Titanium - i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. titanium waiwai. E hoʻohana i ka titanium. Grades a Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka titanium

Ke mau loa, pohihihi, wa, lako o ka wā e hiki mai - a pau kēia mau mea a me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe epithets häʻawi mai ai iä nā kumu likeʻole o ka titanium. Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o keia metala ua ole AICIeOEOI: i ka mea ia manawa maluna iho o ke kalaʻana aku hehee ai i loko o ke gula maikai ano hana mau kānakaʻepekema. Ke kaʻina hana o këia na waiwai kino ai, a Nine Inch a me ka wehewehena o kona palapala noi ua i pau i keia la. Titanium - ka metala o ka wā e hiki mai a me kona wahi i loko o kanaka ke ola,ʻaʻole i maopopo hoakaka, e hāʻawi ana kēia noiʻi he nui laulā no kaʻike hoʻokumu a me kaʻepekema noiʻi.

hiʻona

Nine hehee ai titanium (titanium) ua hoʻohikiʻia i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papa D. I. Mendeleeva la hōʻailona. Aia ma kaʻaoʻao subgroup IV pae o ka ha o ka wā, a mai ka pūkaʻina helu 22. A alodio waiwai o ka titanium - metala keʻokeʻo, a me ke kala, a me ka Lightweight mau nō. Ka lolouila hoʻonohonohoʻia o ka'Ātoma i ke kēia 'ole: +22) 2) 8) 10) 2 , 1s 2s ^{2 2} 3s ^{2 6} 2P 3P 3d ^{6 2 2} 4S. Nolaila, titanium loaʻa paha kekahi mau'okesaside Hawaii 2, 3, 4, i loko o ka loa i ka pilina paʻa i huiʻia, ia mea tetravalent.

Titanium - oka a pau a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia?

Kēia ninau mea o ka hoihoi ana i na mea he nui. I ka 1910, 'Amelika chemist Hunter i ka mua, he titanium. Ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia he wale 1% o impurities, akā, i ka huina mea negligible, a hoao iho la e haawi aku i ka manawa kūpono o ka hou hoʻokolokolo 'ana o kona waiwai. Ke ductility o kēia mea i kā tolkopod kiʻekiʻe mahana, ma lalo o maʻamau rula (mehana ea), i ka hāpana ua oi brittle. I mea, keia'ikamu mea i hoihoiʻepekema no o kona i ka manaʻolana 'ia mea he' lii. ʻO ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka loaa ana a me ka investigating no hoi hoemiia ka Loaʻaʻia o kona palapala noi. Wale i loko o ka makahiki 1925, chemists mai ka Netherlands J. de Ka Boer a me A. van Arkel loaa titanium mea hiki ke hooheheeia, i ka waiwai o ka a i o Laielohelohe i ka noonoo ana o nā kānakaʻenehana a me ka poʻe akamai a pau o ke ao nei. I ka moolelo o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o kēia hehee ai hoʻomaka me 1790, ia ua i keia manawa ma ka laua, kū kaʻawale o kekahi i kekahi, mau kānakaʻepekema wehe titanium like me ka Nine Inch hehee ai. Kēlā me kēia no ia hookipa mai i ka hui ('okesaside) Agena, ai nele i ka loaa i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ma ka maemae palapala. Titanium ua manaoia he paionia o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia mōneka mineralogist William Gregor. Ma ka mokuna o kona County, aia i loko o ke Komohana Hema hapa oʻEnelani, hoomaka ae la he opiopio nä känaka 'epekema këia oneʻeleʻele Menakena Valley. Nā hopena o ka ho okolohua me ka Mākēneki Ua pio ka polokalamu ka auaaeaiea o ka lā'ī mānoanoa, a i titanium i huiʻia. I ka Ia manawa Kelemānia chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth hōʻike 'i ka hou waiwai, mai ka mea pōhaku rutile. I ka 1797,ʻo ia i ho'āʻo no hoi ia laua i ka mea e wehe ae hehee wale, ua like. Titanium'okikene lua Ua oi ma mua o ke kenekulia i ka mea pohihihi i na mea he nui chemists e loaa maemae metala i ole e hiki i no Berzelius. Latest loea o ka XX kenekulia nui hōʻeleu i ke kaʻina hana o ka aoia'na o ka olelo mai hehee ai, a ho oholo i ka loiloi mua ma amau o kona hoʻohana. Ma keia laulā ua mau hoʻonui. Kaupalena kona laulā e hiki wale nō ka manaʻo pohihihi o ke kaʻina hana o ka loaa ana o ka waiwai e like me ke gula titanium. Price a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia oka meaʻano kiʻekiʻe, no laila ia hiki ole pau ka i ka hula a me ka hao Aluminum i ka lā.

Kumu o ka inoa

Menakin - i ka inoa mua o titanium, i ka hoʻohana a hiki i 1795. I Ka pono, e like me ia kenekoa affiliation, i kapaʻia ka hou hehee ai W. Gregor. Martin Klaproth waihona hehee ai ma 1797 ma ka inoa "Titan". I keia manawa, i kona Palani counterpart, alai ae la ma ka muli o kona kulana influential chemist A. L. Lavuaze kaumaha, e hea aku i ka lānai hou loaa waiwai i kulike ai me kā lākou mau kumu waiwai. German nä känaka 'epekema i oleʻae me keia hoʻokokoke mai, i pono ke manaʻo i ka loaʻa pae Ua paʻakikī e kuhikuhi i na ano a pau hoʻomaopop' ana i loko o ka waiwai, a me ka noonoo ia i loko o ka inoa. Eia naʻe, ua e ike i hoʻohana-Koho Klaproth manawa loa hoʻopili like me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia - ka mea, ua pinepine ae la oia ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia kēia kānakaʻepekema. Aia i mau papa kuhikuhiE theories o ka inoa Titan. Metal hiki ke koho i ka hanohano o ka elven alii wahine Titania (pūʻulu Germanic pili kūpono loa). Kēia inoa nô kêia nā he lauwili anei a me ka ikaika hope paha. Ka hapanui o kānakaʻepekema i kaʻauiʻana o ka hoʻohana 'ana o Helene pili kūpono loa, ma i ka Titans i kapaia na keiki a ka ikaika honua Akua Wahine Gaia. Kēia mana mai nei i ka inoa o ka mua hamama hehee ai - uranium.

I ma ke ano maoli

O na mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a ma oaoieei-hua'ōlelo o ka waiwai no kekahi kanaka, na lalani ha, ma o ka loa o ka honua i ka pńpa titanium. A like ana nui ma ka aoao maoli i wehewehe aku wale hao, makanekiuma a me ka Aluminum. Hapanui titanium maʻiʻo kaulana ma ka pōhakuʻalā iwi iki uuku ma kona māpala, ahu iho. I ke kai, i ka maʻiʻo o ka waiwai mea haʻahaʻa - ma kahi o 0,001 mg / ho'āo ai. Nine hehee ai titanium ka loaʻeleu, no laila, i loko o kona maemae palapala mea hiki ole i ka halawai. Ma ka hapanui o hoopii, ia mea i loaʻa i loko o ka i huiʻia me ka o oxygen, a i ka valence o ka eha. Ka helu o titaniferous nā minelala hao loli aʻe mai ka 63 a hiki i 75 (mai kekahi mau kumu), oiai ma ka keia kahua o ka noiʻi,ʻepekema hoʻomau e hōʻike hou ano o ka hui. No ka mea hiki ana, i keʻano nui nō ka kēia nā minelala hao:

1. Ilmenite (FeTiO _3).
2. Rutile (ʻoukou e _2).
3. Titanite (CaTiSiO _5).
4. Perovskite (CaTiO _3).
5. Titanomagnetite (FeTiO ₃ + Fe ₃ O ₄₎ a me ka 'ole. D.

A pau na titaniferous mea e hoohehee ai ua maheleia i walaʻauʻana a me ka placer. Kēia hehee ai mea nawaliwali migrant, ka mea hiki wale nō hele i loko o ka calving na pohaku a me nā pōhaku i ka hoʻoneʻe silt lalo. Ma ka biosphere, i ka huina nui o ka titanium na i loko o ka līoho. Na elele o ka honua? Aaoa hehee ai accumulates i loko o nā nā'aʻaʻa o ka pū, lauoho. No kekahi kanaka kino ano o ka titanium makana i loko o ka spleen, ka adrenal glands, keiki, thyroid gland.

physical waiwai

Titanium - ferrous metala ka kala-keʻokeʻoʻeleʻele, kohu kila. I ka wela o ka 0 ⁰ C i ka pa apŘ o 4,517 g. / Knm ^3. Ka waiwai i ka haʻahaʻa thermal nui, i mea ano o ka mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia (cadmium, paʻakai, likiuma, cesium). Nuʻa titanium ninoaaeyao ka palapalaʻoihana ma waena o ka hao a me ka Aluminum, oiai kona hana ana, uaʻoi kona kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ia o nā kumu mua. Ke kumu waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a i noʻonoʻo i ka hoomaopopo ana i ka laulā o kona palapala noi i ka hua ikaika a me ka paakiki. Titanium Aluminum ikaika ma 12 manawa, me ka hao a me ke keleawe - 4 manawa, oiai ka mea, he nunui maʻalahi. Ke ductility o ka waiwai maemae a me kona hua kali ae aaioee ma kiʻekiʻe a me ka haahaa wela nā loina, e like me ia ma ka hihia o nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia, 'ole. E. Riveting i kūpono, forging, kuʻihao, ape. Ka hanohano nō hoʻi ano o ka titanium - kona haahaa wela conductivity, a, pela, e paa ia mau waiwai ma ke kiekie mahana i ka 500 ⁰ C. Ma kaʻume mākenēki ke kahua o paramagnetic titanium hehee ai, ka mea, ua ole o Laielohelohe me he hao la, a ua i kipaku i ke keleawe. Loa kiʻekiʻe Anati-ka popopo hana i hoʻohalahala hana kūpono, a me mechanical 'ole i kū hoʻokahi. More o ka 10 makahiki o kona noho ana ma ka moana wai i ole hoʻololi i keʻano a me ka haku mele 'ana o ka una honua titanium. Hao ma keia hihia makemake e luku loa corroded.

Thermodynamic waiwai o ka titanium

1. Nuʻa (ma ka maʻamau rula) mea 4,54 g. / Knm ^3.
2. 'ātoma helu - 22.
3. Mea hiki ke hooheheeia Group - he refractory, malamalama.
4. Ke'ātoma kaupaona ana o ke titanium - 47,0.
5. Paila wahi ⁽⁰ C) - 3260.
6. Molar ka leo knm ³ / Mol - 10,6.
7. Ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o ka titanium ⁽⁰ C) - 1668.
8. I Kekahi Mau wela o ka vaporization (kJ / Mol) - 422,6.
9. Ke resistivity (ma 20 ⁰ C) ohms * knm * 10 ^-6 - 45.

Nine Inch mall

Hou ka popopo ia'ku hehee ai no a hiki i ka ho okumu ma ka ili o ka'okesaside ho film uuku. It ua ālai '(ma lalo o maʻamau rula) Nine Inch naoh me kinoea (oxygen, hydrogen) aia i loko o ka puni lewa o ka hehee ai e like me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia titanium. Kona waiwai hoʻololi i lalo o ka aoao o ke ana wela. I ka mea ua hoalaia e 600 ⁰ C, ka naoh ma waena o ka oxygen, kūpono ana ma ke kahua o ka titanium'okesaside (ʻoukou e _2). Ma ka hihia o ke omo o ka lewa kinoea i hana fragile hui a i ole mea hiki ana no keia mea, kuʻihao a me ka heheʻe o ka titanium hua mai la i ka holo. Mea he reversible naoh kaʻina hana o ka mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia hydrogen i loko o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, ia ia lŘlŘ oi hana i kiekie ae Mahana O Ke Kai (400 ⁰ C, a ma luna). Titanium, ka oi aku o ka nani (particles) (he lahilahi papa 'ole i ka uea) ua combusted ma lalo o ka naikokene lewa. Ke Nine Inch naoh ma waena o wale nō e hiki i ka wela o ka 700 ⁰ C, ma ia ho okumu i ka nitride piuta. Me na ano nui paakiki metala oka a ua pinepine alloying hehee ai. Ke naoh me halogens (chromium, bromo, iodo) komo wale i ka wa a ke alo aku o ka hōʻeleu (kiʻekiʻe ka mahana) a me ka hoʻokuleana i hana kūleʻa me ka maloo waiwai. Kēia produces He nui paakiki refractory oka a pau. Me nā pāʻoihana o ka hapanui o nāʻakika a me alkalis titanium chemicallyʻeleu nō hoʻokoe 'mea i kia sulfuric (hooloihiia baila aʻela i), hydrofluoric, wela ke aloha (formicʻakika, oxalicʻakika).

waiho

Ka loa, he pono ole maoli ai 'ia ilmenite mea e hoohehee ai - e oaeuiinoe kona me ke koe ma 800 miliona tona. Hoʻokomo kālā o rutile hoʻokomo kālā ua ikaika nui ae uku, akā, i ka huina o ka leo - oiai ka malama ana? Iecaianoaaiiuo ka ulu ana - E i manaʻo kanaka no ka mea e hiki mai ana 120 makahiki, he mea hiki ke hooheheeia e like me titanium. Ke kumukuai o ka huina hoonui hope, e hilinaʻi ma luna o koi a me ka hooulu ana i na? Iecaianoaaiiie workability, akā, ma ka awelika kaulua mai ka 1200 a hiki i 1800 rubles. / Kg. Me ka mea ana oaoieei-hana me ka nui loa hoemi ia i ka waiwai e lilo aku o nā mea a pau? Iecaianoaaiiuo keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o kā lākou 'āwīwī hōʻano hou. Ka nui loa me ke koe o ka titanium i eliia i Kina a me Rusia, a me ka mea pōhaku nā kumu waiwai i kumu e Japan, South Africa, Australia, aneea oneiaey, India, South Korea, Ukraine, Ceylon. Hoʻokomo kālā o kekahi? Iecaianoaaiiuo puke a me ka pakeneka o ka titanium i loko o ka mea e hoohehee ai, 'ā ana e mau mau, aʻo ka mea e hiki ke lawe i ka emi ma ka makeke waiwai o ka metala a me kona lehulehu palapala noi. Rusia mea ma kahi loihi ka nui ka hoʻohua o titanium.

? eaia

No ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o titanium'okikene lua, ka mea, ua loa olelo hoʻohana 'ia, na ka palena iki nui o impurities. Ua Ua loaa ma ka waiwai ole ilmenite a rutile na mea i eliia noʻonoʻo. Ka uila-piʻo umu ahi wela lapaʻau ia lŘlŘ na mea i eliia, a ua pu ma ke kahua o ka hao a me ka kaawale ana o ka slag i loaʻa i ka titanium'okesaside. Sulphate ole koloriside iaoiaeii ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka aaioee hapa iki noa o ka hao. Titanium'okesaside mea he lepo lā o ka poʻo (e nānā, Ka Hawaii photo). Titanium metala ua loaa mai ma kona gradual lapaau.

I ka pae mua o ke kaʻina hana o ka slag sintering me ka Coke a me ka chlorine ka ohu waiū. TiCl ₄ Ua hoemi kūpono makanekiuma a paʻakai ia malalo a hiki i ka wela o ka 850 ⁰ C. titanium huahuakai (porous fused nuipa a) i loaa mai ma ka Nine Inch naoh, a huikala nō hoʻi lākou i loko o maule ingots. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hou ana o Maui, a he mea hiki ke hooheheeia oka a ua hanaʻia i loko o ke gula palapala (impurities i wehe 'ia ma ka paio hahana maoli nō i ka 1000 ⁰ C). No ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka waiwai me ka impurities hapa 0,01% iodide hoʻohana hana. Ua Ua nānā ma ka omoāea kaʻina hana o ka titanium huahuakai pretreated me halogen, kona ka ohu.

Nā mahinaʻai o ka palapala noi

mea i lawa ke kiekie i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea he invaluable lanakila o ka nanea o ka pono me he mall mea o ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o ka titanium. Nolaila, e loaa nui noi i loko o ka shipbuilding hana, maunakea hana, manufacturing Kao lele lako kaua, Nine Inch mea kanu. Titanium pinepine ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka dopant i loko o nā oka a e ho'āʻo? Ienoai aa ano o ka wela ia'ku a me ka paakiki. High ka popopo ia'ku a me ka hana e ku i ka loaʻano pākīkē hana kūpono e keia metala mea paʻa mau no ka Nine Inch oihana puolo. Titanium (oka a) i i pipelines, poʻina nalu, kiwikā, kānana, hoʻohana no ka distillation a me ka halihali ana i nāʻakika a me nā chemically hana waiwai. He koi ka wā e pili ana i na mea maalea ke hoʻohana i ke kiekie ana wela lawelawe. Ke titanium hui hoʻohana e e mau nō ana i na mea paahana, pena, Ka lula ea Ke a me ka pepa,ʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau mea hana, implants, Jewelry, Nani Loa mea, hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka meaʻai oihana puolo. All kuhikuhi mea pilikia i ka hōʻike. Hoikehonua, lapaau no ka piha liluwelo maluhia pinepine hoʻohana metala titanium. Price - keia mea i ka wale ololi e loli ai ka laulā lōʻihi o ka palapala noi o keia hehee ai. Pono hoʻike i titanium - mea o ka wā e hiki mai, i na kanaka ke aʻo 'ana e komo i ka hou kahua o ka? Acaeoey.