'O ka laina mea'ai: nā mea like. Pehea i ho'omohala'ia ai ke kāina'ai?

Ma ke'ano ola,'a'ohe mea ola e ola'ole ai i nā meaola'ē a'e a'a'ole paha e'ai i nā mea'ai. No laila, nui nā manu'ai e hānai ana i nā mea kanu. 'O nā'oko'a kekahi i waiwai pio i nā mea nui. 'O kēia mau meaola a me nā meaola'ē a'e paha nā loulou i ho'ohui'ia ai ka laina'ai. Hiki ke loa'a nā hi'ohi'ona o kēia "hilina'i" i nā wahi a pau. Eia na'e, i loko o kēlā me kēia'ano, aia kahi papa mua. 'Oiai, he mau mea kanu'ōma'oma'o. He aha e kekahi mau ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka ai lako i puhi ai? He aha nā lā'au i hiki ke lilo i mau loulou? Pehea ka pilina ma waena o lākou? No kēia ma hope aku o ka mea.

Nā'ike nui

'O ka'āpana'ai, nā hi'ohi'ona o ia mea e hā'awi'ia ma lalo nei,'o ia kekahi mau microorganisms, ha'ani, mea kanu, holoholona. Loa'a kēlā me kēia pūnaewele i kona iho iho. Ke kūkulu nei kēia "hilina'i" ma luna o ke'ano o "mea'ai-mea'ai". Aia ma luna o nā mea'ai he nui ke kanaka. 'O ka ki'eki'e o ka nui o ka heluna kanaka ma kekahi'āina,'o ka mea li'ili'i e pili i loko o ke ka'ina ma'amau, no ka mea ua ho'okau'ia nā kānaka e'ai i nā mea ulu i nā manawa like'ole.

Ka helu o nā pae

Pehea ka lō'ihi o ka pae'ai kai? Loa'a nā'ano like'ole o nā'oko'a laulā. 'O ka mea hō'ike loa, penei: i loko o ke kino o ka'āhehe anuhe, he mau pale pala'au, i loko o lākou - nematodes (kikū), i nā ilo, ma muli o kēlā me kēia'ano, he bacteria, akā ma loko o ia - he mau'ano ma'i like'ole. Akā,'a'ole hiki ke loa'a kahi helu keu o nā loulou. I kēlā me kēia me ke ki'eki'e, ua ho'onui'ia ka biomass e ka nui o nā manawa. No laila, ma ka la'ana, hiki i ka'āpana o 1000 kg o nā mea kanu ke "hana" ho'okahi haneri kilokani o kona kino. Akā,'o ka'ākini no ka waiwai kaumaha o ka 10 kg, e loa'a ana he 100 kilokapa o ka elk. 'O ka helu o nā loulou e pili ana i nā kumu i ho'okumu'ia ai kekahi kāina'ai mea'ai. Hiki ke'ike'ia nā hi'ohi'ona o kēia mau kikowaena ma ke'ano. No laila, na rana mea he punahele ai o kekahi laha 'o nā nahesa, a, ma ka huli, e hanai ma ka Moana. E like me ke'ano, i loko o ia "ka'ina"'a'ole'oi aku i'ekolu mau loulou. 'O kēia "hana" ke kapa'ia'o ka pycoid. I loko o ia mea, kēlā me kēia papa e pi'i ai ma mua o ka mea mua.

Pehea ka pilina ma waena o nā pyramids?

Pehea e hana ai ka pae'ai'ai? Ke hō'ike nei nā hi'ohi'ona i hō'ike'ia ma luna nei i kēlā me kēia le'ale'a e'oi a'e ma kahi ki'eki'e o ka ulu'ana ma mua o ka mua. E like me ka mea i ha'i mua'ia, ua kūkulu'ia ka pilina ma nā hale i'a ma luna o ke'ano o "mea'ai-mea'ai". Ma muli o ka'ai'ana i nā meaola'ē a'e, ua ho'ololi'ia ka ikehu mai nā'ao'ao ha'aha'a i nā mea ki'eki'e. E like me ka hopena, holo o ka waiwai ma ka ano.

'O ka laina mea'ai. Nā hi'ohi'ona

Hiki ke'ike'ia kekahi'ano o nā pyramids o ke kula. Aia kekahi,'o ia kekahi,'o kahi kaula'ai mea'ai i pa'i'ia. 'O nā hi'ohi'ona i'ike'ia ma ke'ano he mau hopena kahi i ho'oili'ia ai ka'ikehu mai ka mea'oi a'e ('oi aku ka ma'alahi) i nā mea keu. I kēia mau kāpili, ma ke'ano, hiki ke ho'oili'ia kēia'ao'ao: "nā anuhe anuhe-mice-vipers-hedgehogs-foxes", "nā mea koho lā'au". 'O kekahi,'o ke ahi ka mea'ai ma'amau, nā hi'ohi'ona e hā'awi'ia ma lalo nei, he mea ia e ho'ohana'ole'ia ai ka biomass e nā pīpī, akā,'o ka hana'ino e pili ana i nā microorganisms. Mana'o'ia ua ho'omaka kēia me'a me nā mea kanu. No laila,'o ke'ano o ka'āpana mea'ai o ka nahele. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike nā nā kēia: "popoʻole-haule lau pili i microorganisms", "make nā'aʻaʻa o nā mea kanu, fungi millipede-lepo-fungi nogohvostiki lepeta (Moana) -hischniki-millipede-koʻohune".

Nā mea hana a me nā mea ho'ohana

Ma ke kino nui o ka wai (moana, kai) planktonic unicellular līoho i ka ai no ka cladocerans (Kānana feeders holoholona). 'O lākou, ma ka hopena, he mea'ai lākou no nā ko'i pīpī o nā nūnē. Hāpai kēia mau lā'au i kekahi'ano i'a. Ua'ai'ia lākou e ka mea nui'oi aku. 'O kēia'ano kaola kai e like me ke'ano o ka mea'ai o ke kai. 'O nā meaola a pau e hana ana me nā loulou, aia ma nā'oko'a like'ole. I ka wā mua, he po'e mea hana, ma nā mea e hiki mai ana - nā mea ho'ohana i ka papahana mua. 'O ke kolu o nā pīpiki e komo pū ana me nā mea kū'ai o ka papa'elua (carnivores carnivores). 'O lākou, ma ka lilo, he mea'ai na nā mea pupuhi'ē a'e - nā mea kū'ai o ke kauoha'ekolu, a pēlā aku nō. Ma ke'ano he kumu, he'ekolu a'elima paha mau loulou i ho'ohui'ia i ka'āina.

Kauwai waho

Ma luna o ke kai kai, ma kahi i'oi aku ai'ole ka li'ili'i i ka pali o ka'āina i ka hohonu o ka wai, ho'omaka ke kai. I kēia wahi, ka nui o ka wai uliuli a me ka'ike. 'O kēia ma muli o ka nele o nā pūnaewele ho'omaha'ia i loko o ka'ākele a me ka li'ili'i o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona (microytopic) a me nā holoholona (phytoplankton a zooplankton). I kekahi mau wahi,'ike'ia ke ki'eki'e o ka wai e kahi'ōniuli polū'ōuliuli. No ka laʻana, ka Sargasso kai. I nā'ano like'ole, e kama'ilio e pili ana i nā mea i kapa'ia he wao kai. I kēia mau āpana, i kahi hohonu o nā mano o mīkini me ke kōkua o nā mea ma'alahi, hiki iā'oe ke'ike i nā ala o ka mālamalama (ma ka'ōuliuli polū). 'O ke kahakai kahi i'ike'ia me ke koena'ole i ka hana zooplankton o nā'ano like'ole o nā meaola benthic (echinoderms, mollusks, crusetaceans), a ke emi nei ka heluna me ka mamao mai ke kahakai. E like me ke kai pāpa'u, a ma nā ākea ākea,'o ka lā wale nō ke kumu o ka ikehu. No ka hopena o ke ki'i'ana, phytoplankton me chlorophyll kahi pūnaehana konupona mai ke kalapona'okikene a me ka wai. 'O kēia ke'ano o nā huahana i kapa'ia i kapa'ia.

'O nā kī'aha o ke kaula kai o ke kai

Hiki i nā pūnaehana ho'omeheu alumina me nā'enehana i lawe'ia me ka'ole a pololei i nā meaola a pau. 'O ka lua o ka loulou i loko o ke kai'ai i ke kai,'o ia ka ho'opili holoholona. 'O nā meaola e hana i ka phytoplankton he mau li'ili'i li'ili'i (0.002-1mm). Noho pinepine lākou i nā moku, akā,'a'ole i'oi aku ka nui o lākou ma mua o elima mileimita. 'O ke kolu o ka pūnaewele he holoholona momona. Hāpai lākou i nā kānana. Aia ma ka papa, e like me nā kahakai, nui nā'ano lā'au like'ole. 'O kēia mau mea,'o ia ho'i,'o nā siphonophores, nā ctenophores, jellyfish, coppods, bristle-jaw, carinarids. Ma waena o nā i'a a me nā mea hānai kānana e ho'okomo'ia me ka herring. 'O kā lākou mea'ai nui ke kāpili'ia, kahi hana nui i nā wai o ka'ākau. 'O ka hā o ka lahui, he i'a nui. 'O kekahi o nā'ano pili waiwai'oihana. E ho'oili pū'ia nā'ōpili āpau a me nā manu i'a'o Cephalopod.

Lawe i nā mea'ai

'O ka ho'ohuli'ana o nā pūnaehana ho'omehana i loko o nā mela'ai mea'ai me ka nui o nā lilo waiwai. 'O kēia ke kumu nui ma ka'ike'ana i ka hapa nui o ia mea i ho'ohana'ia ma nā hana hana kūmole. Ma kahi o 10% o ka ikehu i ho'ololi'ia i loko o ke kino. No laila, he la'ana,'o ka anchovy, ka hānai'ana i nā alagae o ka papa honua a me ka komo'ana i loko o ke kāina o kahi kaulahao'ai'ole loa, hiki ke ulu i nā mea nui e like me ia i ka wā o Peruvian. 'O ka ho'ololi'ana o ka'ai i nā lālā pōwehiwehi a me nā hohonu mai ka mālamalama mai ma muli o ka ne'e'ana o ka hanoplankton me kekahi o nā i'a. 'O ka pi'i'ana o nā holoholona i nā manawa like'ole o ka lā i kahi hohonu.

Ka Hopena

Pono e'ōlelo'ia he mau mea nui nā kaula'ai ma'amau. 'O ka hapanui o nā'āpana'āina,'o ka heluna kanaka o kahi mau nui i ka manawa ho'okahi. Hiki i ia'ano ke'ai i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona; Hiki ke hānai'ia'o Carnivores e like me nā mea kū'ai o ka mua, a'o ka lua a me nā kauoha i lalo; Nui nā holoholona e'ai i nā mea ola a me nā mea make. Ma muli o ka pa'akikī o nā loulou loulou,'o ka loli'ana o kekahi'ano he mea nui'ole ka hopena i ka moku o ke kaiaola. 'O kēlā mau lā'auola i hā'ule i lalo i kā lākou mea'ai, hiki ke'imi hou i kahi kumu'ē a'e o ka mea'ai, a ho'omaka nā meaola'ē a'e e'ai i ka'ai o ka mea i nalowale. No laila, ke ho'omau nei ke kaiāulu i kona kaulike. E pa'a pono ke kula kaiapuni, kahi e nui ai nā mea'ai ma'alahi, a he nui nā loulou, me nā'ano like'ole.