Sherman Act: ka maʻiʻo a me ka noi o nā hualoaʻa

Sherman Antitrust Kanawai, i hooholoia ma ka United States ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, literally hai aku la ke kaua ma luna o monopolies a me ka nui poʻe. I kumumanaʻo, ia ia he nui loa i olelo mua iaʻi wā e hiki mai, i mea e ho'āʻo ai iā ia e ineffective. He aha i ka pā like o ka mea, a me na kumu no ka holo pono o kona palapala noi, heluhelu i ka 'atikala.

Ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia i loko o ka United States: ke kūlana o ke aupuni i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka nohona pili

Amelika i ka hopena o 19th kenekulia. - i ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia. frantic iki mai i lilo iho i loko o ka Classic aina o ka hui kālepa capitalism. Ma ka mea, me kekahi kapu ho'āʻo o monopoly nunui paulele nui. He Logical ia mea, e na'lii kapu i ke ku okoa ana o ka makeke Competition a dictate i ka poe liilii, a me ka meakino pāʻoihana me nā kūlana i alakai aku ai i kona luku. ka mea hiki ole paʻi. I ka mea, he kanaka nunui, waiho ia e John D. Rockefeller , i kapaia o hoʻohālikelike, Oil, a ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, ke United States hoʻopio i ke kuai o ka aila huahana ma ka 95%! Ka mua kanawai, hookama i mea e hoomalu aku i ka oihana a me ka kalepa e ku e monopolies a me nā kapu, lilo iho la ia i ka Sherman Kanawai. Eia naʻe, ma ka mea ku i ka 'upu', la oia i lilo ai popularly i kapaia "ʻo Samuel M. o hanalima ku okoa ana."

Wai o Sherman?

Ke initiator o ka bila haawi ia i luna i kekahi koʻikoʻi 'Amelika politician John Sherman, nona ka inoa i ka hana a me ka a laila loaʻa mai. A lala wā e hiki mai ana o ka Hale o ka Poeikohoia a me Senator o Ohio, e like me ka 35th Kuhina o ke Aupuni, a me ka US Waihona kakauolelo i hānauʻia ma ka March 7, 1897 ma Kūka'ōhiʻalaka. Kona makua kāne i ka luna kānāwai, a me ka 'ohana i he nui, a oia ana o nā mākua a me 11 keiki. Education Sherman i loaa i loko o kekahi kula maʻamau, laila, ua lilo hoihoi i loko o ka akau, a, ma hope aʻo, i hoʻokomo i ka hookolokolo.

o kona mare ana ma hope o ka mea ia o Laielohelohe i ka kālai'āina. I ka makahiki 1854, i kona makahiki 43, alaila, ua koho 'ia i ka Hale o ka Poeikohoia o kona hale moku'āina o Ohio. I ka makahiki 1980ʻo ia i ka hoao, e noho ma ke Keʻena Pelekikena, akā, lilo ia D. Garfield. Kona kanaka me ka nui loa i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke aupuni, akā, i ke koena o ko ke ao nei, he kama'āina loa o ka Sherman Kanawai, i hooholoia ma ka United States. Pili i ka wahi o ka hana kānāwai,ʻo ia kahiko o ka'āina, a ma ka hope aku ua lilo ia i elue no ka maikaʻi loli i loko o kēia wahi o ke kanawai.

Ke pā like ana o ke kānāwai

Ka Sherman Act i ka mua kānāwai Anati-monopolistic Amerika. Ka inoa no kona initiator, ka mea i aponoia e ka Aha Senate o ke aupuni i loko o 'Apelila 1890 (51 balota i kekahi), ka Hale o ka Poeikohoia (ua hoʻoholo like) a me ka' āpono 'ia e ka pelekikena Garrisson. Ma ka mana o ke kānāwai, hele July 2, 1890.

Ke kikokikona o kona kūkalaʻana aku i Ka hoʻokū noa kuai ma ka pili ana paulele nui (monopolies), a me ke komoʻana i kēia mau Pahuhopu i loko o ke kipi ka mea akā, e like me ka hewa. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka Sherman Act i loko o kaʻumi makahiki i loko o "ka hiamoe" aaeei, aole nae ia i i huli iwakalua-ono o ka US pelekikena Teodor Ruzvelt.

Ke hana ia i kuhikuhi i ka paulele nui, a monopolies me ia. Naʻe, ka mea, uhi pololei a me ka pelapela naiaiaiay yeiiiie? Aneay kapu,ʻaʻole wale nō ma ke aupuni kiʻekiʻe (i waena o na Hawaii), akā, i Âlapa. D. Rockefeller, a me kona poʻe a lilo iho la ia i ka papa kuhikuhiE ka pale kaua. No laila, i ka 1904 e ku e malama aku i ka hoʻohālikelike, Oil i ka helu o antitrust lawsuits. Ka Ahahookolokolo Kiekie, hoʻoholo ihola ma luna o ka mahele o ka huakai. D. Rockefeller, shattering ka hoʻohālikelike, Oil 34 nāʻaha hui iho, ia manawa, hoopaa iho la i ka mana hoʻomalu ma luna o ia mau mea.

He aha hewa?

Ke Sherman Kanawai, i hooholoia ma ka United States pili ana i ke kahua o ka 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai, a he nohona pilikino E pili - wahi a ma ka manawa koi' ia IeAIIeXIAaIEE. Ke kanawai no ka mea, uaʻano kaupalena. A, o ka hana, ua pinepine hoʻohanaʻia-i 'ae'. Ākeʻakeʻa kumu ano o ke kānāwai Hookolokolo Aupuni i alakai ai i ka mea i hana 'uniona kālepa, ua like no ka Monopolies a me ka luku aku i ka - ma ka collusion me ka manao a hiki i ka palena o ka noa kuai. I mea, i ke kanawai i hooholoia e na kanaka, e ho'ōla huli ku e ia ia. He He loophole i loko o ke kānāwai i ua eliminated wale ma 1914 me ke kōkua o ke Clayton Kanawai. Ua mea noteworthy i ka Sherman Act i loko o ka pau loa o ka hana i loko o mākou manawa, ka mea, ua komo pū i loko o ka US Pekelala Code.

He aha hahai e hiki mai ana?

Ka lōʻihi-kali a me ka mea mua Anati-monopoly kānāwai i ole lawe mai i ka i makemake i nā hualoaʻa. Social stratification i loko o ke kaiāulu kanaka, hoʻomau i worsen, a me ka ano o Amelika kanaka e noho ana i loko o ka loa kaumaha, i hele ma na hoailona a pau o ka oicyenoaaiiie kaumaha. A pau keia i maoli ai alakaʻi ai i ka mahuahua ma ka hui kālepa kapikala mahuahua eha ma ka naau i waena o nā Hoʻohana likeʻole o ka heluna kanaka. Ka mea e holumua ai intelligentsia, mahiʻai, hana. Ke aupuni Ua bapetizo i loko o ka Anati-paulele ana, pu ma ka ulu o ka oihana hoao ana ha awina, a me ka paio ana o ka meaʻilihune papa o ka moku'āina maluhia nenoaiu. Ke kiʻekiʻe, ka mea koi o "hōʻano hou 'ia" o nioeaeuii-yeiiiie?ʻikepili ua apo Democrats ka aoao alakaʻi ole wale, aka, i Republicans. Ka muaʻanuʻu i ka hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia i ke "Kanawai e hōʻeleu i ka hana a me ka 'ana o ka maikaʻi hookolokolo" (1903), ma hope o ke kānāwai i hooholoia no ka hoʻokumu o ke Kuhina oʻIliahi a me na Hana Lima.

Hoao ineffective i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, aole nae he elue no ka loli maikaʻi ka mea, lilo iho la ia i ka Sherman Kanawai, i hooholoia ma ka United States. Ua pili ia i ka wahi o ka pono o ka rula, i mea kona maʻiʻo, ma ka'ēheu o kekahi o ka nui ua hewa ka - na pane i kēia mau nīnau i lewa i loko o ka pauku. Ka piha palapala Ua loaʻa nā ma ka palapala 'ōlelo, a ma ka unuhi. Ka mea, e nui hoi no ka poe hoihoi i loko o kēia a me ka Contemporary mōʻaukala o ka Hawaii.