Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes, Nine Inch waiwai a me ka palapala noi

Alkenes - unsaturated hydrocarbons nona nā lātoma ma waena o nā kalapona nā'ātoma, hoʻokahi papalua hoopaa. Ka mea, i kapaʻia pinepine hydrocarbons'etolina puke, no ka mea, o ka mea Luna'etolina NC2 = CH2. I kekahi manawa, i kēia mau hydrocarbons i haawiia olefins like gaseous alkenes reacting me ka bromine paha chlorine e lilo oily i huiʻia i mea ole wailana i loko o ka wai. Ka hua'ōlelo "alkenes" IUPAC nomenclature ua loko mai o ka hua'ōlelo "alkanes", kahi -an kau hope UAIAaIN ma ke kau hope -ene, i Hōʻike ke alo i loko o ka lātoma o ka waiwai o ka waʻa hoopaa.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons - alkenes: 'ole

All alkenes manaoia nā mea loaʻa o ka'etolina a ethene - C2H4.

Ke'etolina lātoma he mau kalapona nā'ātoma a me ka eha hydrogen nā'ātoma, ka unsaturated kalapona nā'ātoma. Kēlā me kēia no ka unsaturated kalapona'Ātoma hybridizes es kekahi a me elua me ko orbitals, a me kekahi pi orbital i koe i loko o "maemae palapala", e hoakaka i kā mākou kaawale o hybridized uila orbitals. lākou mau koʻi lipi kuahene 120 °. Kēia hana a pau e pono rula no ke ano o ka huina'ine orbitals. Ekolu mau orbitals o ka kalapona nā'ātoma e lilo ekolu sigma makaukau na kaula paa (elua C-H, C-C he). Nolaila, ke'etolina lātoma i elima sigma makaukau na kaula paa a i IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE ma ka ia pelane, ho okumu i waena o ia i ka huina o 120 °. P-electrons e noho ana ma ka "maemae" i hana i kekahi mea paʻa ma waena o nā kalapona nā'ātoma. Ho'ākāka 'ia ma lolouila' ole o ka 'etolina nā lātoma typical o alkenes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons mea e e manao me nā mea loaʻa o ka'etolina.

No ka alkene wehewehe aku ma ka 2 ke ano o ka isomerism - geometric a me ka mall.

Mall isomers o alkenes hoʻomaka me butene C4H8. Hoomaopopo a me kona Lolina - kaula isomerism (ole kalapona iwi) a me isomers i hoʻokomo 'ana i ka waʻa hoopaa i loko o ia o ka huakai kaapuni.

Geometric isomerism manawa i haoʻa i hoʻonohonoho 'ia nā hydrogen substituents i loko o ka lātoma o ka'etolina pili i ka pelane o ka waʻa hoopaa. Unsaturated hydrocarbons i cis- a me ka māhū-isomers.

Alkenes i loko o ka noa moku'āina ka loa pohihihi keia ma ka ano. Ka mea, Ua synthesized hoʻohana hanalima, a keʻena hoʻokolohua keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Nine waiwai o hydrocarbons: alkenes

Ka mea, i kauoha ae la ia e ka papalua hoopaa ma waena o nā kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma o ka alkene.

Ka hydrogenation naoh

Alkenes pane koke hooholo koke IeIIeYOA o ka hydrogen. Ua lŘlŘ ma ke alo o catalysts a me ka paio hahana maoli nō:

CH2 = CH2 = h2 H3C CH3

hui halides

Ke naoh i loaa mai ma ka Markovnikov rula, a laila ma reacting he hydrogen halide me asymmetric nā lātoma alkenes hydrogen ua hou ma ka wahi o ka IIeEeAIEUAA o ka waʻa hoopaa kaʻoi loa i ka kalapona'Ātoma aʻe ia i laila, he nui hydrogen nā'ātoma, he halogen'Ātoma - i ka kalapona'Ātoma aʻe ia i emi hydrogen nā'ātoma ole loa ka mea, e mai nei:

CH3-Ch = CH2 + HC1-CH3-CH3-CHC1.

Ka hoʻohana a hydrocarbons

Ethene - kinoea hoike mai i pono ma ka waiʻona, a poorly wailana i loko o ka wai, pahū.

Ka mea, i waiwai i loko o nā kinoea (i ka 20% o ka nui kaumaha) a ńlua Coke umu kinoea (ka hola 5%). I ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ki ina hana like o ka dehydration o'etolina hoomakaukau dehydrogenation o ethane a me ka ethanol. Pili e loaa'etolina'eto ka waiʻona, vinyl koloriside, ethylbenzyl, polyethylene, antifreeze konohiki (waiwai a emi i ka ke kūpaleʻana wahi o ka wai i loko o kiko'ī) a me ka 'ē aʻe ke aloha' ona. I kanaka a me kauka holoholona lapaau,'etolina ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka lāʻau hoʻomanaʻo i loko o kekahi mea kanu - e hōʻeleu i ke oo ana o ka hua (nā komako, lemi, a me ka mea e like).

Propylene ua loaa pu me'etolina i loko o ka pyrolysis a ńlua o acee? Iuo oeiia o kaʻaila kā feedstock. Propylene - he ke keʻena o ka Hawaii wahie. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka feedstock no polypropylene, isopropylbenzyl, isopropyl ka waiʻona. Me ka isopropanol, acetone, me ka isopropylbenzyl - acetone a me ka phenol. Propylene Ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka narcotic lāʻau no synthesizing acrylonitrile, cumene, butanol, etc.