka nānā 'ia, no ka laʻana, wao lāʻau hana, he mea hiki, e hoonohonoho i kekahi ano o ka aina.

kanu symbiosis

Mycorrhizal fungi, i mea conditional kolu o ka pae, he nui loa amenable iʻimi hoʻopunipuni mahi. Ma? Acaeoey, ka mea i pili loa i pili i na aa o ka laau nui, ho okumu ia mycorrhiza - he ano o ke kumu kahua. Ma keia hihia, piha symbiosis ia lŘlŘ no laila, i ka laau a me ka fungus like pono i kekahi i kekahi. Tree ioeo hoʻolako i ka Fish-pono ikehu, pono,ʻo ia, ma ka huli, ua hoakaka i ka wahie e pono ai mea pōhaku ka mahuaola. ʻano nui phosphorus a me ka naikokene.

Pehea e ai Fish? Na lola honua hapa ua densely māhele aku i loko o ka lepo, criss-e holo i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka mea kanu a me ka lawelawe i ka hana o ke kumu lauoho. Part o ka hyphae komo i loko o ke kumu'ōnaehana o ka papa laau, nā pōʻalo ka māhuaola. ʻO nā nā pōʻalo o ka lepo wai, mea pōhaku paʻakai a me nā solutes, kaʻoi loa naikokene maʻiʻo. Pela i loaa i hapa 'ia' ana i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu'ōnaehana o na mea kanu, a i malama like he nutrient haku mele 'ana i ka fungus iho.

Kekahi hana hoihoi oiaio mea i mycorrhizal ke hoʻomōhala me ke kumu'ōnaehana a kiekie mea kanu. Akā, ma keia hihia, mai lilo fruiting kino o keia fungus. 'O kēia ka hana ma ka hale, a me ka fungus culturing keʻokeʻo kokoke ana subspecies (boletuses, Aspen (CO)). I mea no ke aha la keia pae ana o fungi ua ole artificially mahi. 'Oiai, he mea ole rula ole' ia. No ka laʻana, ma Farani a me Germany ia mea loa e like me ka mahi o kaʻeleʻele truffle, i ulu ma na aa o beech a me ka lāʻauʻoka Mahikō.

E ai ana Fish

It E e kaulana i hanaiia Fish i hoomakaukau-i ke aloha i huiʻia. Akā nō, a Mānoa i ka papa kuhikuhiE ua pâʻani 'o ia e hui me kekahi o carbon manawa. Kalapona - i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka ikehu fungi. Keʻai edible fungi nui o ke alo o nitrogenous waiwai - ka mea, hoʻoulu ulu. No ka mea, o keia, hokii, o'okanikaʻole mea ua loa pinepine mai la oia i na fungi hānai ma autotrophic. Nō kāu, keia'amoniuma nitrate a me'amoniuma paʻakai o na nā mea loaʻa. Ma waho kalapona a me ka naikokene mele fungi hoʻohana a me ka ai iiiaanoaa o ka mea pōhaku oihana mua - kalipuna, makanekiuma, phosphorus. A me ka micronutrient Fish e noi mai ana i nā mea e like me ke keleawe, a me ka kiniki manganese.

Akā nō, ina oe e noi ana pehea e ai Fish, i ka pōkole pane e e like penei: heterotrophically. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea,ʻaʻole kū kaʻawale hiki hoʻokō''okanikaʻole nā minelala hao i loko o ke aloha. No laila, pono a pau o ke kemu i loko o ka palapala o ka "koʻana koko pāʻoihana".

Knowledge e pili ana pehea e ai Fish, ua nui loa i loko o kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni mahi o edible lala o keia Aupuni. Ma hope e pili ana i ka maikaʻi 'ia ai kā lākou mau ka ulu ana - i ke ki i ka holomua hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Animals a me fungi

Ma muli o ka mea ma luna o kūʻiʻo, ka mea i ike i na Fish i mea hoʻomaoe he nui no ke kanaka me ka ai maka oukou ia mea wahi o ka Hawaii. Akā, i ka i ke kahua me na? Aaoa? He aha ka i ka waiwai o ko ke ao nei mai o Fish mea no ia? He aha holoholona ai Fish? Kēia mau nīnau hiki ke pane mai ma ka nana ana i au mamuli o kaʻano o ka loa e like me ka poʻe e noho lā ma ka ulu lāʻau. It E e kaulana koke i ka mea e loa e ae ana i ka ai na mea he nui na holoholona hihiu, e like me Moose, squirrels, bea, dia.

More aiia ai Fish ike nahele iole. Ka mea, eia, nae, kākaʻikahi hana laau, hoopakela aku e ai aku i ka loa ono 'ana ma luna o ka honua. Hana akamai no mea e ulu iole-V somehow ai Stipe, e waiho ana kōna ka i hoowahawaha ai. A ina ua ike i ka nui helu o nā pālule e moe ana ma luna o ka honua Aspen (CO) Fish, aʻeleʻele chap boletus, ia mea heʻoiaʻiʻo hōʻailona ia keia wahi ua nei murine ahaaina.

Kekahi elele o na manu i aloha Fish. Ka mea,ʻai lākou wale nō i loko o ke kau-Akuma ka manawa, sklevyvaya pono ma ka honua. Ke kuko no ka fungi kānakaʻepekema i kikokiko jay, grouse a me kekahi? Ueo o grouse. A ka mea, ua hulu i ka kokololio laha o ka nahele i nā makana, e hali ana i fungal spores (hookaawale ia me feces) i loko o kekahi 'ano keʻena mau mea o kaʻikena kaiapuni. He nō e hiki, no ka mea spores, maalo ae la oia ma ka digestive'ōnaehana o nā manu, e noho hauma¯na kahi e germinate.

squirrel me ke koe

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i kumuʻiʻo, ma ke kauwela manawa, ka mea e ai ana, a Fish ma ka honua. I ka hooilo manawa, kumuʻiʻo i hanai lako, wa e ohi ai mamua. Fish hoʻopiha i ka pantry no ka hooilo holoholona hoʻomaka i ka hopena o ke kauwela. No hoi, he hana hoihoi nuance o ka mea i mua waho pūnaewele o ka Fish i maloo ma ka la e pale hou ka palaho. Nō kāu, ke kumuʻiʻo ua kau ia ma luna o ka lāʻau no laila, i ka mea e ole lilo pio oluolu i nā aiia ai i ka huina hoonui. Loa pinepine oia hoʻohana twigs o conifers. Loa emi kumuʻiʻo wale hoolakolako mai lākou pio i ka oluolu kumu a me ka pono palahalaha surfaces.

Inā ma September, e hele ana i loko o na ululaau, lawe i kokoke nana i kekahi hiapo a Pin, e hiki pinepine hai na hoailona o kaʻohiʻana i kēia mau furry holoholona. Ua pono, ma luna o ke dala o ka laina i no ka hooilo hiki e hookolokoloiaʻi e au, mai o nā 'ikepili helu i hoakaka ia ma kaʻepekema. Ka awelika kumuʻiʻo e huli i ka loko o hoʻokahi kau i 200 huahelu o like fungi. Iwi kilakila helu, o ka oi aku ia oe i manao ia he nui Hoʻohana o na Stores kūlana 'ka keʻokeʻo Fish. Ka huina kaumaha o ka maloʻo huahana hiki e mai i 600 nā huna. Kēia mea like paha i kahi o 6 kg o ka ia Fish maka.

Amanita - awaawa make, ai ole pōmaikaʻi ai?

A o ka mea e ai Fish i loko o ka ulu lāʻau? Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i nui nahele e noho ana, ka mea mua i olelo ia mea kumu kūʻai o ia mea i ka Moose. Mau holoholona He keu maoli loa leʻaleʻa o Fish, a me kekahi mau? Ueo. Me ka mahalo i ka Moose ka loa hoihoi 'o ka mea e ae ana lakou e ai i ka nalo agaric, a no ka nui loa? Aaoa? Ueo i make. ʻepekema i loa hoihoi i loko o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i kēia pukana, akā, no laila, mamao hiki ole wehewehe i ka kiko'ī' ano o ka kŰia. He nui no ia e ihola i ka manaʻo i loko o keia aoao o ka Moose somehow "disinfect" kou kino. Aia mea no hoi ka manao i kekahi nā minelala hao Fish paipai digestion elk.

Ma keia manao, ua e hoailona oukou i ole wale holoholona, akā, i kanaka i kekahi manawa, e hoʻohana lele agaric. Akā, e like holoholona, ao kanaka iʻai amanita wale nō no ka 'inikua hana. Ma kua'āina mau mea, nō e keʻano o ke kanakaʻona mau tincture ma luna o ke kumu o keia fungus. Ua Ua ua kūkākūkāʻia e lākou hoʻohana ka poʻea pau i ka iapaau ana o ka rumatika.

I mea Fish iloko o ka hailona ana i pono keia mau mea, nā mea kanaka a me ka holoholona kumumea hehee wale. A me ia mea i ka manaʻo o ka 'inikua Kāohiʻana, aʻaʻole pono mai ka pololi, he nui na holoholona hana ia no ka ai.